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Prepared by
Dr. Ahmed Fayez Nassar
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
Introduction
Physical properties of gases; e.g. , ,.. = f (T, P)
Equations of liquids doesnt apply, since for liquids = const
g in densityy (( < 5%),
%), liquids
q
equations
q
But for veryy small changes
may be used with the mean properties. This is the case for low
velocities (relative to the sound velocity)
P = R T
M
P / = const.
Isothermal
P / = const.; = cP / cV
P / n = const.
3
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
Introduction
c = P
Gases: Isothermal
Isentropic
c = P = RT
c=
P
RT
=
Mach Number
Ma = v
c
Introduction
Speed of sound in various media (m/s)
Hydrogen (0C)
1286
Diamond
12000
Helium (0
(0C)
C)
972
Pyrex glass
5640
Air (20C)
343
Iron
5130
Air (0C)
331
Aluminum
5100
Brass
4700
Glycerol
1904
Copper
3560
Sea water
1533
Gold
3240
Water
1493
Lucite
2680
Mercury
1450
Lead
1322
Kerosene
1324
Rubber
1600
Methyl alcohol
1143
5
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
Gas Static's
Euler Equation
dP + vdv + gdz = 0
No flow (v = 0)
dP + gdz = 0 dz = dP
Isothermal (T = const)
P = P1
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
z2 z1 =
Non-Isothermal
2
h
P1 P1 RT P1
=
ln
ln
Prove!!
g1 P2 g P2
P = const.
n
v, , P, T, D, u, h & z
Governing Equations
Continuity Equation
Av = const.
dP + vdv + gdz + f v 2 dL = 0
2D
2
u + P + v + gz = const.
2
2
h + v + gz = const.
2
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A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
1
L
However,
H
b
because
th density
the
d
it decreases
d
with
ith decreasing
d
i pressure and
d
the product of the density and velocity must be constant (for uniform
flow), the velocity must increase as the gas moves through the pipe.
This increase in velocity corresponds to an increase in kinetic energy
per unit mass of gas, which also results in a drop in temperature
(hydrate formation). There is a limit as to how high the velocity can get
in a straight pipe.
Because the gas viscosity is not highly sensitive to pressure, for
isothermal flow the Reynolds number and hence the friction factor will
be very nearly constant along the pipe. For adiabatic flow, the viscosity
may change as the temperature changes, but these changes are
usually small.
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
v12
v22
h1 + = h2 +
2
2
h = cPT ; cP =
v22 v12 =
R
1
R = R
M
v22 v12 =
1 1 2
P / = const.
2 P1 P2 1
1
1 1 2 P1
1
( 1)
2 P1 P2 P1
v v =
1
1 1 P1 P2
2
2
2
1
v22 v12 =
2 P1 P2
1
1 1 P1
v22 v12 =
( 1)
2 P2
R T1 1
P1
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
T1 T2
P
= 1 2
T1
P1
( 1)
( 1)
2
2
2 P1 P2
m
m
&
&
2 2 2 2=
1
A2 2 A1 1 1 1 P1
Substitute v by m/A in 2
for A = const.
A
(P1 P2 )2 1
12
Derive!!
G = mass flux
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
10
2D
2D
m&
A
v = m& A ; A = const.
2
d m& + dP + f dL m& = 0 2
2D A
A
m& 2
A2
2
d 1 + dP + f dL m& 2 = 0
2D A
2
2
m& 2 d + 1 PdP + f m& 2 dL = 0
2D A2 0
A2 1 2 P1 P1
11
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
2
2
m& 2 ln P1 + f L = M P1 P2
2RT
A2 P2 2 D
)
12
m&
M P12 P22
G = =
A RT ( f L D 2 ln P2 P1 )
A. F. Nassar / 18.03.08
12