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SingaporeStatutesOnline352WillsAct

WillsAct
(CHAPTER352)
LongTitle
1Shorttitle
2Interpretation
3Propertydisposablebywill
4Willofinfantinvalid
5Rulesastoformalvalidity
6Modeofexecution
7Executionofappointmentbywill
8Publicationofwillnotnecessary
9Willnottobeinvalidatedbyreasonofincompetencyofattestingwitness
10Giftstoattestingwitnessortowifeorhusbandofattestingwitnesstobevoid
11Creditorattestingawillchargingestatewithdebtstobeadmittedawitness
12Executornotincompetenttobewitness
13Willtoberevokedbymarriageexceptincertaincases
14Nowilltoberevokedbypresumptionfromalteredcircumstances
15Revocationofwillorcodicil
16Effectofobliteration,interlineationoralteration
17Revivalofrevokedwill
18Subsequentconveyanceorotheractsnottopreventoperationofwill
19Willtobeconstruedtospeakfromdeathoftestator
20Residuarydevisestoincludeestatescomprisedinlapsedandvoiddevises
21Generalgiftofrealtyandofpersonalitytoincludepropertyoverwhichtestatorhasgeneralpowerofappointment
22Devisewithoutwordsoflimitation
23Constructionofwordsimportingwantorfailureofissue
24Deviseofrealestatetotrusteeorexecutor
25Deviseofrealestatetotrusteewithoutlimitation
26Giftstochildrenorotherissuewholeaveissuelivingattestatorsdeathnottolapse
27Savingastowillsofsoldiersandmariners

LegislativeHistory

WILLSACT
(CHAPTER352)
(OriginalEnactment:IndianActXXVof1838)
REVISEDEDITION1996

(27thDecember1996)

AnActtodeclarethelawrelatingtowills.
[8thOctober1838]
Shorttitle
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1.ThisActmaybecitedastheWillsAct.
Interpretation
2.InthisAct,unlessthecontextotherwiserequires
internallaw,inrelationtoanyterritoryorstate,meansthelawwhichwouldapplyina
casewherenoquestionofthelawinforceinanyotherterritoryorstatearose
personal estate shall extend to leasehold estates and other chattels real, and also to
moneys,sharesofGovernmentandotherfunds,securitiesformoney,notbeingreal
estates, debts, choses in action, rights, credits, goods and all other property
whatsoever which by law devolves upon the executor or administrator, and to any
shareorinteresttherein
real estate shall extend to messuages, lands, rents and hereditaments, whether
corporeal, incorporeal or personal, and to any undivided share thereof and to any
estate,rightorinterest,otherthanachattelinterest,therein
statemeansaterritoryorgroupofterritorieshavingitsownlawofnationality
willincludesatestamentandanappointmentbywillorbywritinginthenatureofa
willinexerciseofapowerandalsoadispositionbywillandtestamentandanyother
testamentarydisposition.
[24/92]
[7/97wef01/10/1997]

Propertydisposablebywill
3.(1)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisAct,everypersonmaydevise,bequeathordispose
ofbyhiswill,executedinthemannerrequiredunderthisAct,allrealestateandallpersonal
estatewhichheshallbeentitledtoeitheratlaworinequityatthetimeofhisdeath.
(2)Thepowergivenundersubsection(1)shallextendto
(a) all estates pur autre vie, whether there shall or shall not be any special occupant
thereof, whether the same shall be a corporeal or an incorporeal hereditament, and
whetherthesameshallbefreeholdorofanyothertenure
(b) all contingent, executory or other future interests in any real or personal estate,
whether the testator may or may not be ascertained as the person or one of the
personsinwhomthesamerespectivelymaybecomevested,andwhetherhemaybe
entitledtheretoundertheinstrumentbywhichthesamerespectivelywerecreatedor
underanydispositionthereofbydeedorwill
(c) allrightsofentryforconditionsbrokenandotherrightsofentryand
(d) suchofthesameestates,interestsandrightsrespectivelyandotherrealandpersonal
estatesasthetestatormaybeentitledtoatthetimeofhisdeathnotwithstandingthat
hemaybecomeentitledtothesamesubsequentlytotheexecutionofhiswill.
Willofinfantinvalid
4.Nowillmadebyanypersonundertheageof21yearsshallbevalid.
Rulesastoformalvalidity
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5.(1)ThissectionshalltakeeffectnotwithstandinganyotherprovisionsofthisAct.
[24/92]

(2)Awillshallbetreatedasproperlyexecutedifitsexecutionconformedtotheinternallaw
inforce
(a) intheterritorywhereitwasexecuted
(b) intheterritorywherethetestatorwasdomiciledatthetime
(i)

whenthewillwasexecutedor

(ii)

ofhisdeath

(c) intheterritorywherethetestatorhabituallyresidedateitherofthetimesreferredto
inparagraph(b)or
(d) inthestateofwhichthetestatorwasanationalateitherofthetimesreferredtoin
paragraph(b).
[24/92]

(3)Withoutprejudicetosubsection(2),thefollowingshallbetreatedasproperlyexecuted:
(a) awillexecutedonboardavesseloranaircraftofanydescription,iftheexecutionof
the will conformed to the internal law in force in the territory with which, having
regard to its registration (if any) and other relevant circumstances, the vessel or
aircraftmaybetakentohavebeenmostcloselyconnected
(b) awillsofarasitdisposesofimmovableproperty,ifitsexecutionconformedtothe
internallawinforceintheterritorywherethepropertywassituated
(c) awillsofarasitrevokesawillwhichunderthisActwouldbetreatedasproperly
executedorrevokesaprovisionwhichunderthisActwouldbetreatedascomprised
inaproperlyexecutedwill,iftheexecutionofthelaterwillconformedtoanylawby
reference to which the revoked will or provision would be treated as properly
executed
(d) a will so far as it exercises a power of appointment, if the execution of the will
conformedtothelawgoverningtheessentialvalidityofthepower.
[24/92]

(4)Awillsofarasitexercisesapowerofappointmentshallnotbetreatedasimproperly
executedbyreasononlythatitsexecutionwasnotinaccordancewithanyformalrequirements
containedintheinstrumentcreatingthepower.
[24/92]

(5) In determining for the purposes of this section whether or not the execution of a will
conformedtoaparticularlaw,regardshallbehadtotheformalrequirementsofthatlawatthe
timeofexecution,butthisshallnotpreventaccountbeingtakenofanalterationoflawaffecting
willsexecutedatthattimeifthealterationenablesthewilltobetreatedasproperlyexecuted.
[24/92]

(6) Where a law in force outside Singapore falls to be applied in relation to a will, any
requirementofthatlawwherebyspecialformalitiesaretobeobservedbytestatorsansweringa
particular description, or witnesses to the execution of a will are to possess certain
qualifications,shallbetreated,notwithstandinganyruleofthatlawtothecontrary,asaformal
requirementonly.
[24/92]
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(7)Theconstructionofawillshallnotbealteredbyreasonofanychangeinthetestators
domicileaftertheexecutionofthewill.
[24/92]

(8)Whereunderthissectiontheinternallawinforceinanyterritoryorstateistobeapplied
in the case of a will, but there are in force in that territory or state two or more systems of
internallawrelatingtotheformalvalidityofwills,thesystemtobeappliedshallbeascertained
asfollows:
(a) if there is in force throughout the territory or state a rule indicating which of those
systemscanproperlybeappliedinthecaseinquestion,thatruleshallbefollowedor
(b) if there is no such rule, the system shall be that with which the testator was most
closely connected at the relevant time, and for this purpose the relevant time is the
time of the testators death where the matter is to be determined by reference to
circumstances prevailing at his death, and the time of execution of the will in any
othercase.
[24/92]

(9)Thissectionshallnotapplytoawillofatestatorwhodiedbefore26thJune1992and
shallapplytoawillofatestatorwhodiesafterthatdatewhetherthewillwasexecutedbefore
orafterthatdate.
[4A
[24/92]

Modeofexecution
6.(1)Nowillshallbevalidunlessitisinwritingandexecutedinthemannermentionedin
subsection(2).
(2) Every will shall be signed at the foot or end thereof by the testator, or by some other
personinhispresenceandbyhisdirection,andthesignatureshallbemadeoracknowledgedby
the testator as the signature to his will or codicil in the presence of two or more witnesses
present at the same time, and those witnesses shall subscribe the will in the presence of the
testator,butnoformofattestationshallbenecessary.
(3)Everywillshall,asfaronlyasregardsthepositionofthesignatureofthetestator,orof
the person signing for him as mentioned in subsection (2), be deemed to be valid under this
section if the signature shall be so placed at or after, or following, or under, or beside, or
oppositetotheendofthewill,thatitshallbeapparentonthefaceofthewillthatthetestator
intendedtogiveeffectbysuchhissignaturetothewritingsignedashiswillandnosuchwill
shallbeaffectedbythecircumstance
(a) thatthesignatureshallnotfolloworbeimmediatelyafterthefootorendofthewill
(b) that a blank space shall intervene between the concluding word of the will and the
signature
(c) that the signature shall be placed among the words of the testimonium clause or of
theclauseofattestation,orshallfolloworbeafterorundertheclauseofattestation,
eitherwithorwithoutablankspaceintervening,orshallfolloworbeafter,orunder,
orbesidethenamesoroneofthenamesofthesubscribingwitnesses
(d) thatthesignatureshallbeonasideorpageorotherportionofthepaperorpapers
containingthewillwhereonnoclauseorparagraphordisposingpartofthewillshall
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bewrittenabovethesignatureor
(e) thatthereshallappeartobesufficientspaceonoratthebottomoftheprecedingside
orpageorotherportionofthesamepaperonwhichthewilliswrittentocontainthe
signature.
[21/38]

(4) The enumeration of the circumstances under subsection (3) shall not restrict the
generalityofthatsubsectionbutnosignatureunderthisActshallbeoperativetogiveeffectto
anydispositionordirectionwhichisunderneathorwhichfollowsit,norshallitgiveeffectto
anydispositionordirectioninsertedafterthesignatureshallbemade.
[5
Executionofappointmentbywill
7.(1)Noappointmentmadebywill,inexerciseofanypower,shallbevalid,unlessthe
willisexecutedinthemannerrequiredbythisAct.
(2) Every will executed in the manner required by this Act shall, so far as respects the
execution and attestation thereof, be a valid execution of a power of appointment by will,
notwithstandingthatitshallhavebeenexpresslyrequiredthatawillmadeinexerciseofthat
powershouldbeexecutedwithsomeadditionalorotherformofexecutionorsolemnity.
[6
Publicationofwillnotnecessary
8.EverywillexecutedinthemannerrequiredbythisActshallbevalidwithoutanyother
publicationthereof.
[7
Willnottobeinvalidatedbyreasonofincompetencyofattestingwitness
9.Ifanypersonwhoatteststheexecutionofawillshall,atthetimeoftheexecutionthereof
or at any time afterwards, be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution
thereof,thewillshallnotonthataccountbeinvalid.
[8
Giftstoattestingwitnessortowifeorhusbandofattestingwitnesstobevoid
10.(1) If any person attests the execution of any will to whom or to whose wife or
husbandanybeneficialdevise,legacy,estate,interest,giftorappointmentoforaffectingany
real or personal estate, other than and except charges and directions for the payment of any
debt, shall be thereby given or made, the devise, legacy, estate, interest, gift or appointment
shall, so far only as concerns the person attesting the execution of the will, or the wife or
husbandofthatperson,oranypersonclaimingunderthatpersonorwifeorhusband,beutterly
nullandvoid.
[24/92]

(2)Theattestingwitnessreferredtoinsubsection(1)shallbeadmittedasawitnesstoprove
the execution of the will or to prove the validity or invalidity thereof, notwithstanding the
devise,legacy,estate,interest,giftorappointmentmentionedinthewill.
(3)Theattestationofawillbyapersontowhomortowhosespousethereisgivenormade
any disposition as is described in subsection (1) shall be disregarded for the purposes of that
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subsectionifthewillisdulyexecutedwithouthisattestationandwithoutthatofanyothersuch
person.
[24/92]

(4)Subsection(3)shallapplytothewillofanypersondyingafterthepassingoftheWills
(Amendment)Act1992,whetherexecutedbeforeorafterthepassingofthatAct.
[9
[24/92]

Creditorattestingawillchargingestatewithdebtstobeadmittedawitness
11.Incasebyanywillanyrealorpersonalestateshallbechargedwithanydebt,andany
creditor, or the wife or husband of any creditor, whose debt is so charged, shall attest the
execution of the will, the creditor notwithstanding the charge shall be admitted a witness to
provetheexecutionofthewillortoprovethevalidityorinvaliditythereof.
[10
Executornotincompetenttobewitness
12. No person shall, on account of his being an executor of a will, be incompetent to be
admitted a witness to prove the execution of the will or to prove the validity or invalidity
thereof.
[11
Willtoberevokedbymarriageexceptincertaincases
13.(1) Every will made by a man or woman shall be revoked by his or her marriage,
except a will made in exercise of a power of appointment, when the real or personal estate
therebyappointedwouldnotindefaultofsuchappointmentpasstohisorherheir,executoror
administratororthepersonentitledundertheIntestateSuccessionAct[Cap.146].
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), where a will made on or after 29th August 1938 is
expressed to be made in contemplation of a marriage, the will shall not be revoked by the
solemnization of the marriage contemplated and this subsection shall apply notwithstanding
that the marriage contemplated may be the first, second or subsequent marriage of a person
lawfullypractisingpolygamy.
[12
[21/38]

Nowilltoberevokedbypresumptionfromalteredcircumstances
14. No will shall be revoked by any presumption of an intention on the ground of an
alterationincircumstances.
[13
Revocationofwillorcodicil
15.Nowillorcodicil,oranypartthereof,shallberevokedotherwisethan
(a) asprovidedinsection13
(b) byanotherwillorcodicilexecutedinthemannerbythisActrequired
(c) by some writing declaring an intention to revoke it, and executed in the manner in
whichawillisbythisActrequiredtobeexecutedor
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(d) bytheburning,tearing,orotherwisedestroyingthewillbythetestator,orbysome
personinhispresenceandbyhisdirection,withtheintentionofrevokingit.
[14
Effectofobliteration,interlineationoralteration
16.(1) No obliteration, interlineation or other alteration made in any will after the
executionthereofshallbevalidorhaveanyeffectexceptsofarasthewordsoreffectofthe
willbeforesuchalterationshallnotbeapparent,unlessthealterationshallbeexecutedinthe
likemannerasbythisActisrequiredfortheexecutionofthewill.
[22/49]

(2)Awillreferredtoinsubsection(1),withsuchalterationaspartthereof,shallbedeemed
tobedulyexecutedifthesignatureofthetestatorandthesubscriptionofthewitnessesbemade
inthemarginoronsomeotherpartofthewilloppositeorneartothealterationoratthefootor
endoforoppositetoamemorandumreferringtothealterationandwrittenattheendorsome
otherpartofthewill.
[15
Revivalofrevokedwill
17.(1)Nowillorcodicil,oranypartthereof,whichshallbeinanymannerrevoked,shall
berevivedotherwisethanbythereexecutionthereof,orbyacodicilexecutedinthemanner
requiredbythisActandshowinganintentiontorevivethewillorcodicil.
(2)Whenanywillorcodicilwhichshallbepartlyrevoked,andafterwardswhollyrevoked,
shall be revived, the revival shall not extend to so much thereof as shall have been revoked
beforetherevocationofthewholethereof,unlessanintentiontothecontrarybeshown.
[16
Subsequentconveyanceorotheractsnottopreventoperationofwill
18.Noconveyanceorotheractmadeordonesubsequentlytotheexecutionofawillofor
relatingtoanyrealorpersonalestatethereincomprised,exceptanactbywhichthewillshallbe
revokedasaforesaid,shallpreventtheoperationofthewillwithrespecttotheestateorinterest
intherealorpersonalestateasthetestatorshallhavepowertodisposeofbywillatthetimeof
hisdeath.
[17
Willtobeconstruedtospeakfromdeathoftestator
19. Every will shall be construed with reference to the real estate and personal estate
comprisedinit,tospeakandtakeeffectasifithadbeenexecutedimmediatelybeforethedeath
ofthetestator,unlessacontraryintentionshallappearbythewill.
[18
Residuarydevisestoincludeestatescomprisedinlapsedandvoiddevises
20.Unlessacontraryintentionappearsbythewill,suchrealestateandinterestthereinasis
comprisedorintendedtobecomprisedinanydeviseinthewillcontained,whichfailsorisvoid
byreasonofthedeathofthedeviseeinthelifetimeofthetestatororbyreasonofthedevise
beingcontrarytolaworotherwiseincapableoftakingeffect,shallbeincludedintheresiduary
devise(ifany)containedinthewill.
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[19
Generalgiftofrealtyandofpersonalitytoincludepropertyoverwhichtestatorhas
generalpowerofappointment
21.(1)Ageneraldeviseoftherealestateofthetestator,oroftherealestateofthetestator
inanyplaceorintheoccupationofanypersonmentionedinhiswill,orotherwisedescribedin
ageneralmanner,shallbeconstruedtoincludeanyrealestate,oranyrealestatetowhichthat
description shall extend, as the case may be, which he may have power to appoint in any
mannerhemaythinkproper,andshalloperateasanexecutionofthatpower,unlessacontrary
intentionshallappearbythewill.
(2) A bequest of the personal estate of the testator, or any bequest of personal estate
describedinageneralmanner,shallbeconstruedtoincludeanypersonalestate,oranypersonal
estatetowhichthatdescriptionshallextend,asthecasemaybe,whichhemayhavepowerto
appoint in any manner he may think proper, and shall operate as an execution of that power,
unlessacontraryintentionshallappearbythewill.
[20
Devisewithoutwordsoflimitation
22.Whereanyrealestateshallbedevisedtoanypersonwithoutanywordsoflimitation,the
deviseshallbeconstruedtopassthefeesimpleorotherthewholeestateorinterestwhichthe
testatorhadpowertodisposeofbywillintherealestateunlessacontraryintentionshallappear
bythewill.
[21
Constructionofwordsimportingwantorfailureofissue
23.(1)Inanydeviseorbequestofrealorpersonalestate,thewordsdiewithoutissueor
die without leaving issue, or any other words which may import either a want or failure of
issueofanypersoninhislifetimeoratthetimeofhisdeath,oranindefinitefailureofhisissue,
shallbeconstruedtomeanawantorfailureofissueinthelifetimeoratthetimeofthedeathof
thatperson,andnotanindefinitefailureofhisissue,unlessacontraryintentionshallappearby
thewill.
(2)ThisActshallnotextendtocaseswherethosewordsreferredtoinsubsection(1)import
ifnoissuedescribedinaprecedinggiftshallbeborn,orifthereshallbenoissuewhoshalllive
toattaintheageorotherwiseanswerthedescriptionrequiredforobtainingavestedestatebya
precedinggifttosuchissue.
[22
Deviseofrealestatetotrusteeorexecutor
24. Where any real estate shall be devised to any trustee or executor, the devise shall be
construed to pass the fee simple or other the whole estate or interest which the testator had
power to dispose of by will in the real estate, unless a definite term of years, absolute or
determinable,oranestateoffreehold,shalltherebybegiventohimexpresslyorbyimplication.
[23
Deviseofrealestatetotrusteewithoutlimitation
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25.Whereanyrealestateshallbedevisedtoatrustee,withoutanyexpresslimitationofthe
estatetobetakenbythetrustee,andthebeneficialinterestinsuchrealestate,orinthesurplus
rentsandprofitsthereof,shallnotbegiventoanypersonforlife,orthebeneficialinterestshall
begiventoanypersonforlife,butthepurposesofthetrustmaycontinuebeyondthelifeofthat
person, the devise shall be construed to vest in the trustee the fee simple, or other the whole
legal estate which the testator had power to dispose of by will in the real estate, and not an
estatedeterminablewhenthepurposesofthetrustshallbesatisfied.
[24
Giftstochildrenorotherissuewholeaveissuelivingattestatorsdeathnottolapse
26. Where any person being a child or other issue of the testator to whom any real or
personalestateshallbedevisedorbequeathedforanyestateorinterestnotdeterminableator
before the death of that person shall die in the lifetime of the testator leaving issue, and any
suchissueofthatpersonshallbelivingatthetimeofthedeathofthetestator,thatdeviseor
bequest shall not lapse, but shall take effect as if the death of that person had happened
immediatelyafterthedeathofthetestator,unlessacontraryintentionshallappearbythewill.
[25
Savingastowillsofsoldiersandmariners
27.(1)NotwithstandinganythinginthisAct,anysoldierbeinginactualmilitaryservice,
oranymarinerorseamanbeingatsea,maydisposeofhispersonalestateashemighthavedone
beforethemakingofthisActandmaydosoeventhoughundertheageof21years.
[21/38]

Validityoftestamentarydispositionsofrealpropertymadebysoldiersandsailors
(2) A testamentary disposition of any real estate made by a person to whom this section
applies,andwhodiesafter29thAugust1938shall,notwithstandingthatthepersonmakingthe
dispositionwasatthetimeofmakingitunder21yearsofageorthatthedispositionhasnot
beenmadeinsuchmannerorformaswason29thAugust1938requiredbylaw,bevalidinany
case where the person making the disposition was of such age and the disposition has been
madeinsuchmannerandformthatifthedispositionhadbeenadispositionofpersonalestate
madebythatpersonitwouldhavebeenvalid.
[21/38]

Powertoappointtestamentaryguardians
(3)Whereanypersondiesafter29thAugust1938havingmadeawillwhichis,orwhich,if
it had been a disposition of property, would have been rendered valid by this section, any
appointment contained in that will of any person as guardian of the infant children of the
testatorshallbeoffullforceandeffect.
[21/38]

Sectiontoextendtonaval,marineandairforces
(4)Thissectionshallextendtoanymemberofanynavalormarineforcesnotonlywhenhe
isatseabutalsowhenheissocircumstancedthatifhewereasoldierhewouldbeinactual
militaryservicewithinthemeaningofthissection.
[21/38]

(5)Forthepurposesofthissection,soldierincludesamemberofanairforce.
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[26
[21/38]

LEGISLATIVEHISTORY
WILLSACT
(CHAPTER352)
ThisLegislativeHistoryisprovidedfortheconvenienceofusersoftheWillsAct.Itisnotpartofthe
Act.
1.OrdinanceXXVof1838WillsOrdinance1838(IndianAct)
DatesofFirst,SecondandThirdReadings
: Datesnotavailable
Dateofcommencement

: 8October1838

2.Ordinance26of1921StatuteLaws(RevisedEdition)OperationOrdinance1921
DatesofFirst,SecondandThirdReadings
: Dates not available (Bill published
on19November1921)
Dateofcommencement
3.1936RevisedEditionWillsAct(Cap.53)
Dateofoperation

: 28November1921

: 1September1936

4.Ordinance21of1938Wills(Amendment)Ordinance1938
DateofFirstReading
: 13June1938
(Billpublishedon17June1938)
DateofSecondandThirdReadings

: 29August1938

Dateofcommencement

: 16September1938

5.Ordinance22of1949Wills(Amendment)Ordinance1949
DateofFirstReading
: 17May1949
(Billpublishedon20May1949)
DateofSecondandThirdReadings

: 21June1949

Dateofcommencement

: 1July1949

6.1955RevisedEditionWillsAct(Cap.35)
Dateofoperation

: 1July1956

7.1970RevisedEditionWillsAct(Cap.41)
Dateofoperation

: 1March1971

8.Act2of1986StatuteLawRevisionAct1986
DateofFirstReading

: 31October1985
(Bill No. 12/85 published on 8
November1985)

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DateofSecondandThirdReadings

: 10January1986

Dateofcommencement

: 31January1986

9.1985RevisedEditionWillsAct
Dateofoperation

: 30March1987

10.Act24of1992Wills(Amendment)Act1992
DateofFirstReading

: 27February1992
(Bill No. 11/92 published on 28
February1992)

DateofSecondandThirdReadings

: 29May1992

Dateofcommencement

: 26June1992

11.1996RevisedEditionWillsAct
Dateofoperation

: 27December1996

12.Act7of1997Statutes(MiscellaneousAmendments)Act1997
(ConsequentialamendmentsmadetoActby)
DateofFirstReading

: 11July1997
(Bill No. 6/1997 published on 12
July1997)

DateofSecondandThirdReadings

: 25August1997

Dateofcommencement

: 1October1997

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