Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Editorial
N 11 - SEPTEMBER 2001
reinforcement.
is described by H. Gysi.
Bulletin of the
PLAXIS
Users Association (NL)
Plaxis bulletin
Plaxis B.V.
P.O. Box 572
2600 AN Delft
The Netherlands
E-mail:
bulletin@plaxis.nl
States.
increase
IN THIS ISSUE:
the
confidence
in
numerical
Editorial
Column Vermeer
New developments
Benchmarking
New website
10
Plaxis practice I
11
Plaxis practice II
15
Users forum
18
Agenda
20
Editorial staff:
Scientific Committee:
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Column Vermeer
TUNNELLING
analyses, i.e.
surface settlements
loads on lining
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
of excavation.
Fig. 3:
Shading of vertical
displacements after
60 m of stepwise
excavation
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig. 4:
Settlement trough after
60 m of stepwise
excavation
S=
A
i. 2
V V
A
i. 2
installation.
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Figs 7 and 8.
or not he had programmed the 3D shellelements with sufficient accuracy. However, his
programming proved to be excellent and now
I consider the zigzagging data as logical.
Indeed, the unsupported tunnel head is
arching on the front and not on the back of a
tunnel segment. The average normal force
appears to have a magnitude of about 600 kN
per metre of tunnel length. At the tunnel
heading the normal force has not yet reached
the average value of about 600 kN. Instead of
a lower value of about 460 kN is obtained.
Just like the normal forces the bending
moments show a zigzagging pattern that
Fig. 6:
Settlement crater from
all-in-once installation
tunnel
surface
heading
stability
and
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Fig. 7:
The step-by-step
installation of the tunnel
leads to zigzagging
normal forces in the ring
direction of the lining
method or
-method. In this case an
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Subjects:
to tunneling
3. Structural behaviour and 3D aspects of
excavations
values.
4. Anisotropy
5. Dynamics
6. Thermal flow
and
safety
aspects
of
embankments
Ad 1:
Hamburg.
New Developments
parameters.
When model parameters are correctly
are
released in 2002.
Scientific
PLAXIS
developments
Ad 2:
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Ad 3:
In addition to the 3D Tunnel program there is
a need for a 3D program that is suitable for the
Ad. 6:
program.
PLAXIS programs.
Ad 4:
requirements.
Ronald Brinkgreve
PLAXIS BV
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Benchmarking
stress state
B) elastic-perfectly plastic analysis, no lining,
Ko = 1.0
C) elastic-perfectly plastic analysis, segmental
lining, Ko = 1.0, given ground loss
to be performed.
the
confidence
in
numerical
predictions.
The format of this section will be as follows:
An example specification will be published and
everybody interested is invited to solve the
problem and send me the results. In the
following bulletin some of the results will be
G = 12 000 kPa
= 0.495
no lining to be considered
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
full excavation
(preferably
G = 12 000 kPa
= 0.495
= 20 kN/m3
EXCEL)
or
in
ASCII-format
Ko = 1.0
Institute for Soil Mechanics and Foundation
no lining to be considered
Engineering
Computational step to be performed:
full excavation
G = 12 000 kPa
E-mail: schweiger@ibg.tu-graz.ac.at
= 0.495
= 20 kN/m3
http://www.tu-graz.ac.at/geotechnical_group/
= 0.18
= 24 kN/m3
10
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
3. Geotechnical Conditions
bulletin@plaxis.nl.
4. Construction Procedure
yourself.
www.plaxis.nl
PLAXIS Practice I
SWITZERLAND
1. Introduction
in a tunnel.
2. Project
Length of tunnel
1760 m
285 m
359 m
2404 m
30 m
10.70 m
autumn 1998
summer 2000
11
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Figure 1
General cross section
5. Calculations
Figure 2 Deformed
mesh, max.
displacement 173.3 mm
given in fig. 2.
550 elements
Larssen 24
anchor wall
Larssen 23
anchor rod
high tensile steel
tensile force 2000 kN
prestressing force 1000 kN (250 kN/m)
distance between anchors 4 m
12
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Symbol
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Unit
Thickness
Material model
Model
4.6
Hardening-Soil
3.5
Hardening-Soil
>40
Hardening-Soil
m
-
Type of behaviour
Type
Drained
Drained
Drained
Dry weight
sat
17.0
18.0
18.0
kN/m
Wet weight
19.0
20.0
20.0
kN/m
Horizontal permeability
unsat
kh
1.0
1.0
1.0
m/day
Vertical permeability
kv
0.05
E50ref
5.0 10
0.05
4
6.0.10
m/day
Youngs modulus
0.05
4
2.0.10
kN/m
4
2.0.10
0.5
4
6.0.10
4
6.0.10
0.5
5
1.8.10
kN/m
Oedometer modulus
3
3
Eoed
Power
5.0 10
0.5
Unloading modulus
Eurref
1.5 10
kN/m
Poissons ratio
0.2
0.2
0.2
Reference stress
pref
100.0
100.0
100.0
kN/m
Cohesion
c ref
10.0
1.0
1.0
kN/m
Friction angle
27.0
33.0
33.0
Dilatancy angle
0.0
0.0
4.0
Rinter
1.0 (rigid)
1.0 (rigid)
1.0 (rigid)
calculation procedure
phase 1:
phase 2:
phase 3:
Results
main sheet pile wall
max. deformation:
groundwater
flow
anchor wall
max. deformation:
171.6 mm
(see fig. 6)
water table
installation of main sheet pile
+245.2 kNm/m
(see fig. 7)
wall
phase 6:
+195.6 kNm/m
(see fig. 5)
phase 5:
-413.1 kNm/m
(see fig. 5)
groundwater table
ceeding
54.7 mm
(see fig. 4)
phase 4:
phase 8:
to
300
max. deformation
9.9 mm
(towards soil)
kN/m
-148.8 kNm/m
reality)
+49.8 kNm/m
anchor wall
max. deformation
112.1 mm
+316.7 kNm/m
groundwater table
13
300.0 kN/m
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Figure 4
Horizontal
displacements of main
sheet pile wall
Figure 7 Bending moment anchor wall
Figure 5 Bending
moment main sheet pile
wall
Figure 6 Horizontal
displacements of anchor
wall
14
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
PLAXIS Practice II
was measured.
7. Conclusions
heading.
to
about
avoid
extensive
discussions
15
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
or even below.
investigated.
advancing.
Figure 1
Typical development of
crown settlements in
NATM tunnelling
is
wider
than
the
Gaussian
16
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Figure 2
Shadings of vertical
displacements for top
heading advance
inner lining.
17
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Figure 6
Shadings of longitudinal
displacements with
reinforcement at tunnel
face
Users Forum
Question:
I have the following problems under Windows
2000:
Figure 7
Shadings of longitudinal
displacements without
reinforcement at tunnel
face
applied.
Profile.
Answer:
rather
Settings\<username>\Local Settings\Temp in
long
path
(C:\Documents
and
and System.
References
Mair, R.J., Taylor, R.N.: Theme lecture: Bored
18
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
Windows Explorer.
Pack.
Question:
Question:
The surface of my model is slightly tilted and
Answer:
directory
with
its
contents
and
the
Answer:
<project>.PL3
and
the
sub-directory
<project>.DT3.
name.
However,
calculation
steps
the model.
stresses.
19
PLAXIS
PLAXIS
ACTIVITIES
27-31 AUGUST, 2001
XVth ISSMGE International Conference on Soil
Plaxis bv
Istanbul, Turkey
DELFT
The Netherlands
Istanbul, Turkey
on
Computational
Geotechnics
(German)
Finite Elementen in der Geotechnik - Theorie
und Praxis
Stuttgart, Germany
24-27 MARCH, 2002
International course for experienced Plaxis
users (English)
Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands
20