Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DECORATIVE TREATMENTS
Structure
6.1
Introduction
Objectives
6.2
Polymers
6.3
6.4
Glass
6.5
Decorative Plastering
6.6
6.7
Stone Facing
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Brick Veneer
Terracotta Facing (Ceramic Veneer)
Texture Finishes
Wood Finishes
Gypsum Finishes
Clay Finishes
Stone Finishes
Concrete Finishes
Hardboard Finishing Panels
Fibre Board Panels
Wall Paper
Steel, Non-ferrous Metal and Plastics
Cork Tiles
6.8
6.9
Summary
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is ever increasing in its technological advancement.
Hence, it is necessary to get acquainted with the modern construction materials
and prevailing trends in decorative treatments.
The main consideration for this development is the change in the outlook of the
designer as well as of the user. Nowadays, building has become more
aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound.
119
Engineering Materials
In this unit, our particular emphasis will be on modern construction materials and
decorative treatment & finishes on different surfaces in a building.
Objectives
This unit will help you to develop clear understanding of the modern construction
materials such as polymer products, polymer composite concrete, glass and
various finishes. After studying this unit, you should be able to
6.2 POLYMERS
The polymers find a lot of usage in construction and building industry. Some of
these will be discussed in this section.
6.2.1 Sealants
Sealants are elastomeric materials used for the sealing of joints against wind and
water in the construction industry. The largest variety of sealants fall into the
classification of solvent release and are composed of three component parts; these
are :
The Basic Non-volatile vehicle
It is the main compound, adhesive in nature, which seals the gap.
The Pigment Component
It introduces colour to the material and also assist rheology and flow
control.
A Solvent or Thinner
It is used to reduce the viscosity, so that the sealant can be applied easily.
After application, solvents evaporate leaving the sealant in place. The butyl
rubber solution and the acrylic copolymer fall into this category. Another
category of sealant is those which are chemically cured. Examples of such
sealants are polysulphide and silicon base compound.
The desired properties of sealants are :
(i)
(ii)
Permanent elasticity,
6.2.2 Adhesives
Adhesives are used extensively for bonding building materials. Some of the
resilient adhesives are of the following types :
(i)
120
(ii)
(ii)
Polymer Concrete
(ii)
Engineering Materials
(ii)
(ii)
122
SAQ 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
6.4 GLASS
Glass is produced from three major ingredients sand (silica), soda (sodium
oxide), and lime (calcium oxide). About 50 other compounds are also used in
varying proportion to affect colour, viscosity or durability or to impart some
desired physical property. An average batch contains about 70% silica, 13% lime
and 12% soda and small amounts of other material.
Engineering Materials
The metallic film provided acts as a one way mirror, a person to exterior of the
building has difficulty in looking in during the day. However, at night with
interior lights on, an occupant cannot see out but anyone on the exterior may see
in. The metallic film reflects sunlight and reduces heat gain remarkably.
SAQ 2
(a)
(b)
125
Engineering Materials
In this case, Plaster of Paris is calcined with pearl ash. It is quick setting,
and gives white hard surface on drying. It is considered suitable for internal
work.
Sira Pite
This material is produced by slaking Plaster of Paris in petroleum. This is
also quick setting and gives white hard surface. It has high fire resistance
qualities and is, therefore, used in internal fire-resistance plastering work.
Scagliola
This material is obtained by dissolving Keenes cement and suitable
colouring pigments in glue. It has the appearance of imitation marble, and is
used for columns, panels, etc.
Marezzo
This is also an imitation marble, which is set upon a smooth surface, and is
formed by mixing Keenes cement and colours.
Barium Plaster
This plaster material is made from barium sulphate and is used in the final
coat of plaster to the walls of X-ray rooms in hospitals. It acts as a
protection to the personnel and technicians working in these rooms, as it
absorbs X-rays.
Acoustic Plaster
This is a proprietary material which consists of gypsum mixtures combined
with water and used as final coat in plastering. This plaster undergoes a
chemical reaction releasing gas bubbles and hence forming tiny openings in
plaster coat. Thus, a honey-combed surface is obtained which absorbs the
sound. This acoustic plaster is applied in two coats of 6 mm thickness each
and finished with a wooden float.
Asbestos Marble Plaster
This consists of a mixture of finely crushed marble, asbestos and cement. It
is quite expensive and is used in decorative finishes. It imparts a pleasing
marble like finish.
Granite Silicon Plaster
This type of plaster is quick setting and elastic and therefore does not crack.
It is used for finishing coat in the superior type of constructions.
Marble Finish Plaster
It is decorative, smooth and even surface finished and is applied to interior
and external dado work to obtain a marble like appearance. The base
surface is kept rough. It is thoroughly cleaned with water and a thin coat of
white cement slurry is applied. Now the marble finish plaster is applied.
The mix for this plaster is one part white cement and two parts coarse
calcite powder. Calcite powder imparts brightness to the plaster. This
mortar/plaster is applied with a steel float on the rough surface on which
white cement slurry has been applied. Now a coat of white cement and lime
is given to get a smooth finish.
126
To obtain black streaks, white cement is mixed with black oxide colour and
is applied randomly on the surface to get the desired design and levelled
smoothly by a steel float. The final surface is cured for two days. This
plaster surface is easily washable, requires no painting, is weather resistant
and requires little maintenance.
Stonecrete Plaster
This is a plain white cement plaster having Ashlar stone finish. It is used for
external surfaces. This plaster is carried out over a base coat of grey cement
plaster. A dry mix is prepared with one part white cement and one part
coarse dolomite powder. Different shades are obtained by adding suitable
pigments while dry mixing. The mortar is prepared and applied on the walls
with a steel float. The surface is levelled with gentle pressure. It is then
cured with water for 48 hours. Finally, chiselling is done to obtain Ashlar
stone finish.
Grit Wash
This is permanent decorative finish used on external walls. Here also, the
base surface should be rough and even. Firstly, panels are prepared of the
desired design on the surface with batten strips. Now mortar consisting of
white cement, dolomite powder and aggregate chips or grit in the ratio of
1:1:2.5 is applied. The surface is levelled with a float applying gentle
pressure.
After initial setting, say after about 1 to 2 hours, the surface is scrubbed
gently with a nylon brush and water. Now the cement on the surface of
chips is washed away thus exposing the aggregates. It is also called exposed
aggregate plaster.
Tyrolean Plaster
This finish is used in interiors and exteriors to obtain a long lasting and
maintenance-free plaster. It is a sand face spray plaster coating, which is
easy to apply. The mix consists of 3 parts white cement, 1 part marble
powder and 1 part coarse white sand or fine grains of marble chips by
volume. Colour pigments are added to achieve desired shades. This
plastering is applied in two to three coats. After proper curing, the finished
surface is left to dry. In order to avoid accumulation of dust, a coat of
silicon should be applied on perfectly dry surface.
SAQ 3
Collect the cost of the special materials used in decorative plastering and
perform Rate Analysis for the plastering as an item.
127
Engineering Materials
(ii)
Cut stone,
The term ashlar means only that the stone face showing on the finished surface
has its beds and joints sawed or dressed. Ashlar stone work can have a rough,
smooth or polished finish, depending on the treatment of the face. Coursed ashlar
has continuous vertical and horizontal joints and random ashlar has neither
continuous horizontal nor continuous vertical joints as shown in Figure 6.2.
128
Ashlar work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlar, irregular
coursed ashlar and regular coursed ashlar (Figure 6.2). Field stone always has a
rough, irregular appearance as the natural surface or broken surface of the stone is
exposed.
Stone trimming involves the use of stones cut for a specific purpose and includes
quoins, jambs, sills, belts, copings, cornices, lintels, steps and arch stones. Quoins
are stones laid at the intersection of two walls. They can be emphasised by letting
them project beyond the vertical plane of the wall or by using a contrasting colour
or type. Usually, they are laid so that they appear alternately as long and short
stones on each side of the corner as shown in Figure 6.3.
6.6.2 Granite
Granite comes in combinations of coloured crystals which give an overall
appearance of a white, grey, pink, red, brown, green, blue or black stone. Granite
building stones are divided into two general types which are cut stone and ashlar
type stone.
Cut stone, which consists of large thin slabs of sawed or polished granite
7/8 thick at the minimum and going upto 2 1/2 (63 mm) at the most, is applied
to exterior surfaces of buildings. Molded sills, copings, lintels, window and door
trims, columns and stair treads are built with cut stone, or ashlar type stone work
shown in Figure 6.4.
6.6.3 Limestone
Limestone is sedimentary rock made up chiefly of calcareous shells of organisms
that live in oceans and lakes.
129
Engineering Materials
Cut stone includes veneer and stock shapes such as molded sills,
copings, lintels, window and door trims and columns which are used
with cut stone veneer or ashlar type stone work. Veneer consists of
large, thin slabs of limestone applied as exterior or interior surface
finish to a building. Veneer slabs are also formed into panels for
curtain-wall construction.
(b)
6.6.4 Marble
The word marble is derived from the Latin root marker, meaning a shining stone.
Marble varies in its colour from white to black and is found in innumerable
variations of veining and colour combinations.
Marble for use in the exterior and interior of buildings comes in various sizes and
thicknesses, and requires various kinds of setting beds and types of joints.
Marble finds great use as a material for all types of sculpture and monuments. Cut
stone usually consists of large, thick slab of stone with its face smooth, textured,
slightly textured or polished.
(ii)
(iv) To face walls built of some other material with a veneer of brick,
usually 4" thick (Figures 6.6 and 6.7).
Brick veneering over a light wood frame is done in two ways. One is to use
regular brick, laid up to produce a 4" thickness of veneer. The other method is to
use thin slabs of brick manufactured for the purpose. There are two methods of
these constructions: one is to lay up the brick over the sheathing, using metal ties
railed to the sheathing to hold the brick in place; and the other is to cover the
studs with paper backed wire mesh, apply a 1" thick layer of mortar and set the
bricks with their backs in the mortar. Any type of face brick can be used. When
the veneer slabs are used, they are set in a mortar base which is applied over a
stucco wire backing.
Brick curtain walls may be formed in several different ways in conjunction with
steel or reinforced concrete frame buildings. The wall can be covered with face
brick (over a back up wall of common brick), clay tile or concrete block.
Smooth finish
(b)
Scored finish
131
Engineering Materials
(c)
Combed finish
(d)
Roughened finish
(e)
Ceramic glaze
(f)
Non-lustrous glaze
(g)
(h)
Polychrome finish
Texture refers to surface qualities other than colour and includes the surface
finishes just listed and any elaboration thereof. Extruded ceramic veneer is
available in smooth, bevelled, fluted and scored surface texture. In
handmade types, varieties of textures are possible.
Extruded Ceramic Veneer
This includes :
(i)
Adhesion type of ceramic veneer (not more than 1" thick), and
(ii)
Closed back
(ii)
Open back
SAQ 4
(a)
(b)
133
Engineering Materials
steel, nonferrous metals, plastics and paints. A variety of products have been
developed from each basic material so that a wide choice of finishes is available
in respect of any material.
(ii)
Wall and ceiling coverings can also be divided into two groups :
(i)
(ii)
For ceilings, the board may be in the form of tiles, strips and panels. Panels may
be plain faced or marked off by V grooves in file pattern.
SAQ 5
(a)
(b)
What are the different materials used to clad the internal walls of any
building?
135
Engineering Materials
Some such ceilings are called Trac and Supersil. Another decorative ceiling
consists of aluminium sheets slates/louvers. This ceiling system is suitable mainly
for centrally air-conditioned building.
6.9 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have seen how the polymers enhance the quality of normal
concrete. This new type of the material is used increasingly nowadays. The use of
glass too has become an important aspect in the construction industry. Various
finishing materials play an important role in the decoration and aesthetics of
buildings.
The decorative finishes encompass all surfaces in a building like wall, floor and
ceiling etc. The decorative finish not only adds to aesthetic appearance, but also
provides protective coating to the surface. The decorative finishes in plaster are
diverse in nature with rough finishes like pebble dash and rough cast, at one end,
and textured or ornamental finish, at the other end.
Thus, overall, it is observed that there is an explosion of information about new
decorative finishes, and almost in every quarter, a new decorative finish is
entering in the building industry.
136
FURTHER READINGS
137