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13.11. Eikonal
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Contents
1. Cardinal elements
2. Lens properties
3. Imaging, magnification
4. Afocal systems and telecentricity
5. Paraxial approximation
6. Matrix calculus
Analysis
imaging
aberration
theorie
Synthesis
lens design
Geometrical optics
(transverse aberrations, wave aberration,
distortion,...)
with
diffraction
approximation
--> 0
Wave optics
(point spread function, OTF,...)
Ref: W. Richter
Paraxial Approximation
Paraxiality is given for small angles
relative to the optical axis for all rays
Large numerical aperture angle u
violates the paraxiality,
spherical aberration occurs
Large field angles w violates the
paraxiality,
coma, astigmatism, distortion, field
curvature occurs
Paraxial approximation
sin(x)
0.8
0.6
exact sin(x)
linear
cubic
5th order
0.4
0.2
x []
0
10
x = 5
20
x = 24
30
40
50
x = 52
60
70
80
deviation 10-4
90
Paraxial approximation
x3 x5
sin x x ...
3! 5!
0.04
n i n'i'
n' = 1.9
n' = 1.7
n' = 1.5
0.03
0.02
n i
i' I '
n'
1
I'
n sin i
arcsin
n
'
0.01
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Single Surface
n' n n'n 1
s' s
r
f'
Abbe invariant
alternative representation of the
imaging equation
1 1
1 1
Qs n n'
r s
r s'
arbitrary
ray
object
n'
y'
s
vertex S
y
ray through center of
curvature C
principal
plane
surface
s'
image
Notations of a lens
P principal point
S vertex of the surface
F
focal point
intersection point
of a ray with axis
y
N
N'
focal length PF
F'
u'
S'
P'
y'
radius of surface
curvature
d thickness SS
O'
s
s'
f'
f
f
n refrative index
f'
BFL
sP
a
BFL
s'P'
d
a'
10
Focal points:
1. incoming parallel ray
intersects the axis in F
2. ray through F is leaves the lens
parallel to the axis
y
u'
P'
f'
Principal plane P:
location of apparent ray bending
principal
plane
F'
focal plane
s BFL
nodal planes
s P'
N
u
N'
u'
Nodal points:
Ray through N goes through N
and preserves the direction
11
c1
1
r1
yF '
tan u
Optical power
n n'
f
f'
c2
1
r2
f '
y
tan u '
12
Lens shape
Different shapes of singlet lenses:
1. bi-, symmetric
2. plane convex / concave, one surface plane
3. Meniscus, both surface radii with the same sign
Convex: bending outside
Concave: hollow surface
Principal planes P, P: outside for mesicus shaped lenses
P'
P'
P'
P P'
bi-convex lens
plane-convex lens
positive
meniscus lens
bi-concave lens
P P'
plane-concave
lens
P P'
negative
meniscus lens
13
P'
F'
X = -4
X = -2
X=0
X = +2
X = +4
14
Bending of a Lens
Bending: change of shape for
invariant focal length
X < -1
meniscus lens
Parameter of bending
R1 R2
X = -1
planconvex lens
planconcave lens
R2 R1
X=0
biconvex lens
biconcave lens
planconvex lens
planconcave lens
X > +1
meniscus lens
15
i []
30
27
i2 (n=1.5)
24
21
i1
18
15
12
9
6
i2 (n=4)
3
0
c1 [mm-1]
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
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Magnification Parameter
Magnification parameter M:
defines ray path through the lens
U 'U 1 m 2 f
2f
M
1
1
U 'U 1 m
s
s'
Special cases:
1. M = 0 : symmetrical 4f-imaging setup
2. M = -1: object in front focal plane
3. M = +1: object in infinity
M<-1
M=-1
M=0
M>+1
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Optical imaging
pupil
stop
field
O2
point
chief
ray
object
axis
O1
marginal
ray
optical
system
O'1
image
O'2
18
Imaging by a Lens
object
image
y
y'
-s
f
+s'
19
Single surface
imaging equation
n' n n'n 1
s' s
r
f'
1 1
1
n 1
f'
r1 r2
f '
r
n 1
f'
r
2 n 1
1 1 n 12 d
1
n 1
f'
r1 r2 n r1r2
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Imaging equation
s'
4f'
real object
real image
1 1 1
s' s f
virtual object
real image
2f'
Magnification
s'
m
s
2f'
- 4f'
-2f'
Real imaging:
s < 0 , s' > 0
Intersection lengths s, s'
measured with respective to the
principal planes P, P'
real object
virtual image
4f'
-2f'
virtual object
virtual image
- 4f'
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Imaging by a Lens
Ranges of imaging
Location of the image for a single
lens system
Change of object loaction
Image could be:
1. real / virtual
2. enlarged/reduced
3. in finite/infinite distance
F'
image
Objekt
s
image
F'
|s| = f'
image at
infinity
F object
s
F'
object
image
F
s
|s| = 2f'
F'
object
image real
1:1
image
F
s
object
F'
F
s
image
22
Multi-Surface Systems
d F1 F2
n
F F1 F2
Focal length
distance of inner focal points e
f1 f 2
f1 f 2
f
f1 f 2 d
e
F Fk
Magnification
hk
1
n'k nk
h1
rk
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Two-Lens System
Focal length
e: tube length
f '1 f '2
f '1 f '2
f '
f '1 f '2 d
e
Image location
s '2
f '1 f '2 d
f '1
lens 1
lens 2
e
f2
s
s'
f'1
d
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Magnification
y'
f tan u
y
f ' tan u '
principal planes
y
object
focal point
F
f
focal point
F'
P'
f'
image
z'
y'
s
s'
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Angle Magnification
tan w' nh
h
w'
h'
f
f'
26
Axial Magnification
Axial magnification
Approximation for small z and n = n
z'
f'
1
m2
z
f 1 m z
f
tan 2 u
2
m 2
tan u '
z'
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yp
y'
y'p
O'
marginal/rim
ray
R'AP
chief ray
w'
u'
- to distinguish:
tangential and sagittal
plane
chief ray
O
object
plane
entrance
pupil
exit
pupil
image
plane
28
29
Notice: telecentricity and afocality can not be combined on the same side of a system
30
Telecentricity
Special stop positions:
1. stop in back focal plane: object sided telecentricity
2. stop in front focal plane: image sided telecentricity
3. stop in intermediate focal plane: both-sided telecentricity
Telecentricity:
1. pupil in infinity
2. chief ray parallel to the optical axis
object
telecentric
stop
image
31
Telecentricity
Double telecentric system: stop in intermediate focus
Realization in lithographic projection systems
lens f1
object
telecentric
stop
f1
image
lens f2
f2
f1
f2
32
Field-Aperture-Diagram
Classification of systems with
field and aperture size
Scheme is related to size,
correction goals and etendue
of the systems
w
photographic
Biogon
40
lithography
Braat 1987
36
32
Triplet
Distagon
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Aperture dominated:
Disk lenses, microscopy,
Collimator
Field dominated:
Projection lenses,
camera lenses,
Photographic lenses
Spectral widthz as a correction
requirement is missed in this chart
24
Sonnar
20
projection
16
12
double
Gauss
split
triplet
projection
projection
Gauss
lithography
2003
diode
collimator
achromat
0.2
0.4
micro
100x0.9
micro
40x0.6
micro
10x0.4
4
0
constant
etendue
Petzval
disc
0.6
0.8
microscopy
collimator
focussing
NA
33
marginal ray
chief ray
incidence angle
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
10
15
20
25
34
Photographic lens
Photographic lens
marginal
ray
chief
ray
incidence angle
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
10 11 12 13 14 15
35
x'
u'
ray
u
x'
x
B
x'
General case:
paraxial segment with matrix
ABCD-matrix :
u'
u
x' A B x
x
M
u
'
C
D
u
u
A B
C D
ray
x'
x
z
36
Matrix Calculus
Paraxial raytrace transfer
y j y j 1 d j 1 U j 1
Matrix formulation
y ' j 1 d j 1 y j
U
'
0
1
U j
j
U j ' U j 1
y' j A B y j
tan
u
'
tan
u
D
j C
j
y j y j 1
i j j y j U j 1
U j ' U j 1 i j i j '
Inserted
Matrix formulation
U j'
j n' j n j
nj
yj
1
y ' j n' n
j
j
U
'
j
nj
nj
n' j
U j 1
0 y
n j j
n' j U j
ij '
nj
nj'
ij
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x' AxBu
u ' C xDu
Matrix representation
x' A B x
x
M
u' C D u
u
A x'/ x
D u'/u
C u'/ x
Composition of systems
M M k M k 1 ... M 2 M1
n
det M ADBC
n'
38
System inversion
Afocal telescope
D B
C
A
1 L
M
0 1
1
M 1
f
1 0
n
M
0
n'
1
M
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Ideal lens
Ideal lens
- one principal plane
P = P'
Aplanatic lens
- principal surfaces are spheres
- the marginal ray heights in the vortex plane are different for larger angles
- inconsistencies in the layout drawings
P'
40
What is Ideal ?
The notation ideal imaging is not unique
ideal
vertex
plane
paraxial
system
aperture
angles
optical
axis
object
point
image
point
ideal
system
ellipsoidal
mirror