FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. No. 132266. December 21, 1999]

CASTILEX INDUSTRIAL CORPORATION, petitioner, vs. VICENTE VASQUEZ, JR. and

LUISA SO VASQUEZ, and CEBU DOCTORS HOSPITAL, INC., respondents.
DECISION
DAVIDE, JR., C.J.:

The pivotal issue in this petition is whether an employer may be held vicariously
liable for the death resulting from the negligent operation by a managerial
employee of a company-issued vehicle.

The antecedents, as succinctly summarized by the Court of Appeals, are as follows:

On 28 August 1988, at around 1:30 to 2:00 in the morning, Romeo So Vasquez, was
driving a Honda motorcycle around Fuente Osmea Rotunda. He was traveling
counter-clockwise, (the normal flow of traffic in a rotunda) but without any
protective helmet or goggles. He was also only carrying a Students Permit to Drive
at the time. Upon the other hand, Benjamin Abad [was a] manager of Appellant
Castilex Industrial Corporation, registered owner [of] a Toyota Hi-Lux Pick-up with
plate no. GBW-794. On the same date and time, Abad drove the said company car
out of a parking lot but instead of going around the Osmea rotunda he made a
short cut against [the] flow of the traffic in proceeding to his route to General
Maxilom St. or to Belvic St.

In the process, the motorcycle of Vasquez and the pick-up of Abad collided with
each other causing severe injuries to the former. Abad stopped his vehicle and
brought Vasquez to the Southern Islands Hospital and later to the Cebu Doctors
Hospital.

On September 5, 1988, Vasquez died at the Cebu Doctors Hospital. It was there
that Abad signed an acknowledgment of Responsible Party (Exhibit K) wherein he
agreed to pay whatever hospital bills, professional fees and other incidental charges
Vasquez may incur.

After the police authorities had conducted the investigation of the accident, a
Criminal Case was filed against Abad but which was subsequently dismissed for

failure to prosecute. So, the present action for damages was commenced by
Vicente Vasquez, Jr. and Luisa So Vasquez, parents of the deceased Romeo So
Vasquez, against Jose Benjamin Abad and Castilex Industrial Corporation. In the
same action, Cebu Doctors Hospital intervened to collect unpaid balance for the
medical expense given to Romeo So Vasquez.[1]

The trial court ruled in favor of private respondents Vicente and Luisa Vasquez and
ordered Jose Benjamin Abad (hereafter ABAD) and petitioner Castilex Industrial
Corporation (hereafter CASTILEX) to pay jointly and solidarily (1) Spouses Vasquez,
the amounts of P8,000.00 for burial expenses; P50,000.00 as moral damages;
P10,000.00 as attorneys fees; and P778,752.00 for loss of earning capacity; and (2)
Cebu Doctors Hospital, the sum of P50,927.83 for unpaid medical and hospital bills
at 3% monthly interest from 27 July 1989 until fully paid, plus the costs of litigation.
[2]

CASTILEX and ABAD separately appealed the decision.

In its decision[3] of 21 May 1997, the Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling of the trial
court holding ABAD and CASTILEX liable but held that the liability of the latter is
only vicarious and not solidary with the former. It reduced the award of damages
representing loss of earning capacity from P778,752.00 to P214,156.80; and the
interest on the hospital and medical bills, from 3% per month to 12% per annum
from 5 September 1988 until fully paid.

Upon CASTILEXs motion for reconsideration, the Court of Appeals modified its
decision by (1) reducing the award of moral damages from P50,000 to P30,000 in
view of the deceaseds contributory negligence; (b) deleting the award of attorneys
fees for lack of evidence; and (c) reducing the interest on hospital and medical bills
to 6% per annum from 5 September 1988 until fully paid.[4]

Hence, CASTILEX filed the instant petition contending that the Court of Appeals
erred in (1) applying to the case the fifth paragraph of Article 2180 of the Civil Code,
instead of the fourth paragraph thereof; (2) that as a managerial employee, ABAD
was deemed to have been always acting within the scope of his assigned task even
outside office hours because he was using a vehicle issued to him by petitioner; and
(3) ruling that petitioner had the burden to prove that the employee was not acting
within the scope of his assigned task.

Jose Benjamin ABAD merely adopted the statement of facts of petitioner which
holds fast on the theory of negligence on the part of the deceased.

On the other hand, respondents Spouses Vasquez argue that their sons death was
caused by the negligence of petitioners employee who was driving a vehicle issued
by petitioner and who was on his way home from overtime work for petitioner; and
that petitioner is thus liable for the resulting injury and subsequent death of their
son on the basis of the fifth paragraph of Article 2180. Even if the fourth paragraph
of Article 2180 were applied, petitioner cannot escape liability therefor. They
moreover argue that the Court of Appeals erred in reducing the amount of
compensatory damages when the award made by the trial court was borne both by
evidence adduced during the trial regarding deceaseds wages and by jurisprudence
on life expectancy. Moreover, they point out that the petition is procedurally not
acceptable on the following grounds: (1) lack of an explanation for serving the
petition upon the Court of Appeals by registered mail, as required under Section 11,
Rule 13 of the Rules of Civil Procedure; and (2) lack of a statement of the dates of
the expiration of the original reglementary period and of the filing of the motion for
extension of time to file a petition for review.

For its part, respondent Cebu Doctors Hospital maintains that petitioner CASTILEX
is indeed vicariously liable for the injuries and subsequent death of Romeo Vasquez
caused by ABAD, who was on his way home from taking snacks after doing overtime
work for petitioner. Although the incident occurred when ABAD was not working
anymore the inescapable fact remains that said employee would not have been
situated at such time and place had he not been required by petitioner to do
overtime work. Moreover, since petitioner adopted the evidence adduced by ABAD,
it cannot, as the latters employer, inveigle itself from the ambit of liability, and is
thus estopped by the records of the case, which it failed to refute.

We shall first address the issue raised by the private respondents regarding some
alleged procedural lapses in the petition.

Private respondents contention of petitioners violation of Section 11 of Rule 13 and

Section 4 of Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure holds no water.

Section 11 of Rule 13 provides:

SEC. 11. Priorities in modes of service and filing. -- Whenever practicable, the
service and filing of pleadings and other papers shall be done personally. Except
with respect to papers emanating from the court, a resort to other modes must be
accompanied by a written explanation why the service or filing was not done
personally. A violation of this Rule may be cause to consider the paper as not filed.

The explanation why service of a copy of the petition upon the Court of Appeals was
done by registered mail is found on Page 28 of the petition. Thus, there has been
compliance with the aforequoted provision.

As regards the allegation of violation of the material data rule under Section 4 of
Rule 45, the same is unfounded. The material dates required to be stated in the
petition are the following: (1) the date of receipt of the judgment or final order or
resolution subject of the petition; (2) the date of filing of a motion for new trial or
reconsideration, if any; and (3) the date of receipt of the notice of the denial of the
motion. Contrary to private respondents claim, the petition need not indicate the
dates of the expiration of the original reglementary period and the filing of a motion
for extension of time to file the petition. At any rate, aside from the material dates
required under Section 4 of Rule 45, petitioner CASTILEX also stated in the first page
of the petition the date it filed the motion for extension of time to file the petition.

Now on the merits of the case.

The negligence of ABAD is not an issue at this instance. Petitioner CASTILEX

presumes said negligence but claims that it is not vicariously liable for the injuries
and subsequent death caused by ABAD.

Petitioner contends that the fifth paragraph of Article 2180 of the Civil Code should
only apply to instances where the employer is not engaged in business or industry.
Since it is engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling furniture it is
therefore not covered by said provision. Instead, the fourth paragraph should apply.

Petitioners interpretation of the fifth paragraph is not accurate. The phrase even
though the former are not engaged in any business or industry found in the fifth
paragraph should be interpreted to mean that it is not necessary for the employer
to be engaged in any business or industry to be liable for the negligence of his
employee who is acting within the scope of his assigned task.[5]

A distinction must be made between the two provisions to determine what is

applicable. Both provisions apply to employers: the fourth paragraph, to owners
and managers of an establishment or enterprise; and the fifth paragraph, to
employers in general, whether or not engaged in any business or industry. The
fourth paragraph covers negligent acts of employees committed either in the
service of the branches or on the occasion of their functions, while the fifth

paragraph encompasses negligent acts of employees acting within the scope of

their assigned task. The latter is an expansion of the former in both employer
coverage and acts included. Negligent acts of employees, whether or not the
employer is engaged in a business or industry, are covered so long as they were
acting within the scope of their assigned task, even though committed neither in
the service of the branches nor on the occasion of their functions. For, admittedly,
employees oftentimes wear different hats. They perform functions which are
beyond their office, title or designation but which, nevertheless, are still within the
call of duty.

This court has applied the fifth paragraph to cases where the employer was
engaged in a business or industry such as truck operators[6] and banks.[7] The
Court of Appeals cannot, therefore, be faulted in applying the said paragraph of
Article 2180 of the Civil Code to this case.

Under the fifth paragraph of Article 2180, whether or not engaged in any business
or industry, an employer is liable for the torts committed by employees within the
scope of his assigned tasks. But it is necessary to establish the employer-employee
relationship; once this is done, the plaintiff must show, to hold the employer liable,
that the employee was acting within the scope of his assigned task when the tort
complained of was committed. It is only then that the employer may find it
necessary to interpose the defense of due diligence in the selection and supervision
of the employee.[8]

It is undisputed that ABAD was a Production Manager of petitioner CASTILEX at the

time of the tort occurrence. As to whether he was acting within the scope of his
assigned task is a question of fact, which the court a quo and the Court of Appeals
resolved in the affirmative.

Well-entrenched in our jurisprudence is the rule that the factual findings of the Court
of Appeals are entitled to great respect, and even finality at times. This rule is,
however, subject to exceptions such as when the conclusion is grounded on
speculations, surmises, or conjectures.[9] Such exception obtain in the present case
to warrant review by this Court of the finding of the Court of Appeals that since
ABAD was driving petitioners vehicle he was acting within the scope of his duties as
a manager.

Before we pass upon the issue of whether ABAD was performing acts within the
range of his employment, we shall first take up the other reason invoked by the
Court of Appeals in holding petitioner CASTILEX vicariously liable for ABADs
negligence, i.e., that the petitioner did not present evidence that ABAD was not

acting within the scope of his assigned tasks at the time of the motor vehicle
mishap. Contrary to the ruling of the Court of Appeals, it was not incumbent upon
the petitioner to prove the same. It was enough for petitioner CASTILEX to deny
that ABAD was acting within the scope of his duties; petitioner was not under
obligation to prove this negative averment. Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui
negat (He who asserts, not he who denies, must prove). The Court has consistently
applied the ancient rule that if the plaintiff, upon whom rests the burden of proving
his cause of action, fails to show in a satisfactory manner facts which he bases his
claim, the defendant is under no obligation to prove his exception or defense.[10]

Now on the issue of whether the private respondents have sufficiently established
that ABAD was acting within the scope of his assigned tasks.

ABAD, who was presented as a hostile witness, testified that at the time of the
incident, he was driving a company-issued vehicle, registered under the name of
petitioner. He was then leaving the restaurant where he had some snacks and had
a chat with his friends after having done overtime work for the petitioner.

No absolutely hard and fast rule can be stated which will furnish the complete
answer to the problem of whether at a given moment, an employee is engaged in
his employers business in the operation of a motor vehicle, so as to fix liability
upon the employer because of the employees action or inaction; but rather, the
result varies with each state of facts.[11]

In Filamer Christian Institute v. Intermediate Appellate Court,[12] this Court had the
occasion to hold that acts done within the scope of the employees assigned tasks
includes any act done by an employee in furtherance of the interests of the
employer or for the account of the employer at the time of the infliction of the injury
or damages.

The court a quo and the Court of Appeals were one in holding that the driving by a
manager of a company-issued vehicle is within the scope of his assigned tasks
regardless of the time and circumstances.

We do not agree. The mere fact that ABAD was using a service vehicle at the time
of the injurious incident is not of itself sufficient to charge petitioner with liability for
the negligent operation of said vehicle unless it appears that he was operating the
vehicle within the course or scope of his employment.

The following are principles in American Jurisprudence on the employers liability for
the injuries inflicted by the negligence of an employee in the use of an employers
motor vehicle:

I. Operation of Employers Motor Vehicle in Going to or from Meals

It has been held that an employee who uses his employers vehicle in going from his
work to a place where he intends to eat or in returning to work from a meal is not
ordinarily acting within the scope of his employment in the absence of evidence of
some special business benefit to the employer. Evidence that by using the
employers vehicle to go to and from meals, an employee is enabled to reduce his
time-off and so devote more time to the performance of his duties supports the
finding that an employee is acting within the scope of his employment while so
driving the vehicle.[13]

II. Operation of Employers Vehicle in Going to or from Work

In the same vein, traveling to and from the place of work is ordinarily a personal
problem or concern of the employee, and not a part of his services to his employer.
Hence, in the absence of some special benefit to the employer other than the mere
performance of the services available at the place where he is needed, the
employee is not acting within the scope of his employment even though he uses his
employers motor vehicle.[14]

The employer may, however, be liable where he derives some special benefit from
having the employee drive home in the employers vehicle as when the employer
benefits from having the employee at work earlier and, presumably, spending more
time at his actual duties. Where the employees duties require him to circulate in a
general area with no fixed place or hours of work, or to go to and from his home to
various outside places of work, and his employer furnishes him with a vehicle to use
in his work, the courts have frequently applied what has been called the special
errand or roving commission rule, under which it can be found that the employee
continues in the service of his employer until he actually reaches home. However,
even if the employee be deemed to be acting within the scope of his employment in
going to or from work in his employers vehicle, the employer is not liable for his
negligence where at the time of the accident, the employee has left the direct route
to his work or back home and is pursuing a personal errand of his own.

III. Use of Employers Vehicle Outside Regular Working Hours

An employer who loans his motor vehicle to an employee for the latters personal
use outside of regular working hours is generally not liable for the employees
negligent operation of the vehicle during the period of permissive use, even where
the employer contemplates that a regularly assigned motor vehicle will be used by
the employee for personal as well as business purposes and there is some
incidental benefit to the employer. Even where the employees personal purpose in
using the vehicle has been accomplished and he has started the return trip to his
house where the vehicle is normally kept, it has been held that he has not resumed
his employment, and the employer is not liable for the employees negligent
operation of the vehicle during the return trip.[15]

The foregoing principles and jurisprudence are applicable in our jurisdiction albeit
based on the doctrine of respondeat superior, not on the principle of bonus pater
familias as in ours. Whether the fault or negligence of the employee is conclusive
on his employer as in American law or jurisprudence, or merely gives rise to the
presumption juris tantum of negligence on the part of the employer as in ours, it is
indispensable that the employee was acting in his employers business or within the
scope of his assigned task.[16]

In the case at bar, it is undisputed that ABAD did some overtime work at the
petitioners office, which was located in Cabangcalan, Mandaue City. Thereafter, he
went to Goldies Restaurant in Fuente Osmea, Cebu City, which is about seven
kilometers away from petitioners place of business.[17] A witness for the private
respondents, a sidewalk vendor, testified that Fuente Osmea is a lively place
even at dawn because Goldies Restaurant and Back Street were still open and
people were drinking thereat. Moreover, prostitutes, pimps, and drug addicts
littered the place.[18]

At the Goldies Restaurant, ABAD took some snacks and had a chat with friends. It
was when ABAD was leaving the restaurant that the incident in question occurred.
That same witness for the private respondents testified that at the time of the
vehicular accident, ABAD was with a woman in his car, who then shouted: Daddy,
Daddy![19] This woman could not have been ABADs daughter, for ABAD was only
29 years old at the time.

To the mind of this Court, ABAD was engaged in affairs of his own or was carrying
out a personal purpose not in line with his duties at the time he figured in a
vehicular accident. It was then about 2:00 a.m. of 28 August 1988, way beyond the
normal working hours. ABADs working day had ended; his overtime work had
already been completed. His being at a place which, as petitioner put it, was known

as a haven for prostitutes, pimps, and drug pushers and addicts, had no
connection to petitioners business; neither had it any relation to his duties as a
manager. Rather, using his service vehicle even for personal purposes was a form
of a fringe benefit or one of the perks attached to his position.

Since there is paucity of evidence that ABAD was acting within the scope of the
functions entrusted to him, petitioner CASTILEX had no duty to show that it
exercised the diligence of a good father of a family in providing ABAD with a service
vehicle. Thus, justice and equity require that petitioner be relieved of vicarious
liability for the consequences of the negligence of ABAD in driving its vehicle.[20]

WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED, and the appealed decision and resolution of
the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED with the modification that petitioner Castilex
Industrial Corporation be absolved of any liability for the damages caused by its
employee, Jose Benjamin Abad.

SO ORDERED.

Puno, Kapunan, Pardo, and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur.

THIRD DIVISION

G.R. No. 71137

October 5, 1989

SPOUSES FEDERICO FRANCO and FELICISIMA R. FRANCO, petitioners,

vs.
INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT, ANTONIO REYES, MRS. SUSAN CHUAY and LOLITA
LUGUE respondents.

FERNAN, C.J.:

The instant petition for review of a decision of the Court of Appeals deals mainly
with the nature of an employer's liability for his employee's negligent act.

At about 7:30 in the evening of October 18, 1974, Macario Yuro swerved the
northbound Franco Bus with Plate No. XY320-PUB he was driving to the left to avoid
hitting a truck with a trailer parked facing north along the cemented pavement of
the MacArthur Highway at Barrio Talaga, Capas Tarlac, thereby taking the lane of an
incoming Isuzu Mini Bus bearing Plate No. YL-735 being driven by one Magdaleno
Lugue and making a collision between the two (2) vehicles an unavoidable and
disastrous eventuality.

Dragged fifteen (15) meters from the point of impact (midway the length of the
parked truck with trailer), the mini bus landed right side down facing south in the
canal of the highway, a total wreck. The Franco Bus was also damaged but not as
severely. The collision resulted in the deaths of the two (2) drivers, Macario Yuro and
Magdaleno Lugue, and two (2) passengers of the mini bus, Romeo Bue and
Fernando Chuay.

Consequently, Antonio Reyes, the registered owner of the Isuzu Mini Bus, Mrs.
Susan Chuay, the wife of victim Fernando Chuay, and Mrs. Lolita Lugue, the wife of
driver-victim Magdaleno Lugue, filed an action for damages through reckless
imprudence before the Court of First Instance of Pampanga in Angeles City, Branch
IV, docketed as Civil Case No. 2154 against Mr. & Mrs. Federico Franco, the owners
and operators of the Franco Transportation Company. The complaint alleged that:
(a) the recklessness and imprudence of the Franco Bus driver caused the collision
which resulted in his own death and that of the mini bus driver and two (2) other
passengers thereof; (b) that as a consequence of the vehicular mishap, the Isuzu
Mini Bus became a total wreck resulting in actual damages amounting to
P50,000.00 and the loss of an average net income of P120.00 daily or P3,600.00
monthly multiplied by a minimum of one more year of serviceability of said mini bus
or P40,200.00; and, (c) that in view of the death of the three (3) passengers
aforementioned, the heirs of each should be awarded a minimum of P12,000.00 and
the expected average income of P6,000.00 each of the driver and one of the
passengers and P12,000.00 of the Chinese businessman passenger.

In answer to the complaint, defendants set up, among others, the affirmative
defense that as owners and operators of the Franco Transportation Company, they
exercised due diligence in the selection and supervision of all their employees,
including the deceased driver Macario Yuro.

Said defense was, however, rejected by the trial court in its decision 1 dated May
17, 1978, for the reason that the act of the Franco Bus driver was a negligent act
punishable by law resulting in a civil obligation arising from Article 103 of the
Revised Penal Code and not from Article 2180 of the Civil Code. It said: "This is a
case of criminal negligence out of which civil liability arises, and not a case of civil
negligence and the defense of having acted like a good father of a family or having
trained or selected the drivers of his truck is no defense to avoid civil liability." 2 On
this premise, the trial court ruled as follows:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the

plaintiffs, Antonio Reyes, Lolita Lugue, and Susan Chuay, and against the
defendants Mr. and Mrs. Federico Franco, ordering the latter:

(1)
To pay Antonio Reyes, actual and compensatory damages in the amount of
P90,000.00 for the Isuzu Mini Bus;

(2)
To pay Lolita Lugue, the widow of Magdaleno Lugue, actual and compensatory
damages in the total sum of P18,000.00;

(3)
To pay Susan Chuay, the widow of Fernando Chuay, actual and compensatory
damages in the total sum of P24,000.00; and

(4)

To pay attorney's fee in the amount of P5.000.00;

All with legal interests from the filing of this suit on November 11, 1974 until paid;
and the costs of this suit.

SO ORDERED. 3

On appeal by herein petitioners as defendants-appellants, respondent appellate

court, agreeing with the lower court, held that defendants-appellants' driver who

died instantly in the vehicular collision, was guilty of reckless or criminal

imprudence punishable by law in driving appellants' bus; that the civil obligation of
the appellants arises from Article 103 of the Revised Penal Code resulting in the
subsidiary liability of the appellants under the said provisions, 4 that the case
subject of appeal is one involving culpable negligence out of which civil liability
arises and is not one of civil negligence; 5 and that there is nothing in Articles 102
and 103 of the Revised Penal Code which requires a prior judgment of conviction of
the erring vehicle driver and his obligation to pay his civil liability before the said
provisions can be applied. 6 Respondent appellate court increased the award of
damages granted by the lower court as follows:

WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is hereby modified as follows:

1.
To pay Susan Chuay, widow of Fernando Chuay, the sum of P30,000.00 for the
latter's death and P112,000.00 for loss of earning capacity;

2.
To pay Lolita Lugue, widow of Magdaleno Lugue, the sum of P30,000.00 for
the latter's death and P62,000.00 for loss of earning capacity. The rest of the
judgment appealed from is affirmed. Costs against defendants-appellants.

SO ORDERED. 7

On April 1, 1985, petitioners filed a motion for reconsideration of the aforesaid

respondent appellate court's decision dated January 2, 1985 but the same was
denied on May 13, 1985.

Hence, the instant petition raising two (2) legal questions: first, whether the action
for recovery of damages instituted by herein private respondents was predicated
upon crime or quasi-delict; and second, whether respondent appellate court in an
appeal filed by the defeated parties, herein petitioners, may properly increase the
award of damages in favor of the private respondents Chuay and Lugue, prevailing
parties in the lower court, who did not appeal said court's decision.

Petitioners contend that the allegations in paragraph 9 of the Amended Complaint 8

of herein private respondents as plaintiffs in Civil Case No. 2154 unequivocally claim
that the former as the employers of Macario Yuro, the driver of the Franco Bus who
caused the vehicular mishap, are jointly and severally liable to the latter for the
damages suffered by them which thus makes Civil Case No. 2154 an action

predicated upon a quasi-delict under the Civil Code subject to the defense that the
employer exercised all the diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and
supervision of their employees.

We find merit in this contention. Distinction should be made between the subsidiary
liability of the employer under the Revised Penal Code and the employer's primary
liability under the Civil Code which is quasi-delictual or tortious in character. The
first type of liability is governed by Articles 102 and 103 of the Revised Penal Code
which provide as follows:

Art. 102. Subsidiary civil liability of innkeepers, tavern-keepers and proprietors of

establishments. In default of the persons criminally liable, innkeepers, tavernkeepers, and any other persons or corporations shall be civilly liable for crimes
committed in their establishments, in all cases where a violation of municipal
ordinances or some general or special police regulations shall have been committed
by them or their employees.

Innkeepers are also subsidiarily liable for the restitution of goods taken by robbery
or theft within their houses from guests lodging therein, or for the payment of the
value thereof, provided that such guests shall have notified in advance the
innkeeper himself, or the person representing him, of the deposits of such goods
within the inn; and shall furthermore have followed the directions which such
innkeeper or his representative may have given them with respect to the care and
vigilance over such goods. No liability shall attach in case of robbery with violence
against or intimidation of persons unless committed by the innkeeper's employees.

Art. 103. Subsidiary civil liability of other persons. The subsidiary liability
established in the next preceding article shall also apply to employers, teachers,
persons, and corporations engaged in any kind of industry for felonies committed by
the servants, pupils, workmen, apprentices, or employees in the discharge of their
duties;

while the second kind is governed by the following provisions of the Civil Code:

Art. 2176. Whoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault
or negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault or negligence, if
there is no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties is called a quasidelict and is governed by the provisions of this Chapter.

Art. 2177.
Responsibility for fault or negligence under the preceding article is
entirely separate and distinct from the civil liability arising from negligence under
the Penal Code. But the plaintiff cannot recover damages twice for the same act or
omission of the defendant.

Art. 2180. The obligations imposed by article 2176 is demandable not only for one's
own acts or omissions, but also for those of persons for whom one is responsible.

xxx

xxx

xxx

Employers shall be liable for the damages caused by their employees and
household helpers acting within the scope of their assigned tasks, even though the
former are not engaged in any business or industry,

xxx

xxx

xxx

The responsibility treated of in this article shall cease when the persons herein
mentioned prove that they observed all the diligence of a good father of a family to
prevent damage.

Under Article 103 of the Revised Penal Code, liability originates from a delict
committed by the employee who is primarily liable therefor and upon whose
primary liability his employer's subsidiary liability is to be based. Before the
employer's subsidiary liability may be proceeded against, it is imperative that there
should be a criminal action whereby the employee's criminal negligence or delict
and corresponding liability therefor are proved. If no criminal action was instituted,
the employer's liability would not be predicated under Article 103. 9

In the case at bar, no criminal action was instituted because the person who should
stand as the accused and the party supposed to be primarily liable for the damages
suffered by private respondents as a consequence of the vehicular mishap died.
Thus, petitioners' subsidiary liability has no leg to stand on considering that their
liability is merely secondary to their employee's primary liability. Logically therefore,
recourse under this remedy is not possible.

On the other hand, under Articles 2176 and 2180 of the Civil Code, liability is based
on culpa aquiliana which holds the employer primarily liable for tortious acts of its

employees subject, however, to the defense that the former exercised all the
diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and supervision of his
employees.

Respondent appellate court relies on the case of Arambulo, supra, where it was held
that the defense of observance of due diligence of a good father of a family in the
selection and supervision of employees is not applicable to the subsidiary liability
provided in Article 20 of the Penal Code (now Article 103 of the Revised Penal Code).
By such reliance, it would seem that respondent appellate court seeks to enforce
the subsidiary civil liability of the employer without a criminal conviction of the
party primarily liable therefor. This is not only erroneous and absurd but is also
fraught with dangerous consequences. It is erroneous because the conviction of the
employee primarily liable is a condition sine qua non for the employer's subsidiary
liability 10 and, at the same time, absurd because we will be faced with a situation
where the employer is held subsidiarily liable even without a primary liability being
previously established. It is likewise dangerous because, in effect, the employer's
subsidiary liability would partake of a solidary obligation resulting in the law's
amendment without legislative sanction.

The Court in the aforecited M.D. Transit case went further to say that there can be
no automatic subsidiary liability of defendant employer under Article 103 of the
Revised Penal Code where his employee has not been previously criminally
convicted.

Having thus established that Civil Case No. 2154 is a civil action to impose the
primary liability of the employer as a result of the tortious act of its alleged reckless
driver, we confront ourselves with the plausibility of defendants-petitioners' defense
that they observed due diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and
supervision of their employees.

On this point, the appellate court has unequivocally spoken in affirmation of the
lower court's findings, to wit:

Anyway, a perusal of the record shows that the appellants were not able to establish
the defense of a good father of a family in the supervision of their bus driver. The
evidence presented by the appellants in this regard is purely self-serving. No
independent evidence was presented as to the alleged supervision of appellants'
bus drivers, especially with regard to driving habits and reaction to actual traffic
conditions. The appellants in fact admitted that the only kind of supervision given
the drivers referred to the running time between the terminal points of the line
(t.s.n., September 16, 1976, p. 21). Moreover, the appellants who ran a fleet of 12

buses plying the Manila-Laoag line, have only two inspectors whose duties were
only ticket inspection. There is no evidence that they are really safety inspectors. 11

Basically, the Court finds that these determinations are factual in nature. As a
painstaking review of the evidence presented in the case at bar fails to disclose any
evidence or circumstance of note sufficient to overrule said factual findings and
conclusions, the Court is inclined to likewise reject petitioners' affirmative defense
of due diligence. The wisdom of this stance is made more apparent by the fact that
the appellate court's conclusions are based on the findings of the lower court which
is in a better position to evaluate the testimonies of the witnesses during trial. As a
rule, this Court respects the factual findings of the appellate and trial courts and
accord them a certain measure of finality. 12 Consequently, therefore, we find
petitioners liable for the damages claimed pursuant to their primary liability under
the Civil Code.

On the second legal issue raised in the instant petition, we agree with petitioners'
contention that the Intermediate Appellate Court (later Court of Appeals) is without
jurisdiction to increase the amount of damages awarded to private respondents
Chuay and Lugue, neither of whom appealed the decision of the lower court. While
an appellee who is not also an appellant may assign error in his brief if his purpose
is to maintain the judgment on other grounds, he cannot ask for modification or
reversal of the judgment or affirmative relief unless he has also appealed. 13 For
failure of plaintiffs-appellees, herein private respondents, to appeal the lower court's
judgment, the amount of actual damages cannot exceed that awarded by it. 14

Furthermore, the records 15 show that plaintiffs-private respondents limited their

claim for actual and compensatory damages to the supposed average income for a
period of one (1) year of P6,000.00 for the driver Magdaleno Lugue and P12,000.00
for the Chinese businessman Fernando Chuay. We feel that our award should not
exceed the said amounts . 16

However, the increase in awards for indemnity arising from death to P30,000.00
each remains, the same having been made in accordance with prevailing
jurisprudence decreeing such increase in view of the depreciated Philippine
currency. 17

WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals is hereby modified decreasing the
award to private respondents of actual and compensatory damages for loss of
average income for the period of one year to P6,000.00 for the deceased Magdaleno
Lugue and P12,000.00 for the deceased Fernando Chuay. The rest of the judgment

appealed from is hereby affirmed. Costs against the private respondents. This
decision is immediately executory.

SO ORDERED.

Feliciano, Bidin and Cortes, JJ., concur.

SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. L-55963

December 1, 1989

SPOUSES JOSE FONTANILLA AND VIRGINIA FONTANILLA, petitioners,

vs.
HONORABLE INOCENCIO D. MALIAMAN and NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION,
respondents.
G.R. No. L-61045

December 1, 1989

NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION, appellant,

vs.
SPOUSES JOSE FONTANILLA and VIRGINIA FONTANILLA, appellees.
Cecilio V. Suarez, Jr. for Spouses Fontanilla.
Felicisimo C. Villaflor for NIA.

PARAS, J.:

In G.R. No. L-55963, the petition for review on certiorari seeks the affirmance of the
decision dated March 20, 1980 of the then Court of First Instance of Nueva Ecija,
Branch VIII, at San Jose City and its modification with respect to the denial of
petitioner's claim for moral and exemplary damages and attorneys fees.

In G.R. No. 61045, respondent National Irrigation Administration seeks the reversal
of the aforesaid decision of the lower court. The original appeal of this case before
the Court of Appeals was certified to this Court and in the resolution of July 7, 1982,
it was docketed with the aforecited number. And in the resolution of April 3, this
case was consolidated with G.R. No. 55963.

It appears that on August 21, 1976 at about 6:30 P.M., a pickup owned and operated
by respondent National Irrigation Administration, a government agency bearing
Plate No. IN-651, then driven officially by Hugo Garcia, an employee of said agency
as its regular driver, bumped a bicycle ridden by Francisco Fontanilla, son of herein
petitioners, and Restituto Deligo, at Maasin, San Jose City along the Maharlika
Highway. As a result of the impact, Francisco Fontanilla and Restituto Deligo were
injured and brought to the San Jose City Emergency Hospital for treatment.
Fontanilla was later transferred to the Cabanatuan Provincial Hospital where he
died.

Garcia was then a regular driver of respondent National Irrigation Administration

who, at the time of the accident, was a licensed professional driver and who
qualified for employment as such regular driver of respondent after having passed
the written and oral examinations on traffic rules and maintenance of vehicles given
by National Irrigation Administration authorities.

The within petition is thus an off-shot of the action (Civil Case No. SJC-56) instituted
by petitioners-spouses on April 17, 1978 against respondent NIA before the then
Court of First Instance of Nueva Ecija, Branch VIII at San Jose City, for damages in
connection with the death of their son resulting from the aforestated accident.

After trial, the trial court rendered judgment on March 20, 1980 which directed
respondent National Irrigation Administration to pay damages (death benefits) and
actual expenses to petitioners. The dispositive portion of the decision reads thus:

. . . . . Judgment is here rendered ordering the defendant National Irrigation

Administration to pay to the heirs of the deceased P12,000.00 for the death of
Francisco Fontanilla; P3,389.00 which the parents of the deceased had spent for the
hospitalization and burial of the deceased Francisco Fontanilla; and to pay the costs.
(Brief for the petitioners spouses Fontanilla, p. 4; Rollo, p. 132)

Respondent National Irrigation Administration filed on April 21, 1980, its motion for
reconsideration of the aforesaid decision which respondent trial court denied in its
Order of June 13, 1980. Respondent National Irrigation Administration thus appealed
said decision to the Court of Appeals (C.A.-G.R. No. 67237- R) where it filed its brief
for appellant in support of its position.

Instead of filing the required brief in the aforecited Court of Appeals case,
petitioners filed the instant petition with this Court.

The sole issue for the resolution of the Court is: Whether or not the award of moral
damages, exemplary damages and attorney's fees is legally proper in a complaint
for damages based on quasi-delict which resulted in the death of the son of herein
petitioners.

Petitioners allege:

1.
The award of moral damages is specifically allowable. under paragraph 3 of
Article 2206 of the New Civil Code which provides that the spouse, legitimate and
illegitimate descendants and ascendants of the deceased may demand moral
damages for mental anguish by reason of the death of the deceased. Should moral
damages be granted, the award should be made to each of petitioners-spouses
individually and in varying amounts depending upon proof of mental and depth of
intensity of the same, which should not be less than P50,000.00 for each of them.

2.
The decision of the trial court had made an impression that respondent
National Irrigation Administration acted with gross negligence because of the
accident and the subsequent failure of the National Irrigation Administration
personnel including the driver to stop in order to give assistance to the, victims.
Thus, by reason of the gross negligence of respondent, petitioners become entitled
to exemplary damages under Arts. 2231 and 2229 of the New Civil Code.

3.
Petitioners are entitled to an award of attorney's fees, the amount of which
(20%) had been sufficiently established in the hearing of May 23, 1979.

4.
This petition has been filed only for the purpose of reviewing the findings of
the lower court upon which the disallowance of moral damages, exemplary
damages and attorney's fees was based and not for the purpose of disturbing the
other findings of fact and conclusions of law.

The Solicitor General, taking up the cudgels for public respondent National Irrigation
Administration, contends thus:

1.
The filing of the instant petition is rot proper in view of the appeal taken by
respondent National Irrigation Administration to the Court of Appeals against the
judgment sought to be reviewed. The focal issue raised in respondent's appeal to
the Court of Appeals involves the question as to whether or not the driver of the

vehicle that bumped the victims was negligent in his operation of said vehicle. It
thus becomes necessary that before petitioners' claim for moral and exemplary
damages could be resolved, there should first be a finding of negligence on the part
of respondent's employee-driver. In this regard, the Solicitor General alleges that
the trial court decision does not categorically contain such finding.

2.
The filing of the "Appearance and Urgent Motion For Leave to File PlaintiffAppellee's Brief" dated December 28, 1981 by petitioners in the appeal (CA-G.R. No.
67237-R; and G. R. No.61045) of the respondent National Irrigation Administration
before the Court of Appeals, is an explicit admission of said petitioners that the
herein petition, is not proper. Inconsistent procedures are manifest because while
petitioners question the findings of fact in the Court of Appeals, they present only
the questions of law before this Court which posture confirms their admission of the
facts.

3.
The fact that the parties failed to agree on whether or not negligence caused
the vehicular accident involves a question of fact which petitioners should have
brought to the Court of Appeals within the reglementary period. Hence, the decision
of the trial court has become final as to the petitioners and for this reason alone, the
petition should be dismissed.

4.
Respondent Judge acted within his jurisdiction, sound discretion and in
conformity with the law.

5.
Respondents do not assail petitioners' claim to moral and exemplary
damages by reason of the shock and subsequent illness they suffered because of
the death of their son. Respondent National Irrigation Administration, however,
avers that it cannot be held liable for the damages because it is an agency of the
State performing governmental functions and driver Hugo Garcia was a regular
driver of the vehicle, not a special agent who was performing a job or act foreign to
his usual duties. Hence, the liability for the tortious act should. not be borne by
respondent government agency but by driver Garcia who should answer for the
consequences of his act.

6.
Even as the trial court touched on the failure or laxity of respondent National
Irrigation Administration in exercising due diligence in the selection and supervision
of its employee, the matter of due diligence is not an issue in this case since driver
Garcia was not its special agent but a regular driver of the vehicle.

The sole legal question on whether or not petitioners may be entitled to an award of
moral and exemplary damages and attorney's fees can very well be answered with
the application of Arts. 2176 and 2180 of theNew Civil Code.

Art. 2176 thus provides:

Whoever by act omission causes damage to another, there being fault or

negligence, is obliged to pay for damage done. Such fault or negligence, if there is
no pre-existing cotractual relation between the parties, is called a quasi-delict and is
governed by the provisions of this Chapter

Paragraphs 5 and 6 of Art. 21 80 read as follows:

Employers shall be liable for the damages caused by their employees and
household helpers acting within the scope of their assigned tasks, even the though
the former are not engaged in any business or industry.

The State is responsible in like manner when it acts through a special agent.; but
not when the damage has been caused by the official to whom the task done
properly pertains, in which case what is provided in Art. 2176 shall be applicable.

The liability of the State has two aspects. namely:

1.
Its public or governmental aspects where it is liable for the tortious acts of
special agents only.

2.
Its private or business aspects (as when it engages in private enterprises)
where it becomes liable as an ordinary employer. (p. 961, Civil Code of the
Philippines; Annotated, Paras; 1986 Ed. ).

In this jurisdiction, the State assumes a limited liability for the damage caused by
the tortious acts or conduct of its special agent.

Under the aforequoted paragrah 6 of Art. 2180, the State has voluntarily assumed
liability for acts done through special agents. The State's agent, if a public official,

must not only be specially commissioned to do a particular task but that such task
must be foreign to said official's usual governmental functions. If the State's agent
is not a public official, and is commissioned to perform non-governmental functions,
then the State assumes the role of an ordinary employer and will be held liable as
such for its agent's tort. Where the government commissions a private individual for
a special governmental task, it is acting through a special agent within the meaning
of the provision. (Torts and Damages, Sangco, p. 347, 1984 Ed.)

Certain functions and activities, which can be performed only by the government,
are more or less generally agreed to be "governmental" in character, and so the
State is immune from tort liability. On the other hand, a service which might as well
be provided by a private corporation, and particularly when it collects revenues
from it, the function is considered a "proprietary" one, as to which there may be
liability for the torts of agents within the scope of their employment.

The National Irrigation Administration is an agency of the government exercising

proprietary functions, by express provision of Rep. Act No. 3601. Section 1 of said
Act provides:

Section 1. Name and domicile.-A body corporate is hereby created which shall be
known as the National Irrigation Administration, hereinafter called the NIA for short,
which shall be organized immediately after the approval of this Act. It shall have its
principal seat of business in the City of Manila and shall have representatives in all
provinces for the proper conduct of its business.

Section 2 of said law spells out some of the NIA's proprietary functions. Thus-

Sec. 2.
objectives:

Powers and objectives.-The NIA shall have the following powers and

(a)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(b)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(c)
To collect from the users of each irrigation system constructed by it such fees
as may be necessary to finance the continuous operation of the system and

reimburse within a certain period not less than twenty-five years cost of
construction thereof; and

(d)
To do all such other tthings and to transact all such business as are directly or
indirectly necessary, incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above
objectives.

Indubitably, the NIA is a government corporation with juridical personality and not a
mere agency of the government. Since it is a corporate body performing nongovernmental functions, it now becomes liable for the damage caused by the
accident resulting from the tortious act of its driver-employee. In this particular
case, the NIA assumes the responsibility of an ordinary employer and as such, it
becomes answerable for damages.

This assumption of liability, however, is predicated upon the existence of negligence

on the part of respondent NIA. The negligence referred to here is the negligence of
supervision.

At this juncture, the matter of due diligence on the part of respondent NIA becomes
a crucial issue in determining its liability since it has been established that
respondent is a government agency performing proprietary functions and as such, it
assumes the posture of an ordinary employer which, under Par. 5 of Art. 2180, is
responsible for the damages caused by its employees provided that it has failed to
observe or exercise due diligence in the selection and supervision of the driver.

It will be noted from the assailed decision of the trial court that "as a result of the
impact, Francisco Fontanilla was thrown to a distance 50 meters away from the
point of impact while Restituto Deligo was thrown a little bit further away. The
impact took place almost at the edge of the cemented portion of the road."
(Emphasis supplied,) [page 26, Rollo]

The lower court further declared that "a speeding vehicle coming in contact with a
person causes force and impact upon the vehicle that anyone in the vehicle cannot
fail to notice. As a matter of fact, the impact was so strong as shown by the fact
that the vehicle suffered dents on the right side of the radiator guard, the hood, the
fender and a crack on the radiator as shown by the investigation report (Exhibit
"E"). (Emphasis supplied) [page 29, Rollo]

It should be emphasized that the accident happened along the Maharlika National
Road within the city limits of San Jose City, an urban area. Considering the fact that
the victim was thrown 50 meters away from the point of impact, there is a strong
indication that driver Garcia was driving at a high speed. This is confirmed by the
fact that the pick-up suffered substantial and heavy damage as above-described
and the fact that the NIA group was then "in a hurry to reach the campsite as early
as possible", as shown by their not stopping to find out what they bumped as would
have been their normal and initial reaction.

Evidently, there was negligence in the supervision of the driver for the reason that
they were travelling at a high speed within the city limits and yet the supervisor of
the group, Ely Salonga, failed to caution and make the driver observe the proper
and allowed speed limit within the city. Under the situation, such negligence is
further aggravated by their desire to reach their destination without even checking
whether or not the vehicle suffered damage from the object it bumped, thus
showing imprudence and reckelessness on the part of both the driver and the
supervisor in the group.

Significantly, this Court has ruled that even if the employer can prove the diligence
in the selection and supervision (the latter aspect has not been established herein)
of the employee, still if he ratifies the wrongful acts, or take no step to avert further
damage, the employer would still be liable. (Maxion vs. Manila Railroad Co., 44 Phil.
597).

Thus, too, in the case of Vda. de Bonifacio vs. B.L.T. Bus Co. (L-26810, August 31,
1970, 34 SCRA 618), this Court held that a driver should be especially watchful in
anticipation of others who may be using the highway, and his failure to keep a
proper look out for reasons and objects in the line to be traversed constitutes
negligence.

Considering the foregoing, respondent NIA is hereby directed to pay herein

petitioners-spouses the amounts of P12,000.00 for the death of Francisco Fontanilla;
P3,389.00 for hospitalization and burial expenses of the aforenamed deceased;
P30,000.00 as moral damages; P8,000.00 as exemplary damages and attorney's
fees of 20% of the total award.

SO ORDERED.

FIRST DIVISION

G.R. No. 74431 November 6, 1989

PURITA MIRANDA VESTIL and AGUSTIN VESTIL, petitioners,

vs.
INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT, DAVID UY and TERESITA UY, respondents.

Pablo P. Garcia for petitioners.

Roberto R. Palmares for private respondents.

CRUZ, J.:

Little Theness Tan Uy was dead at the age of three. Her parents said she died
because she was bitten by a dog of the petitioners, but the latter denied this,
claiming they had nothing to do with the dog. The Uys sued the Vestils, who were
sustained by the trial court. On appeal, the decision of the court a quo was reversed
in favor of the Uys. The Vestils are now before us. They ask us to set aside the
judgment of the respondent court and to reinstate that of the trial court.

On July 29, 1915, Theness was bitten by a dog while she was playing with a child of
the petitioners in the house of the late Vicente Miranda, the father of Purita Vestil, at
F. Ramos Street in Cebu City. She was rushed to the Cebu General Hospital, where
she was treated for "multiple lacerated wounds on the forehead" 1 and
administered an anti-rabies vaccine by Dr. Antonio Tautjo. She was discharged after
nine days but was readmitted one week later due to "vomiting of saliva." 2 The
following day, on August 15, 1975, the child died. The cause of death was certified
as broncho-pneumonia. 3

Seven months later, the Uys sued for damages, alleging that the Vestils were liable
to them as the possessors of "Andoy," the dog that bit and eventually killed their
daughter. The Vestils rejected the charge, insisting that the dog belonged to the
deceased Vicente Miranda, that it was a tame animal, and that in any case no one

had witnessed it bite Theness. After trial, Judge Jose R. Ramolete of the Court of First
Instance of Cebu sustained the defendants and dismissed the complaint. 4

The respondent court arrived at a different conclusion when the case was appealed.
5 It found that the Vestils were in possession of the house and the dog and so
should be responsible under Article 2183 of the Civil Code for the injuries caused by
the dog. It also held that the child had died as a result of the dog bites and not for
causes independent thereof as submitted by the appellees. Accordingly, the Vestils
were ordered to pay the Uys damages in the amount of P30,000.00 for the death of
Theness, P12,000.00 for medical and hospitalization expenses, and P2,000.00 as
attorney's fees.

In the proceedings now before us, Purita Vestil insists that she is not the owner of
the house or of the dog left by her father as his estate has not yet been partitioned
and there are other heirs to the property. Pursuing the logic of the Uys, she claims,
even her sister living in Canada would be held responsible for the acts of the dog
simply because she is one of Miranda's heirs. However, that is hardly the point.
What must be determined is the possession of the dog that admittedly was staying
in the house in question, regardless of the ownership of the dog or of the house.

Article 2183 reads as follows:

The possessor of an animal or whoever may make use of the same is responsible for
the damage which it may cause, although it may escape or be lost. 'This
responsibility shall cease only in case the damages should come from force majeure
from the fault of the person who has suffered damage.

Thus, in Afialda v. Hisole, 6 a person hired as caretaker of a carabao gored him to

death and his heirs thereupon sued the owner of the animal for damages. The
complaint was dismissed on the ground that it was the caretaker's duty to prevent
the carabao from causing injury to any one, including himself.

Purita Vestil's testimony that she was not in possession of Miranda's house is hardly
credible. She said that the occupants of the house left by her father were related to
him ("one way or the other") and maintained themselves out of a common fund or
by some kind of arrangement (on which, however, she did not elaborate ). 7 She
mentioned as many as ten of such relatives who had stayed in the house at one
time or another although they did not appear to be close kin. 8 She at least implied
that they did not pay any rent, presumably because of their relation with Vicente
Miranda notwithstanding that she herself did not seem to know them very well.

There is contrary evidence that the occupants of the house, were boarders (or more
of boarders than relatives) who paid the petitioners for providing them with meals
and accommodations. It also appears that Purita Vestil had hired a maid, Dolores
Jumao-as, who did the cooking and cleaning in the said house for its occupants. 9
Her mother, Pacita, who was a nursemaid of Purita herself, categorically declared
that the petitioners were maintaining boarders in the house where Theness was
bitten by a dog. 10 Another witness, Marcial Lao, testified that he was indeed a
boarder and that the Vestils were maintaining the house for business purposes. 11
And although Purita denied paying the water bills for the house, the private
respondents submitted documentary evidence of her application for water
connection with the Cebu Water District, which strongly suggested that she was
administering the house in question. 12

While it is true that she is not really the owner of the house, which was still part of
Vicente Miranda's estate, there is no doubt that she and her husband were its
possessors at the time of the incident in question. She was the only heir residing in
Cebu City and the most logical person to take care of the property, which was only
six kilometers from her own house. 13 Moreover, there is evidence showing that she
and her family regularly went to the house, once or twice weekly, according to at
least one witness, 14 and used it virtually as a second house. Interestingly, her own
daughter was playing in the house with Theness when the little girl was bitten by
the dog. 15 The dog itself remained in the house even after the death of Vicente
Miranda in 1973 and until 1975, when the incident in question occurred. It is also
noteworthy that the petitioners offered to assist the Uys with their hospitalization
expenses although Purita said she knew them only casually. 16

The petitioners also argue that even assuming that they were the possessors of the
dog that bit Theness there was no clear showing that she died as a result thereof.
On the contrary, the death certificate 17 declared that she died of bronchopneumonia, which had nothing to do with the dog bites for which she had been
previously hospitalized. The Court need not involve itself in an extended scientific
discussion of the causal connection between the dog bites and the certified cause of
death except to note that, first, Theness developed hydrophobia, a symptom of
rabies, as a result of the dog bites, and second, that asphyxia broncho-pneumonia,
which ultimately caused her death, was a complication of rabies. That Theness
became afraid of water after she was bitten by the dog is established by the
following testimony of Dr. Tautjo:

COURT:
I think there was mention of rabies in the report in the second
admission?

A:
Now, the child was continuously vomiting just before I referred to Dr. Co
earlier in the morning and then the father, because the child was asking for water,
the father tried to give the child water and this child went under the bed, she did
not like to drink the water and there was fright in her eyeballs. For this reason,
because I was in danger there was rabies, I called Dr. Co.

Q:

In other words, the child had hydrophobia?

A:

Yes, sir. 18

As for the link between rabies and broncho-pneumonia, the doctor had the following
to say under oath:

A:
Now, as 1 said before, broncho-pneumonia can result from physical, chemical
and bacterial means. ... It can be the result of infection, now, so if you have any
other disease which can lower your resistance you can also get pneumonia.

xxx

xxx

xxx

Q:
Would you say that a person who has rabies may die of complication which is
broncho-pneumonia?

A:

Yes.

Q:
For the record, I am manifesting that this book shown the witness is know as
CURRENT DIANOSIS & TREATMENT, 1968 by Henry Brainerd, Sheldon Margen and
Milton Chaton. Now, I invite your attention, doctor, to page 751 of this book under
the title "Rabies." There is on this page, "Prognosis" as a result of rabies and it says:
Once the symptoms, have appeared death inevitably occurs after 2-3 days as a
result of cardiac or respiratory failure or generalized paralysis. After a positive
diagnosis of rabies or after a bite by a suspected animal if the animal cannot be
observed or if the bite is on the head, give rabies vaccine (duck embryo). Do you
believe in this statement?

A:

Yes.

Q:
Would you say therefore that persons who have rabies may die of respiratory
failure which leave in the form of bronco-pneumonia?

A:

Broncho-pneumonia can be a complication of rabies. 19

On the strength of the foregoing testimony, the Court finds that the link between
the dog bites and the certified cause of death has beep satisfactorily established.
We also reiterate our ruling in Sison v. Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada, 20
that the death certificate is not conclusive proof of the cause of death but only of
the fact of death. Indeed, the evidence of the child's hydrophobia is sufficient to
convince us that she died because she was bitten by the dog even if the death
certificate stated a different cause of death. The petitioner's contention that they
could not be expected to exercise remote control of the dog is not acceptable. In
fact, Article 2183 of the Civil Code holds the possessor liable even if the animal
should "escape or be lost" and so be removed from his control. And it does not
matter either that, as the petitioners also contend, the dog was tame and was
merely provoked by the child into biting her. The law does not speak only of vicious
animals but covers even tame ones as long as they cause injury. As for the alleged
provocation, the petitioners forget that Theness was only three years old at the time
she was attacked and can hardly be faulted for whatever she might have done to
the animal.

It is worth observing that the above defenses of the petitioners are an implied
rejection of their original posture that there was no proof that it was the dog in their
father's house that bit Theness.

According to Manresa the obligation imposed by Article 2183 of the Civil Code is not
based on the negligence or on the presumed lack of vigilance of the possessor or
user of the animal causing the damage. It is based on natural equity and on the
principle of social interest that he who possesses animals for his utility, pleasure or
service must answer for the damage which such animal may cause. 21

We sustain the findings of the Court of Appeals and approve the monetary awards
except only as to the medical and hospitalization expenses, which are reduced to
P2,026.69, as prayed for in the complaint. While there is no recompense that can
bring back to the private respondents the child they have lost, their pain should at
least be assuaged by the civil damages to which they are entitled.

WHEREFORE, the challenged decision is AFFIRMED as above modified. The petition

is DENIED, with costs against the petitioners. It is so ordered.

Narvasa, Gancayco, Grio-Aquino and Medialdea, JJ., concur.