Design of Axial Members - Wood

Axial Forces and Combined
Axial and Bending Forces
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Axial Forces and Combined Bending and

Axial Forces
Four Types of Applications:
Axial Tension
Axial Compression
Combined Bending and Tension
Combined Bending and Compression
Most common axial load members are columns
Most common combined stress member is beamcolumn
Magnitude of lateral force in wall elements depends
on design load and how the wall is framed
(horizontally or vertically).
Examples of
Axial and Axial
plus Bending
Elements
Axial Tension Members

Number of structural applications:
Trusses have numerous axial force members;
about in tension
Chords of shearwalls and diaphragms
Collector or drag strut members (when length of
diaphragm is greater than shearwall).
Axial members allow for direct solution in design
Parallel to grain applications avoid cross grain
tension
General formula:
ft = P/An Ft
Capacity of
tension
members is
affected by
connections

Gross area vs. Net area (projected fastener area is
subtracted - nails usually disregarded)
Avoid tight-fitting installations that require forcible
driving of the bolt
Perfect installations are difficult may have to drill
from both sides
Hole diameter can be taken to be bolt diameter
plus 1/16 in., as specified in NDS

General formula:
ft = P/An Ft
Where Ft = Ft (CD)(CM)(Ct)(CF)(Ci)
Example Size truss bottom chord

16 ft
12 ft
12 ft
DEAD + LIVE LOADS 44 psf
44 psf
5
12
2.5 ft
8 ft
Determine required size

of truss bottom chord
Loads only applied to
top chord (convert to
point loads)
Use method of joints
truss joints assumed
pinned
Connections made with
a single row of 1/2 in.
bolts
Trusses 4 ft o.c., lumber
No. 1 SPF South
MC < 19%, normal
temperatures
Example Size truss bottom chord

44 psf (4 ft o.c.) = 176 plf
P = 176(6) =1056 lb
1056 lb
1056 lb
P/2 = 528 lb
528 lb
2,112 lb
2,112 lb
4(6) = 24
Example Size truss bottom chord cont.

44 psf (4 ft o.c.) = 176 plf
P = 1056 lb
P/2 = 528 lb
2,112 528 = 1,584 lb
1056 lb
1056 lb
528 lb
528 lb 5
FBD
2,112 lb
TAC =3,802 lb
2,112 lb
4(6) = 24
1,584(12)/5 = 3,802 lb
RA = 2,112 lb
FBD
Find forces by method of joints; T = 3.8k

From Table 4A for No.1 SPF South: Ft = 400 psi
Factors cD = 1.15, and assume cF = 1.3
Determine Ft init. = Ft (cD) (cF) = 400(1.15)(1.3) = 598 psi
Find required An = P/Ft = 3,802/598 = 6.36 in.2
Consider bolt holes:
Reqd Ag = An+Ah = 6.36+1.5(1/2 + 1/16) = 7.2 in.2
Try 2 x 6: A = 8.25 in.2 > 7.2 in.2 OK

Backcheck size factor for 2x8: cF = 1.3 - same as assumed.
Columns
Columns are generally sufficiently long that buckling
needs to be considered
Direct design is not feasible (trial size, iteration)
General formula:
fc = P/A Fc
Where Fc = Fc (CD)(CM)(Ct)(Cp)(CF)
Cross sectional area to be used (gross or net) should
be considered along the length of member, together
with tendency of member at that point to buckle
laterally
Column Design Considerations

Size factor applies only to dimension lumber
Column stability factor CP takes buckling into
consideration slenderness ratio is a measure of
buckling propensity
Slenderness ratio is generally expressed in terms of
effective (unbraced, corrected for end condition)
length, divided with least radius of gyration: (le/r).
For rectangular columns, slenderness ratio can be
expressed as le/d (radius of gyration is a direct
function of the width)
For non-rectangular columns, r 12 can be substituted
for d
Column Design Considerations

Behavior of wood columns is the result of
interaction between two modes of failure:
buckling and crushing
For use in design, the Euler critical buckling stress
is expressed in NDS as:
Crushing is measured by compressive design value

multiplied by all factors except CP:
F*c = Fc (CD)(CM)(Ct)(Ci)(CF)
Column Stability Factor

Takes into consideration Euler critical stress and
crushing strength:
where buckling and crushing interaction factor

for columns c:
= 0.8 for sawn lumber
= 0.85 for timber poles and piles
= 0.9 for SCL columns
Slenderness can really affect column strength
Slenderness Considerations
By inspection the slenderness ratio about the y axis is

larger and therefore critical
Conditions can exist under which the column may
buckle about the strong axis
In this case, (l/d)x may govern
In Stud walls, weak axis is

braced, but strong is not
End conditions are important
The effective length le used in slenderness ratios is
theoretically the unbraced length of a pinned-end
column
For other column-end conditions, the effective
length is taken as the distance between inflection
points (point of reverse curvature and zero
moment)
For purposes of column analysis, the inflection
point is considered as pinned end
Effective
length
factor: ke
10
Sidesway means
that top of column
is relatively free to
displace laterally:
In braced
situations or in
shearwalls,
sidesway is
prevented)
In rigid frames,
system is
flexible, and
sidesway can
occur
Effective length = effective length factor x unbraced
length: Le = Ke x L
11
Example: Interior Bearing Wall Capacity

12 ft
16 ft
12 ft
44 psf
8 ft
5
12
17 psf
750 plf
330 plf
72 plf
45 psf
96 plf
96 plf
55 psf
7 ft
No bending although on
exterior walls there could
be wind loads
Continuous lateral support
provided in y direction
Need to consider bearing
capacity of top and bottom
plates
Load is D + L, disregard self
weight of wall
See if Standard grade HemFir, 2 x 4 studs at 16 in. o.c.
are adequate
No special temperature
and moisture requirements
Total load: 17(12) + 45(12) + 72 = 816 lb/ft
Example: Interior Bearing Wall Capacity

Total wall height, including top and bottom plates, is 8 ft
Total load per stud, assuming 16 in. o.c.:
P = 816 lb/ft (16/12) = 1,088 lbs
From Table 4A, for Standard grade Hem-Fir:
Fc = 1300 psi, Fc = 405 psi, Emin = 440,000 psi
12
Example Continued
P = 1,088 lb
Fc = 1300 psi,
Fc = 405 psi,
Emin = 440,000 psi
CF = 1.0 for compression standard grade,

A = 5.25 in2; le = 8(12) 3(1.5) = 91.5 in.
(le/d)x = 1(91.5)/3.5 = 31.3 (about y axis studs are braced)
Emin = Emin = 440,000psi
c = 0.8 for visually graded lumber
x
x
= 369 psi;
Fc* = 1300(1.0) = 1,300 psi

= 0.265 ;
Fc = 1,300(.265) = 344 psi;

P = Fc A = 344(5.25) = 1,806 lb > 1,088 lb OK
Fc = Fc = 405 psi > 344 psi; so column capacity governs
Example Design of a Column

12 ft
16 ft
BASEMENT COLUMN
12 ft
Column height 7 ft
44 psf
8 ft
12
From before, load on beam

due to D+L: w = 1,583 plf
17 psf
750 plf
330 plf
72 plf
96 plf 3
Trib. L = 12 ft
96 plf
W
45 psf
5
72 plf
96 plf
55 psf
7 ft
Trib. length for column = 12 ft

Column load:
PD+L = 12(1,583) = 18,996 lb
13
Example Design Sawn Lumber Column

Design column, No. 1 Douglas Fir - Larch
Bracing the same for buckling about x and y axes
(non existent)
Dead and live load apply
Temperature, moisture, incision do not apply
Try 4x6 (dimension lumber):
L = 7 ft
P = 19k (D + L)

From Table 4A for No 1 DFL:
Fc = 1500 psi, Emin = 620,000 psi; A = 19.25 in2, CF = 1.1
(le/d)max =kle/dy=1(84)/3.5 = 24; Emin = Emin = 620,000psi
= 885 psi; Fc* = 1500(1.0)(1.1) = 1,650 psi
= 0.46 ;
Fc = 1650(.46) = 757 psi
NG
P = 19k (D + L)
L = 7 ft
Pallow. = Fc A = .757(19.25) = 14.57k < 19k
14

Trial 2: Try 6x6 (P&T); From Table 4D for No 1 DFL:
Fc = 1000 psi, Emin = 580,000 psi, CF = 1.0, A = 30.25 in2
(le/d)max =kle/dy=1(84)/5.5 = 15.3; Emin=Emin=580,000psi
= 2037 psi;
Fc* = 1000(1.0)(1.0) = 1,000 psi

= 0.87 ;
Fc = 1000(.87) = 870 psi

Allow. P = Fc A = .87(30.25) = 26.3 k > 19 k OK,
Use 6x6 column, No. 1 DF-L
L = 7 ft
P = 19k (D + L)
Example: Axial Capacity of Glulam

1
3
3.5 ft
3.5 ft
Determine if a 3-1/8x6 axialload glulam combination 2 DF

works for the previous
example.
MC less than 16%, normal
temp.
Loads are D+L assumed to
govern
Different unbraced lengths
about x and y axes (due to
installed kickers).
15
Example: Axial Capacity of Glulam

A = 18.75 in2, and from Table 5B:
(le/d)x =1(7)(12)/6 = 14; Governs

(le/d)y =1(3.5)(12)/3.125 = 13.44
c = 0.9 for glulam;
= 3,481 psi;
Fc= 1,950 psi;

Exmin = 830,000psi
Eymin = 830,000psi
In this case, same Emin properties
apply for x and y axes, but could
be different in glulam.
Emin = Emin
Fc* = 1,950(1.0) = 1,950 psi
= 0.91;
Fc = Fc* (CP) = 1,950(0.91) = 1,767 psi

P = Fc A = 1.767(18.75) = 33.1 k > 19 k OK
Built-Up Columns
Constructed from several parallel wood members
that are nailed or bolted together to function as a
composite column
NDS Section 15.2
Connecting fasteners do not fully transfer the shear
between the various pieces, and capacity of a builtup column is less than that of a solid sawn or glulam
column of same size and grade
Capacity of an equivalent solid column is reduced by
an adjustment factor Kf (only applies to the column
slenderness ratio for the axis parallel to the weak
axis of individual laminations)
16
Built-Up Columns
Questions?
17
Combined Axial and Bending

Forces
www.sgh.com

Effects of simultaneous bending and tensile stresses
must be considered
On one face, axial stresses add to bending stresses, on

other face they cancel each other
Therefore, capacity of member is either governed by
combined tension criterion or by net compression
criterion
18

Interaction equation:
Because actual bending stress fb is a bending tensile

stress, F*b is used (does not include CL)
If combined stress is compressive, bending analysis
must be performed (CL is included but Cv is not):
Fb** = Fb
CL applies, but CV does not

Designer should be cautious about net compressive
stress: maximum bending compressive stress may occur
with or without tensile stress to cancel it.
Truss bottom chords are good example (tensile force
may or may not be present)
Conservative approach is to ignore reduction in bending
stress due to tension:
Fb** = Fb
CL applies, but CV does not
19
Combined Biaxial Bending and Tension

Axial tension and bending tension:
Net Compressive stress
Example: Combined Bending and Tension

16 ft
12 ft
12 ft
Truss example similar to

earlier example
additional uniform load
applied to bottom chord
44 psf
5
12
17 psf
2.5 ft
Use Select Structural DFL

with MC<19%
Pinned connections with
a single row of 1/2 in.
bolts
8 ft
Trusses at 4 ft o.c., w/
loads applied to top and
bottom chord assume
ends of member held in
position (not allowed to
rotate laterally); lateral
buckling not an issue
20

44 psf (4 ft o.c.) = 176 plf
6(176) = 1056 lb
P = 1056 lb
1056 lb
5
P/2=528+408 = 936 lb
936 lb
P = 68(12)= 816 lb
W = 17 psf (4 ft o.c.) = 68 plf

2,928 lb
RA = 2,928 lb
4(6) = 24

176 plf
2,928 938 = 1,990 lb

936 lb
P = 1056 lb
1056 lb
5
P/2 = 936 lb
936 lb
FBD
RA = 2,928 lb P = 816 lb
1,990(12)/5 = 4,776 lb
1056 lb
TAC = 4,776 lb
RA = 2,928 lb
FBD
W = 68 plf
W = 68 plf
4,776 k
2,928 lb
24
12
Trial and error procedure try a nominal 2x8:

Ag=10.88 in.2; S=13.14 in.3; An=1.5(7.25 9/16) = 10.03 in2
Fb = 1500 psi, Ft = 1000 psi; cF=1.2 for tension & bending
Check axial tension at An: ft = T/An = 4.78/10.03 = 476 psi
Ft = Ft(cD)(cF) = 1000(1.15)(1.2) = 1380 psi > 476 psi OK
Check Bending: M=wl2/8= 14,688 in-lb; fb = M/S= 1118 psi
Fb = Fb(cD)(cF) = 1,500(1.0)(1.2) = 1800 psi > 1118 psi OK
21

Combined Stresses:
Fb = 1500 psi, Ft = 1000 psi;
cF = 1.2 for tension & bending
Ag = 10.88 in.2; S = 13.14 in.3;
W = 68 plf
4,776 k
12
ft =T/Ag= 4,776/10.88 = 439 psi

F*b = Fb(cD)(cF) = 1500(1.15)(1.2) = 2,070 psi
ft/Ft + fbx/F*bx = 439/1380+1118/2070 = 0.86 < 1 OK
(D+S governs; typically would need to check D alone too)
Net bending compressive stress: automatically ok, since we already
checked it.
Also, since combined stress index is 0.86, we theoretically could find
a smaller size that would work (likely wont).
In general, CSI values of 1.02 or 1.03 could be acceptable.

NDS interaction formula considers column buckling,
lateral torsional buckling of beams, and beam-column
interaction
In a beam-column, additional bending stress is created
due to P- effect
To analyze combined stresses, following convention
used:
Column buckling is governed by whichever the
larger slenderness ratio is (Fc includes CP)
When bending moment about x axis, the value of
FCE for use in amplification factor is to be based on
(le/d)x
22
General formula:
Where

Effect of column buckling, lateral torsional buckling,
and P-D effect is demonstrated on the following
interaction diagrams:
23
Biaxial Bending and Compression
General formula:
where:
Truss T.C. Example: Beam-Column

Determine required size of truss top chord
D + S loads, effects of roof slope already
accounted for
Connections made with a single row of in.
bolts
Trusses 4 ft o.c., lumber is No. 1 Dense
Southern Pine
MC < 19%, normal temperatures, top chord
laterally braced
L =6 ft
2,928 938 = 1,990 lb
936 lb
5,174 lb
1,990(12)/5 = 4,776 lb
TAC = 4,776 lb
RA = 2,928 lb
FBD
24
Example Beam-Column cont.

Try 2x8: A = 10.88 in.2; S = 13.14 in.3 CF = 1 for both C & B
Fc = 1,800 psi, Fb = 1,650 psi, Emin = 620,000 psi
Axial check: fc = P/A = 5174/10.88 = 476 psi;
Stability: (le/d)x =kle/dx=1(6.5)(12)/7.25 = 10.75;
Emin= Emin = 620,000 psi; c = 0.8 for visually graded lumber
x
x
= 4,410 psi;
Fc* = 1,800(1.15)(1.0) = 2,070 psi

= 0.88; Fc = 2,070(.88) = 1,822 psi
L =6 ft
Fc = 1,822 > fc = 476 OK

5

From before: Fc = 1,800 psi, Fb=1,650 psi, Emin = 620,000 psi
2x8: A = 10.88 in.2; S = 13.14 in.3 CF = 1 for both C & B
Net section compression check (not really needed here):
An=1.5(7.25 (9/16)) = 10.03 in2
fc = P/A = 5,174/10.03 = 516 psi
Fc = Fc* = 1,650(1.15)(1.0) = 1,898 psi > 516 OK
Bending Check:
M = wl2/8 = 176(6)2/8 = 792 ft-lb; fb = M/S = 723 psi
Fb = 1800(1.15)(1.0) = 2,070psi > 723 psi OK
L =6 ft
25

From before: Fc = 1,800 psi, Fb=1,650 psi, Emin = 620,000 psi
2x8: A = 10.88 in.2; S = 13.14 in.3 CF = 1 for both C & B
Combined Stress check :
CD based on shortest duration of load in combination
FcEx = FcE = 4,410 psi (coincidence that le/dx = le/dmax)
fb = 849 psi; Fbx = 2,070 psi; fc = 476 psi ; Fc = 1,822 psi
(476/1822)2 + (1/(1 476/4410))(723/2070) = 0.46 < 1 OK
L =6 ft
Can use 2 x 8 No. 1 SP, but

perhaps another, weaker
grade or a smaller size works.
Beam Columns with Transverse and

Eccentric Loads
In most cases with square-cut column ends, effects of

eccentricity are ignored by designers
Minimum recommended eccentricity to consider is 1 in.
or one tenth of column width.
No code requirement to design for minimum eccentric
load left to the judgment of engineer
26
Example Exterior Wall Beam-Column

Check column in
exterior wall that
supports gravity and
wind loads
Consider two L.C.:
Large double windows

on either side
D+S =14+30 = 44 psf
12
L.C.1: D+.75(L)+.75(S)
L.C. 2: D + W
D + L = 7 +10 = 17 psf
8 ft
W = 20 psf
8 ft
(there are others that may govern:

D+L; D+S; D+.75W+.75L+.75 S)
Try 4x4 SPF#2 column,

disregard self weight.

6
Gravity Loads:
PD = 14(6)(12)+7(6)(6)
PD = 1260 lb
PL = 10(6)(6) = 360 lb
PS = 30(6)(12) = 2160 lb
4x4
5.5
PS =
20 psf
Roof
2160 lb
1260 lb
PT = PD+.75PL+.75PS =
= 1260+.75(360+2160)
PT = 3,150 lb
360lb
512
8 ft
8 ft
TA 1
24
TA 2 Attic
27

Table 4A:
L.C. 1, Gravity loads: PD + 0.75 (PL+S) = 3.15 k; cD = 1.15; From
F = 1150 psi;
F = 875 psi;
Neglect column fixity @ ends, assume k=1:
E = 510,000 psi
(le/d)x = 1(8)(12)/3.5 = 27. 4
A =12.25 in2;
(le/d)y = 1(5)(12)/3.5 = 17.14; 27.4 governs
S = 7.15 in3
c
min
Emin = 510,000 psi, c = 0.8 for sawn lumber

x
= 558 psi;
Fc* = 1150(1.15) = 1,322 psi

= 0.38;
Fc = 1,322(0.38) = 502 psi

fc = P/A=3,150/12.25 = 257 psi
OK
20 psf
OK
PT = 3.15k
840lb

Fc = 1150 psi;
Fb = 875 psi;
Emin= 510,000 psi
A =12.25 in2;
S = 7.15 in3
L.C. 2: (D + W)
Axial alone (dead load): PD = 1260 lb
(le/d)max = (le/d)x = 27.4 from before
Emin = 510,000 psi, c = 0.8 for sawn lumber
x
= 558 psi;
Fc* = 1150(1.6) = 1,840 psi
1.6 taken throughout combined stress check
= 0.28;
Fc = 1840(0.28) = 517 psi
fc = P/A = 1260/12.25 = 103 psi
fc/Fc = 0.2
8
20 psf
PD = 1.26k
840lb
28

Fc = 1150 psi;
Fb = 875 psi;
Emin= 510,000 psi
A =12.25 in2;
S = 7.15 in3
L.C. 2 (D +W): Bending alone (wind)
Wind on header: w1 = 20(3) = 60 lb/ft

Wind on sill:
w2 = 20(3.5) = 70 lb/ft
Reaction on column from headers:
P1 = 60(6) = 360 lb
Reaction on column from sills:
P2 = 70(6) = 420 lb
fb = M/S = 8,640/7.15 = 1208 psi
420
P=1.26k
P1=.36k
.5
P=1.26k
420
1260 lb
60
Mx = 720(12) = 8640 in-k;

Fb=Fb(cD)(cL)
P=1.26k
Wall Framing and Tributary heights
P=1.26k
720
360
3.5
P2=.42k
Load & shear & moment

L.C. 2 Bending alone (wind) - continued:
Find cL: Lu = 5 ft (window height); Lu/d=60/3.5=17.1
14.3 17.1: Le = 1.84Lu = 110.4 (Table 3.3.3)*
Fc = 1150 psi;
Fb = 875 psi;
Emin= 510,000 psi
A =12.25 in2;
S = 7.15 in3
* formula applies conservatively for all cases
= 5.6;
= 19,402; Fb*= 875(1.6) = 1400 psi

= 0.996;
Fb = 1400(.996) = 1,395 psi

Stress ratio:
fb/Fb = 1208/1395 = 0.866
29

L.C. 2 Combined Stresses D+W:
(le/d)bending = (le/d)x = 27.4
x
= 558;
Fc = 1150 psi;
Fb = 875 psi;
Emin= 510,000 psi
A =12.25 in2;
S = 7.15 in3
From before:
fc = 103 psi; fc/Fc = 0.2; fb/Fb = 0.866

Amplification factor: 1/(1-fc/FcE) = 1/(1-103/558) = 1.226;
= (0.2)2 + 1.226(0.866) = 1.1 NG
NOTE: 4x6 would work for sure, but more effective to use better grade
NOTE: D+L; D+S; D+.75W+.75L+.75 S should also be checked
NOTE: Shear, deflection, and bearing perpendicular to grain need checking too
also need to be checked.
QUESTIONS?
30
Example 7.2 Size truss bottom chord
Determine required size of truss bottom chord

Loads only applied to top chord
Loads assumed to be applied to T.C. joints
Use method of joints truss joints assumed pinned
D + S loads, effects of roof slope already accounted for
Connections made with a single row of in. bolts
Trusses 4 ft o.c., lumber No. 1 SPF South
MC < 19%, normal temperatures
Example 7.2 Size truss bottom chord
Find forces by method of joints; T = 3.96k

Factors cD = 1.15, and assume cF = 1.3
Determine Ft = Ft (cD) (cF) = 400 (1.15)(1.3) = 598 psi
Find required An = P/Ft = 3960/598 = 6.62 in.2
Consider bolt holes:
Reqd Ag = An+Ah = 6.62+1.5(3/4 + 1/16) = 7.84 in.2
Try 2 x 6: A = 8.25 in.2 > 7.84 in.2 OK

Backcheck size factor cF = 1.3 - same as assumed.
FBD
31
Example 7.7 Design Sawn Lumber Column
Design column, No. 1 Douglas Fir - Larch

Bracing the same for buckling about x and y axes
Dead and roof live load apply
Temperature, moisture, incision do not apply

Try 4x6 (dimension lumber); From Table 4A for No 1 DFL:
= 433 psi; Fc* = 1500(1.25)(1.1) = 2062 psi
= 0.2 ;
Fc = 2062(.2) = 412 psi

Allow. P = Fc A = .412(19.25) = 7.94 k < 15 k
NG
32

Trial 2: 6x6 (P&T); From Table 4D for No 1 DFL:
= 1003 psi; Fc* = 1000(1.25)(1.0) = 1250 psi
= 0.611 ;
Fc = 1250(.611) = 764 psi

Allow. P = Fc A = .764(30.25) = 23.1 k > 15 k
OK, use 6x6 column, No. 1 DF-L
Example 7.9 Axial Capacity of Glulam

Determine axial compression capacity of 6-3/4 x 11
24F-1.7E Southern Pine glulam
MC will exceed 16% (consider treatment), normal temp
Loads are D+S assumed to govern
Different unbraced lengths about x and y axes,
different material properties for x and y axes
A = 74.25 in2
33
Example 7.9 Axial Capacity of Glulam

Table 5A:
Fc = 1000 psi (CM = 0.73),

Exmin = 880,000 psi (CM = 0.833)
Eymin = 670,000 psi (CM = 0.833)
(le/d)x =1(22)(12)/11 = 24; Exmin= 860,000(.833) = 733000 psi

(le/d)y =1(11)(12)/6.75 = 19.6; Eymin= 670,000(.83) = 558000 psi
c = 0.9 for glulam
x
x
y
y
= 1046 psi; Fc* = 1000(1.15)(0.73) = 840 psi

=1200 psi; Fc* is the same;
cPx = .832; cPy = .867; Fc = 1000(1.15)(.73)(.832) = 699 psi

P = Fc A = .699(74.25) = 51.9 k
Example 7.11 Capacity of a Bearing Wall

No bending although on exterior walls there could be
wind loads
Continuous lateral support provided in x direction
Need to consider bearing capacity of top and bottom plates
Load is D + S
Lumber is Standard grade Hem-Fir, 2 x 4 studs
No special temperature and moisture requirements
34
Example 7.11 Capacity of a Bearing Wall

Table 4A: Fc = 1300 psi, Fc = 405 psi, Emin = 440,000 psi,
CF = 1.0 for compression, A = 5.25 in2
le = 9.5(12) 3(1.5) = 109.5 in.
(le/d)x = 1(109.5)/3.5 = 31.3; Emin = Emin = 440,000psi
x
x
= 370 psi; Fc* = 1300(1.15) = 1495 psi

= 0.233 ;
Fc = 1495(.233) = 348 psi;

P = Fc A = 348(5.25) = 1829 lb ; max w = 1829/1.33 = 1371 lb/ft
Fc = Fc = 405 psi > 348 psi; column capacity
governs
Example 7.15 Combined Bending and Tension

Truss example similar to truss in example 7.2
additional uniform load applied to bottom chord
Use No.1 and Better Hem-Fir with MC<19%
Pinned connections with a single row of in. bolts
Trusses at 4 ft o.c., w/ loads applied to top and bottom
chord assume ends of member held in position (not
allowed to rotate laterally)
35
Trial and error procedure try a nominal 2x8 first:

Fb = 1100 psi, Ft = 725 psi; cF = 1.2 for tension & bending
Ag=10.875 in.2; S=13.14 in.3; An=1.5(7.25 (13/16)=9.66 in2
Check axial tension at An: ft = T/An = 4.44/9.66 = 460 psi
Ft = Ft(cD)(cF) = 725 (1.15)(1.2) = 1000 psi > 460 psi OK
Check Bending: M = wl2/8=10,800 in-lb; fb = M/S = 822 psi
Fb = Fb(cD)(cF) = 1100(0.9)(1.2) = 1188 psi > 822 psi OK

Combined Stresses:
Fb = 1100 psi, Ft = 725 psi; cF = 1.2 for tension & bending
Ag=10.875 in.2; S=13.14 in.3; ft =T/Ag=4440/10.875= 408psi
F*b = Fb(cD)(cF) = 1100(1.15)(1.2) = 1518 psi
ft/Ft + fbx/F*bx = 408/1000+822/1518 = 0.95 < 1 OK
(D+S governs, but D alone is close)
Net bending compressive stress: automatically ok, since
we already checked it.
Also, since combined stress index is 0.95, we are likely
not going to find a smaller size that would work.
In general, CSI values of 1.02 or 1.03 could be
acceptable.
36
Example 7.18 Beam-Column
Determine required size of truss top chord (example 7.15)

D + S loads, effects of roof slope already accounted for
Connections made with a single row of in. bolts
Trusses 4 ft o.c., lumber is No. 1 Southern Pine
MC < 19%, normal temperatures, top chord laterally braced

Fc = 1650 psi, Fb = 1500 psi, Emin = 620,000 psi
Axial: Stability check: fc = P/A = 4960/10.875 = 456 psi
(le/d)x =kle/dx=1(8.39)(12)/7.25 = 13.9;
Emin=Emin= 620,000psi c = 0.8 for visually graded lumber
x
x
= 2638 psi; Fc* = 1650(1.15)(1.0) = 1898 psi
S = 0.791; Fc = 1898(.791)=1501 psi

1501 > 456 OK
37

Net section check:
An=1.5(7.25 (13/16)) = 9.66 in2
fc = P/A = 4960/9.66 = 514 psi
Fc = Fc* = 1650(1.15)(1.0) = 1898 psi > 514 OK
Bending Check:
M = wl2/8 = 0.176(7.5)2/8 = 1.24 ft-k; fb = M/S = 1130 psi
Fb = 1500(1.15)(1.0) = 1725 psi > 1130 psi OK

Combined Stress check :
CD based on shortest duration of load in combination
FcEx = FcE = 2638 psi (coincidence that le/dx = le/dmax)
Fb = 1130 psi; Fbx = 1725 psi; fc = 456 psi; ; Fc = 1501 psi
(456/1501)2 + (1/(1 456/2638)(1130/1725) = 0.884 < 1 OK
Use 2 x 8 No. 1 SP
38
Example 7.20 Glulam Beam-Column

Check glulam column that supports gravity and wind loads
L.C. 1: D +LR ; L.C. 2: D + W
Axial-load glulam combination: 5-1/8x7-1/2; 2 DF glulam

L.C. 1: Gravity loads: D + LR = 5+4 = 9k; cD = 1.25;
(D alone should be checked as well)
neglect column fixity @ ends, assume k=1:
Table 5B:
Fc=1950 psi;
Fbx=1700 psi;
Exmin= 830,000psi
Eymin = 830,000psi
A = 38.4 in2;
S = 48 in3
(le/d)x = 1(16)(12)/7.5 = 25.6

(le/d)y = 1(8)(12)/5.125 = 18.7 < 25.6
Exmin = Eymin = Emin = 830,000 psi, c = 0.9 for glulam
x
= 1041 psi; Fc* = 1950(1.25) = 2438 psi

= 0.4;
Fc = 2438(0.4) = 975 psi

fc = P/A = 9000/38.4 = 234 psi;
OK
39

L.C. 2: Could be (D +W) or (D + 0.75(W + Lr))
(predetermined that D+W governs)
Axial (dead load):
(le/d)max = (le/d)x = 25.6 from before
Emin = 830,000 psi, c = 0.9 for glulam
x
Table 5B:
Fc=1950 psi;
Fbx=1700 psi;
Exmin= 830,000psi
Eymin = 830,000psi
A = 38.4 in2;
S = 48 in3
= 1041 psi; Fc* = 1950(1.6) = 3120 psi

1.6 taken throughout combined stress check
= 0.319; Fc = 3120(0.319) = 995 psi

fc = P/A = 5000/38.4 = 130 psi
fc/Fc = 0.131

Table 5B:
Fc=1950 psi;
Fbx=1700 psi;
Exmin= 830,000psi
Eymin = 830,000psi
A = 38.4 in2;
S = 48 in3
L.C. 2 (D +W): Bending (wind)
Wind on header: w1 = 22.2(6.5) = 144 lb/ft

Wind on sill: w2 = 22.2(5.5) = 122 lb/ft
Reaction on column from headers: P1 = 144(12) = 1728 lb
Reaction on column from sills: P2 = 122(12) = 1463 lb
Mx = 87.8 in-k;
fb = M/S = 87.8/48 = 1830 psi
Fb=Fb(cD)(cL) or Fb=Fb(cD)(cV); determine which governs
Wall Framing and Tributary heights
Load & shear & moment
40

L.C. 2 Bending (wind):
Find cL: lu = 8 ft (window height); lu/d=96/7.5=12.8.
7 12.8 14.3: le = 1.63lu+3d = 179 (Table 3.3.3)*
* formula applies conservatively for all cases
= 7.15;
Table 5B:
Fc=1950 psi;
Fbx=1700 psi;
Exmin= 830,000psi
Eymin = 830,000psi
A = 38.4 in2;
S = 48 in3
= 19,483; Fb*= 1700(1.6)=2720 psi

= 0.993
Find cV: (21/L)1/x(12/d)1/x(5.125/b)1/x
x for DF glulam = 10
Cv = (21/16).1(12/7.5).1(5.125/5.125).1 =
Cv = 1.007 > 1 : Cv = 1, CL governs:
Fb = 1700(1.6)(.993) = 2700 psi
Stress ratio: fb/Fb = 1830/2700 = 0.678

L.C. 2 Combined Stresses:
(le/d)bending = (le/d)x = 25.6 coincidence, could differ
Table 5B:
Fc=1950 psi;
Fbx=1700 psi;
Exmin= 830,000psi
Eymin = 830,000psi
A = 38.4 in2;
S = 48 in3
= 1041; From before:

fc = 130 psi; fc/Fc = 0.131; fb/Fb = 0.678
Amplification factor: 1/(1-fc/FcE) = 1/(1-130/1041) = 1.14;
x
= (0.131)2 + 1.14(0.678) = 0.79 OK

Note: if D + 0.75(W + LR) was used, the interaction value
would be considerably less.
NOTE: shear, deflection, and bearing perpendicular to
grain also need to be checked
41

Design of Axial Members - Wood

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Design of Axial Members - Wood

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Axial Forces and Combined

Axial and Bending Forces

Axial Forces and Combined Bending and

Axial Tension Members

Axial Tension Members

Axial Tension Members

Example Size truss bottom chord

DEAD + LIVE LOADS 44 psf

Determine required size

Example Size truss bottom chord

Example Size truss bottom chord cont.

2,112 528 = 1,584 lb

Find forces by method of joints; T = 3.8k

Try 2 x 6: A = 8.25 in.2 > 7.2 in.2 OK

Column Design Considerations

Column Design Considerations

Crushing is measured by compressive design value

Column Stability Factor

where buckling and crushing interaction factor

Slenderness can really affect column strength

By inspection the slenderness ratio about the y axis is

In this case, (l/d)x may govern

In Stud walls, weak axis is

Example: Interior Bearing Wall Capacity

Total load: 17(12) + 45(12) + 72 = 816 lb/ft

Example: Interior Bearing Wall Capacity

CF = 1.0 for compression standard grade,

Fc* = 1300(1.0) = 1,300 psi

Fc = 1,300(.265) = 344 psi;

Example Design of a Column

From before, load on beam

Trib. length for column = 12 ft

Example Design Sawn Lumber Column

Example Design Sawn Lumber Column

Pallow. = Fc A = .757(19.25) = 14.57k < 19k

Example Design Sawn Lumber Column

Fc* = 1000(1.0)(1.0) = 1,000 psi

Fc = 1000(.87) = 870 psi

Example: Axial Capacity of Glulam

Determine if a 3-1/8x6 axialload glulam combination 2 DF

Example: Axial Capacity of Glulam

(le/d)x =1(7)(12)/6 = 14; Governs

Fc= 1,950 psi;

Fc = Fc* (CP) = 1,950(0.91) = 1,767 psi

Combined Axial and Bending

Combined Bending and Tension

On one face, axial stresses add to bending stresses, on

Combined Bending and Tension

Because actual bending stress fb is a bending tensile

CL applies, but CV does not

Combined Bending and Tension

CL applies, but CV does not

Combined Biaxial Bending and Tension

Net Compressive stress

Example: Combined Bending and Tension

Truss example similar to

Use Select Structural DFL

Example: Combined Bending and Tension

W = 17 psf (4 ft o.c.) = 68 plf

Example: Combined Bending and Tension

2,928 938 = 1,990 lb

Trial and error procedure try a nominal 2x8:

Example: Combined Bending and Tension

ft =T/Ag= 4,776/10.88 = 439 psi