Tailored To Your

Tailored to your
companys needs.
Training
Overview of Steel Metallurgy

Has been taught in segments ranging from two hours each to entire course in seven hours
Topics Covered
Fundamentals of steelmaking
Basic mechanical properties
Elements of steel metallurgy
Heat treatment of steel
High strength low alloy steels
Gray and ductile iron
Welding of steel
Formability of sheet steel
Powder metallurgy
Hot and cold forging
Corrosion of steel products
Stainless steel and superalloy metallurgy
History
In response to the declining skilled workforce in the steel industry, the International
Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) took the initiative by creating a collection of webbased E-learning resources on metallurgy in a pilot project named Internet Learning
of Steel Applications and Processes (ILSAP). Initially two introductory modules;
Secondary Steelmaking and Steel for Automotive Applications were launched in
partnership with the MATTER project at the University of Liverpool on 1 August
2002[6] Following the success of the pilot project, the IISI board of governors approved
a budget of 2.5 million for development of an extensive set of E-learning resources

and the project was renamed steeluniversity.org in October 2003
[edit]E-learning
[7]
resources
The E-learning modules on the website cover major aspects of iron and steelmaking
grouped in four different categories:
Steel applications
Steel processing
Automotive
Process Route Overview
Construction
Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
Engineering Steels
Electric Arc Furnace
Offshore
Secondary Steelmaking
Continuous Casting
Hot Rolling
Heat Treatment of Steel
Packaging
[edit]Steel
Ferrous metallurgy
Thermodynamics and
Kinetics
Strengthening Mechanisms
The modules in this section address the selection of steels for different steel markets
such as automotive, construction, engineering and offshore applications. Acting as
the materials advisor in a multidisciplinary team, the user aims to select suitable
steel in order to satisfy design specifications for a particular application. The major
engineering design equations are studied during this process in order to select and
4-D Process Overview of a Steel Plant
Steel
Life C
Envir
Mechanical Properties
applications
compare the performance of steel and other metals and materials.
Sustainability
EAF Steelmaking simulation
Secondary Steelmaking simulation
[edit]Steel
processing
This section contains a series of interactive simulations of major steelmaking

processes from raw materials,Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) and Electric arc
furnace (EAF) steelmaking, secondary steelmaking,Continuous casting and Hot
rolling. Different steel grades can be processed using two levels of operation which
are suitable for students and graduates in the industry. The student level provides a
basic functionality enabling the user to understand and control the process principles
without too many operational complications, whereas the industry level has
advanced functionality and the user needs to deal with practical disturbances that
are not anticipated in advance. Real-time feedback is given on the composition and
quality of the steel, on process time and temperature and incurred costs, to allow the
process to be optimized. A user guide and more conventional supporting e-learning
units are also available within each module to enable the learner to better
understand the reactions. For example, in the secondary steelmaking module, there
are sections on deoxidation, desulphurization, decarburization anddehydrogenation.
[edit]Ferrous
metallurgy
The section on ferrous metallurgy contains modules on thermodynamics and kinetics,

including strengthening mechanisms, phase transformation, recrystallisation and
grain growth, heat treatment and steel properties. An introduction is provided on
steel specifications, with exercises to ensure that they can be accurately interpreted.
The learner can check mechanical properties of a given grade of steel by conducting
virtual tensile, Charpy impact and hardness tests as well.
[edit]Sustainability
This section introduces the environmental aspects of steelmaking, usage and
recycling processes. The learner gets a basic idea of Life Cycle Thinking and the
method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and its practical application. In addition
selected LCA scenarios facing the steel industry and its customers in the automotive
and construction sectors can be explored.
[edit]Available
languages
The e-learning modules were initially only available in English. Currently, several
modules can be found in different languages such as Spanish, Chinese (traditional &
simplified), Korean, Russian and German. The process of translation is not yet
complete and a number of modules are in various stages of proof reading.
[edit]Annual
Virtual Steelmaking Challenge
The Virtual Steelmaking Challenge is an annual competition organized by

steeluniversity.org for students and steel industry employees. Using one or more of
the steelmaking simulations on the steeluniversity.org website, the entrants are to
produce a particular steel grade at the lowest cost. The competition runs for a 24
hour period during which multiple attempts are allowed. Awards are given for the
best, one for the best industry entry and the other for the best university entry. Other
local prizes sponsored by steel companies are also presented at the even
External links
Steeluniversity.org
World Steel Association
Welding Metallurgy
Microstructure of steel welds

Stress and microstructure of
steel welds
Mechanical properties of steel
welds
Reliability of
calcuations: paper, slides
Towards Weld Property
Prediction
Superduplex stainless steel
welds
Molybdenum in steel welds
Modelling strong weld metal
Type IV cracking
Friction
stirwelding
Friction
stirwelding
of steels
Friction
stir-weld
microstr
ucture
Friction
stirwelding,
review
Spot-welding equipment
MIG welding equipment
Robotic welding equipment
Electron beam welding equipment
Laser welding equipment
Laser welded components
Keyhole TIG welding process
Narrow gap welding, laser cladding, hybrid plasma-laser technique.
Dove-tail joints in steel.
Laser cutting of stents.

5-axis pulsed YAG profiler aimed at surgical tools.
Hole drilling using laser.
Laser welding of jewellery.
Tool repair using laser welding
Laser spot and seam welding.
Laser welding of battery cases.
Laser welding of aluminium car.
Remote laser welding of automotive components.
Variety of laser welding applications at Porsche.
High-speed cutting
Brazing using a laser as the heat source.
M.Phil. in Materials Modelling
Joining of Commercial Aluminium Alloys (PDF)
Full list of movies showing welding
Book reviews
AWS meeting, 2007
Aachen Welding Meeting, 2007
Research Papers
"The Growth Rate of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Low-Alloy Steel Weld

Deposits"
Proceedings of The Third Scandinavian Symposium on Materials Science,
Oulu, Finland, 1983, pp. 73-78,
Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Oulu Univeristy, Finland
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
"The Influence of Alloying Elements on the Formation of
Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 4, 1985, pp. 305-308
"A Model for the Development of Microstructure in Low-Alloy Steel (FeMn-Si-C) Weld Deposits"
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 33, 1985, pp. 1271-1283
"Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys for High-Temperature Applications"
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Surface Engineering,
ed. I. A. Bucklow, TWI, Abington, Cambridge, U.K.
L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft, B. Ulander and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys for High-Temperature Applications"
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21, 1986, pp. 1015-1019
L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft, B. Ulander and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Development of Microstructure in the Fusion Zone of Steel Weld
Deposits"
Acta Stereologica, Vol. 5, 1986, No. 1, pp. 365-371

B. Gretoft, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
"The Austenite Grain Structure of Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21, 1986, pp. 3947-3951
"An Analysis of Cooling Curves from the Fusion Zone of Steel Weld
Deposits"
Scandanavian Journal of Metallurgy, Vol. 15, 1986, pp. 97-103
L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Computer-Aided Design of Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding"
Proceedings of an International Conference on Computer Technology in
Welding, 1986,
editor W. Lucas, published by The Welding Institute, Abington, U.K.
L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Thermodynamics of the Acicular Ferrite Transformation in Alloy-Steel
Weld Deposits"
Advances in Welding Technology and Science,
ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, U. S. A., 1987, pp. 187-191.
J.R. Yang and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"The Mechanism of Acicular Ferrite Formation in Steel Weld Deposits"
M. Strangwood and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Prediction of Microstructure of the Fusion Zone of Multicomponent Steel
Weld Deposits"
"The Microstructure of C-Mn Steel Welds" (in Swedish)
Svetsen, Vol. 45, No. 2, 1986, pp. 10-16
B. Gretoft, L.-E. Svensson and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Prediction of the Microstructure of Submerged-Arc Linepipe Welds"
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Welding
and Performance of Pipelines, 1986,
published by the Welding Institute, Abington, U.K.
"An Analysis of the Primary Microstructure of Cr and Mo Containing LowAlloy Steel Welds"
Proceedings of the 4th Scandanavian Symposium on Materials Science,
Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway.
August 25-26, 1986, pp. 153-158
"Theory for the formation of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Steel Weld Deposits"
Proceedings of an International Conference on Welding Metallurgy
of Structural Steels,
published by The Metallurgical Society of the AIME,
Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
Edited by J. Y. Koo, 1987, pp. 517-530.
"Solute-Segregation, Oxygen Content and the Transformation-Start
Temperatures of Steel Welds"
Warrendale, Pennsylvania. Edited by J. Y. Koo, 1987, pp. 495-504.
M. Strangwood and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Reaustenisation in Steel Weld Deposits"
Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
Edited by J. Y. Koo, 1987, pp. 549-563.
J. R. Yang and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"Stability, Wear Resistance and Microstructure of Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-Si-C
Hardfacing Alloys"
Proceedings of Heat Treatment 1987,
Institute of Metals, London, July 1988, pp. 39-43.
S. Atamert and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
"The Non-Uniform Distribution of Inclusions in Low-Alloy
Steel Weld Deposits"
Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 19A, 1988, pp. 669-674.
A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"A Model for the Prediction of Strength in Steel Welds"
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 19A, 1988, pp. 1597-1602
"Nitrogen in Submerged-Arc Weld Deposits"
Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 7, 1988, pp. 610-612.
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, L. -E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
"Computer-Aided Design of Electrodes for Arc Welding Processes: Part II"
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
Computer Technology in Welding, The Welding Institute,
Cambridge, 1988, paper 24.
L. -E. Svensson, B. Gretoft, A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"The Design of Submerged Arc Weld Deposits for High-Strength Steels"
Proceedings of an International Conference on Improved
Weldment Control using Computer Technology, Vienna, Austria,
4-5 July 1988. Published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988, pp. 71-78.
L. -E. Svensson and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
The Orientation Relationships Between Adjacent Plates of
Acicular Ferrite in Steel Weld Deposits"
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 5, 1989, pp. 93-97.
J. R. Yang and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Comparison of the Microstructures and Wear Properties of Stellite

Hardfacing Alloys Deposited by Arc Welding and Laser Cladding"
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 20A, 1989, pp. 1037-1054.
S. Atamert and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"The Microstructure of Submerged-Arc Weld Deposits for
High-Strength Steels"
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 24, 1989, pp. 3180-3188.
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
"Effect of Alloying Additions on the Microstructure
and Properties of Vertical-Up Manual Metal Arc Welds Part I: Method of theoretical assessment"
Joining and Materials, Vol. 2, 1989, pp. 182R-187R.
"Effect of Alloying Additions on the Microstructure
and Properties of Vertical-Up Manual Metal Arc Welds Part II: Results and Discussion Joining and Materials,
Vol. 2, 1989, pp. 236R-238R
"Lower Acicular Ferrite"
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 20A, 1989, pp. 1811-1818.
"The Estimation of Non-Uniform Elongation in Low-Alloy Steel Weld
Deposits"
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 25, 1990, pp. 613-618.
"Nickel-Based Hardfacing Alloys for High Temperature Applications"
"Reaustenitisation Experiments on Some High-Strength Steel Weld
Deposits"
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A118, 1989, pp. 155-170.
"Microstructural Entropy and the Scatter in Toughness"
Recent Trends in Welding Science and Technology (TWR'89),
eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek, ASM International,
Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 745-748.
"Silicon Modification of Iron Base Hardfacing Alloys"
eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek, ASM International,
Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 273-278.
"Complete Reaustenitisation in Multirun Steel Weld Deposits"
eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek,
ASM International, Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 205-210.

R. Reed and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"The Dislocation Density of Acicular Ferrite in Steel Welds"
American Welding Journal, Vol. 69, 1990, pp. 305s-307s.
"The Transition from Bainite to Acicular Ferrite in Reheated
Fe-Cr-C Weld Deposits"
S. S. Babu and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Microstructure and Stability of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys"
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A130, 1990, pp. 101-112.
"Control of Weld Metal Microstructure and Properties"
The Metallurgy, Welding and Qualification of Microalloyed
(HSLA) Steel Weldments,
eds. J. T. Hickney, D. G. Howden and M. D. Randall,
American Welding Society, November 1990, pp. 34-69a.
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Models for Acicular Ferrite"
International Trends in Welding Research,
ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1992, pp. 213-222.
"Microstructural Development in an HSLA80 Laser Beam Weldment"
Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
Vol. 2500, 1994, pp. 846-853.
E. A. Metzbower, P. E. Denney, W. Pratt and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Computer Modelling of Low Alloy Steel Welds"
Welding & Metal Fabrication, Vol. 64, 1995, 23-24.
A. J. Summerfield, T. Cool, B. R. Keville and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"The Impact Toughness of C-Mn Steel Arc-Welds A Bayesian Neural Network Analysis"
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 11, 1995, 1046-1051.
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, D. J. C. MacKay and L.-E. Svensson
"Modelling of Fundamental Phenomena in Welds"
Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering,
Vol. 3, 1995, 265-288.
T. Zacharia, J. M. Vitek, J. A. Goldak, T. A. Debroy,
M. Rappaz and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Calculation of Microstructure and Properties of Steel Welds"
Second Griffith Conference on Micromechanisms of Fracture and Their
Structural Significance,
Institute of Materials, 1995, pp. 15-24.
"Modelling the Inclusion Nucleation Potency in Steel Welds"
Modelling and Control of Joining Processes,
ed. T. Zacharia,
American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, pp. 195-202.
J. M. Gregg and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Model for Boron Effects in Steel Welds"
Modelling and Control of Joining Processes,
ed. T. Zacharia,
"Calculation of the Volume Fraction of Phases from CCT Curves"
Modelling and Control of Joining Processes, ed. T. Zacharia,
E. A. Metzbower and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Modelling of Precipitation Sequences at Dissimilar Steel Joints"
J. M. Race and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"A Model for Multipass Steel Welds"
Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 42, 1994, 3663-3678.
R. C. Reed and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Modelling of Brittle Zones in the HAZ of Steel Welds"
American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, 186-193.
S. Suzuki, G. Rees and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Microstructures in Hot Wire Laser Beam Welding of HY80 Steel"
Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 10, 1994, 56-59.
E. A. Metzbower, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and R. H. Phillips
"Thermodynamics of Acicular Ferrite Nucleation"
G. I. Rees and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Metastable Phase Solidification in Electron Beam Welding
of Dissimilar Stainless Steels"
Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. A178, 1994, pp. 189-194.
S. Tsukamoto, H. Harada and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Carbon Redistribution at Dissimilar Steel Joints"
International Trends in Welding Research, eds. S. A. David and J. M.
Vitek,
J. Race and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Autogenous Electron Beam Welds across Dissimilar Stainless Steel:
Solidification Sequences"
International Trends in Welding Research,
S. Tsukamoto, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and H. Harada
"Simulation of Weld Metal Microstructure and Properties"
Proceedings of CAMSE '92 (Computer Aided Innovation of New
Materials),
eds. M Doyama, J. Kihara, M. Tanaka and R. Yamamoto,
Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., 1993, 1729-1734.
"Modelling of Steel Welds"
"Stress and the Acicular Ferrite Transformation"
Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. A156, 1992, 1-9.
S. S. Babu and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Crystallographic Texture and the Austenite Grain Structure
of Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 10, 1991, 142-144.
S. S. Babu, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
"Acicular Ferrite Transformation in Alloy-Steel Weld Metals"
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 26, 1991, 839-845.
"Solidification Sequences in Stainless Steel Dissimilar Alloy Welds"
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, S. A. David and J. M. Vitek
"The Yield and Ultimate Tensile Strengths of Steel Welds"
Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 223, 1997, pp. 186-200
T. Cool, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
"Model for Solidification Cracking in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Metals "
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 1, 1996, pp. 43-50.
K. Ichikawa, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
"Modelling of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Steel Welds"
Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena-3,
eds. H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia,
Institute of Materials, 1997, 181-198.
K. Ichikawa and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Computer Modelling of Low Alloy Steel Welds"
Welding & Metal Fabrication, Vol. 64, 1995, 23-24.
A. J. Summerfield, T. Cool, B. R. Keville and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Model for Solidification Cracking in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Metals"
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 1, 1996, pp. 43-50.
K. Ichikawa, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
"Inoculation of Steel Welds with Non-Metallic Particles"
Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 223, 1997, pp. 146-157.
J. M. Gregg, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
"Scatter in High Strength Steel Weld properties due to Interpass
Temperature "
Trends in Welding Research, eds S. A. David, T. DebRoy, J. A. Johnson,
H. B. Smartt and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Ohio, 1999, pp. 870-875.
M. Lord and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"New Welding Alloys, Computational Methods"

Svetsaren, Vol. 53, 1998, 22-25.
L.-E. Svensson and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Modelling of Phase Transformations in Steel Welds"
Proceedings of ECOMAP '98 (Environment Concious Innovative Materials
Processing), Kyoto, Japan, published by the High Temperature Society of
Japan, (1998) pp. 35-44.
"Charpy Impact Transition Temperature for some Ferritic Steel Welds"
Australasian Welding Journal, Vol. 45, 2000, pp. 33-37.
S. H. Lalam, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
"Modelling the Creep Rupture Strength of Ferritic Steel Welds"
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 5, 2000, 81-90.
D. Cole, C. Martin-Moran, A.G. Sheard, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J.
C. MacKay
"Estimation of the Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Steel Welds, Part I:
Yield and Tensile Strength."
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol.5, 2000, pp. 135147.
"Estimation of the Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Steel Welds, Part II:
Elongation and Charpy Toughness."
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol.5, 2000, pp. 149160.
"HAZ hardness in Laser Beam Welds"
Proceedings of The Laser Insitute of America, Vol. 87, 2000, E138-E145.
E. A. Metzbower, S. G. Lambrakos and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Bruscato Factor in Temper Embrittlement of Welds"
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 5, 2000, pp. 338340.
"Estimation of Microstructure in Steel Welds"
7th International Aachen Welding Conference on High Productivity Joining
Processes,
editor U. Dilthey, published by Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany, 2001, pp.
817-830.
"Analysis of Strength and Ductility of Welds in Shipbuilding Steels"
E. A. Metzbower, J. J. DeLoach, S. H. Lalam and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Analysis of the Toughness of Welds in Shipbuilding Steels"
" Characteristics of High-Power Diode-Laser Welds for Industrial
Assembly"
Proceedings of the 20th ICALEO 2001, Florida, Vols. 92 and 93, 13211330.
C.A. Walsh, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, A. Lau, B. Matthias, R. Oesterlein, and
J. Drechsel
"Design of Creep-Resistant Steel Welds"
Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - V
Published by the Institute of Materials, eds H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H.
Bhadeshia, 2001, 431-448
D. G. Cole and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Secondary effects in neural network analysis of the mechanical properties
of welding alloys for HSLA shipbuilding steels"
Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - VI
Bhadeshia, 2002, 231-242
"Strong and Tough Steel Welds"
Bhadeshia, 2002, 205-230.
M. Murugananth, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, E. Keehan, H. O. Andren and L.
Karlsson
"Components of the Creep Strength of Steel Welds"
Bhadeshia, 2002, 243-260
M. Muruganath and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Prediction of Ferrite Number in Stainless Steels"
Bhadeshia, 2002, 1079-1100
M. Vasudevan, M. Muruganath and A. K. Bhaduri
"High Strength Steel Weld Metals: Developments with Ni and Mn"
Today and Tomorrow in the Science and Technology of Welding and
Joining,
Proceedings of the 7th International Welding Symposium, Japan Welding
Society, 20-22 November 2001, Kobe, Japan. Edited by T. Ohji, published
by the Japan Welding Society, Tokyo, pp. 797-802.
E. Keehan, L. Karlsson, M. Marimuthu, H.-O. Andren and H. K. D. H.
Bhadeshia
" Microstructural change in high-temperature heat-affected zone of lowcarbon weldable 13% Cr martensitic stainless steels"
Stainless Steel World, October (2002) 16-23.
D. Carrouge, P. Woollin and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Complex Weldment Properties: Trends in Predictive Power"
Trends in Welding Research, eds S. A. David, J. Vitek, T. Debroy, J.
Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 680--689.

"Components of the creep strength of steel welds"
Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 719-723.
M. Murugananth and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Microstructure and Mechanical Effects of Ni and Mn on Strong-Steel
Weld Metals"
Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 719-723.
E. Keehan, H. O. Andren, L. Karlsson, M. Murugananth and H. K. D. H.
Bhadeshia
"Joining of Commercial Aluminium Alloys"
Proceedings of an International Conference on Aluminium (INCAL '03),
Aluminium Association of India, 2003, 777-783.
"Silicon-Rich Bainitic Steel Welds"
Proceedings of International Conference: Joining and Welding Solutions to
Industrial Problems, JWRI, Osaka University, Japan, 2003, pp. 43-52.
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, M. Lord and L.-E. Svensson
"Finite Element Simulation of Laser Spot Welding"
A. De, S. K. Maiti, C. A. Walsh and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Prediction of Cooling Rate and Microstructure in Laser Spot Welds"
A. De, C. A. Walsh, S. K. Maiti and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Reliability of Weld Microstructure and Property Calculations"
Welding Journal, Vol. 83, 2004, 237s-243s.
"Understanding Mechanical Properties of Novel High Strength Steel Weld
Metals Through High-Resolution Microstructural Investigations"
Trends in Welding Research, ASM International, eds S. A. David, T.
DebRoy, J. C. Lippold, H. B. Smart and J. M. Vitek, 2005, pp. 969-974.
E. Keehan, L. Karlsson, H. O. Andrn and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Influence of C, Mn and Ni on Strong Steel Weld Metals: Parts 1-3"
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 11 (2006) 1-24.
E. Keehan, L. Karlsson, H.-O. Andrn and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"New Developments with C-Mn-Ni High-Strength Weld Metals, Part A Microstructure"
Welding Journal, Vol. 85 (2006) 200s-210s.
E. Keehan, L. Karlsson, H.-O. Andrn and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Changes in Toughness at Low Oxygen Concentrations in Steel Weld
Metals"
S. Terashima and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Size distribution of oxides and toughness of steel weld metals"

S. Terashima and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Transformation Plasticity in Steel Weld Metals"
Proceedings of the 10th International Aachen Welding Conference, 22--25
October 2007
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, J. A. Francis, H. J. Stone, S. Kundu, R. B. Rogge,
P. J. Withers and L. Karlsson
"In situ Monitoring of Weld Transformations to control Weld Residual
Stresses"
Materials Science Forum, Vols 571-572, 2008, 393-398
H. J. Stone, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and P. J. Withers
"Characterising Phase Transformations and their Effects on Ferritic Weld
Residual Stresses with X-rays and Neutrons"
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 39A (2008) 3070-3078.
H. Dai, J. A. Francis, H. J. Stone, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and P. J. Withers
"Recent Advances in Friction Stir Welding"
Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 53, 2008, 980-1023.
R. Nandan, T. DebRoy and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Joining Ceramics to Metals using Metallic Foam"
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A496 (2008) 501-506.
A. A. Shirzadi, Y. Zhu and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
"Optimization of Neural Network for Charpy Toughness of Steel Welds"
Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24 (2009) 16-21.
J. H. Pak, J. H. Jang, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L. Karlsson
"Critical Assessment: Friction-Stir Welding of Steels"
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and T. DebRoy
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Overview of Steel Metallurgy

a budget of 2.5 million for development of an extensive set of E-learning resources

Process Route Overview

Basic Oxygen Steelmaking

Electric Arc Furnace

Heat Treatment of Steel

4-D Process Overview of a Steel Plant

compare the performance of steel and other metals and materials.

EAF Steelmaking simulation

Secondary Steelmaking simulation

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Virtual Steelmaking Challenge

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Microstructure of steel welds

Dove-tail joints in steel.

Laser cutting of stents.

"The Growth Rate of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Low-Alloy Steel Weld

Acta Stereologica, Vol. 5, 1986, No. 1, pp. 365-371

"Comparison of the Microstructures and Wear Properties of Stellite

ASM International, Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 205-210.

"New Welding Alloys, Computational Methods"

Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 680--689.

"Size distribution of oxides and toughness of steel weld metals"

Martensite Widmansttten ferrite

European Steel numbering and steel designations explained

grades, welding stainless steel + online corrosion Tables

Outokumpu.com pdf file containing stainless steel grades and specifications

Steel Grades - Wall Chart- European

Steel Grades - Wall Chart- North American

developed and designed for professional use worldwide.

ESAB University A very comprehensive course in basic welding technology.

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