RESOURCE GEOLOGY, Vol. 52, no.

2, 147161, 2002

Metallogenesis of Porphyry Cu Deposits of the Western Luzon Arc,

Philippines: K-Ar ages, SO3 Contents of Microphenocrystic
Apatite and Significance of Intrusive Rocks

Akira IMAI
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
[e-mail: akira@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp]
Received on September 19, 2001; accepted on February 20, 2002
Abstract: K-Ar ages of the following porphyry Cu deposits in the western Luzon arc are determined: Lobo-Boneng (10.50.4
Ma), Santo Nio (9.50.3 Ma), Black Mountain (2.10.1 Ma), Dizon (2.50.2 Ma) and Taysan (7.30.2 Ma). Microphenocrystic apatite in the late Cenozoic intermediate to silicic intrusions associated with porphyry Cu deposits in the western Luzon arc
contains sulfur as SO3 detectable by electron probe microanalyzer. Sulfur is supposed to have been accommodated dominantly
as oxidized species in oxidizing hydrous magmas that generated porphyry Cu deposits. Likewise, such high SO3 contents in
microphenocrystic apatite are common characteristics of the intermediate to silicic magmatism of the western Luzon arc, from
tonalitic rocks of the Luzon Central Cordillera of about 15 Ma to an active magmatism at Mount Pinatubo. Thus, the western
Luzon arc has been generating porphyry Cu mineralization associated with oxidizing hydrous intermediate to silicic magmatism
related to eastward subduction, since Miocene to the present day. Intermediate to silicic rocks since 15 Ma to present-day western Luzon arc generally show high whole-rock Sr/Y ratio ranging from 20 to 184. However, porphyry Cu deposit is not necessarily related to the rocks that show higher Sr/Y ratios compared to the other barren rocks in the western Luzon arc. The characteristics of the intermediate to silicic magma associated with porphyry Cu deposit are not attributed to the composition of the
source material of the magma, but to the properties defined by the high activity of oxidized species of sulfur in the fluid phase
that is encountered during the generation of intermediate to silicic magmas.
Keywords: porphyry Cu deposit, western Luzon arc, Philippines, K-Ar age, apatite, sulfur, metallogeny, adakite

ore-generating intrusion at the Santo Tomas II (Philex)

deposit and the pumices erupted from Mount Pinatubo in
1991 in terms of magmatic water saturation and high magmatic fO2. Microphenocrystic apatite in Mount Pinatubo
dacitic pumices and intrusive rocks associated with the
Santo Tomas II deposits and in the vicinity exhibit significant SO3 contents (Imai et al., 1993, 1996; Imai, 2001).
Such high SO3 contents in microphenocrystic apatite suggest that sulfur is dominantly accommodated as oxidized
species in oxidizing hydrous magma. Chemical compositions of microphenocrystic apatite in intrusions associated
with porphyry Cu deposits and other late Cenozoic intermediate to silicic intrusive rocks throughout the western
Luzon arc are further examined in this paper.
Relationships between the adakitic rocks and Cu-Au
mineralization have been argued (e.g., Sajona and Maury,
1998). Oyarzun et al. (2001) argued that giant porphyry
Cu deposits in Chilean Andes are associated with adakitic
rocks. Some recent papers reported the occurrence of
adakitic rocks in the western Luzon arc and discussed
their geneses (e.g., Yumul et al., 2000). In this paper,
whole-rock major and trace element compositions of intermediate to silicic rocks of the late Cenozoic western
Luzon arc including those associated with porphyry Cu
deposits will be documented. Then, the significance to

1. Introduction
Cenozoic arc magmatism along converging plate
boundaries of the western Pacific rim has generated
numerous porphyry-type Cu deposits. A chain of porphyry Cu deposits from the Philippines through Papua
New Guinea to the Solomon Islands defines a significant
metallogenic province. The purpose of this paper is to
document the characteristics of the magmatic arc associated with porphyry Cu deposits, in the western Luzon arc
as an example. In this paper, whole-rock K-Ar ages of
potassically altered intrusive rocks of some porphyry Cu
deposits of the western Luzon arc are reported to represent the age of hydrothermal biotitization associated with
porphyry Cu mineralizations.
The intermediate to silicic intrusive rocks which are
genetically associated with porphyry Cu mineralization
generally belong to the magnetite-series, a relatively oxidized granitoid type (e.g., Ishihara, 1975, 1977, 1981,
1998). Magmatic water saturation and highly oxidizing
nature have been suggested for the intrusive rocks related
to porphyry Cu deposits (Mason, 1978; Chivas, 1981;
Imai, 2000a, 2001). Imai et al. (1993, 1996) and Imai
(2001) documented the petrologic similarities between the
147

148

A. IMAI

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

the metallogenesis of the porphyry Cu

deposits in the late Cenozoic western
Luzon arc will be discussed.
2. Geologic Background
The Philippine archipelago is situated in
the western Pacific rim along the plate converging margin, being subducted both at the
Manila Trench in the west and at the Philippine trench in the east (e.g., Yang et al.,
1996). A number of porphyry Cu deposits
have been formed through the Cenozoic in
the island arc setting (Sillitoe and Gappe,
1984; Zanoria et al., 1984; Bureau of Mines
and Geosciences, 1986). A chain of porphyry Cu deposits of the western Luzon arc
(Fig. 1) delineates late Cenozoic metallogenic province typical of the western Pacific
margin. The chain of porphyry Cu deposits
includes the Lepanto-Far Southeast (FSE)
(Concepcon and Cinco, 1989; Hedenquist
et al., 1998; Imai, 2000b), the Guinaoang
(Tirad) (Sillitoe and Angeles, 1985), the
Lobo and Boneng (Jacinto, 1977), the Santo
Nio (Bryner, 1970), the Black Mountain
(Kennon) (Togonan, 1977), and the Santo
Tomas II (Serafica and Baluda, 1977;
Piestrzynski et al., 1994; Tarkian and Koopmann, 1995; Imai, 2001) deposits of the
western flank of the Philippine Central
Fig. 1 Map showing location, geologic setting and K-Ar age (Ma) of major
Cordillera in northern Luzon, the Dizon
porphyry Cu deposits, western Luzon arc, Philippines. Modified after
deposit (Malihan, 1982, 1987) in the central
Bureau of Mines and Geosciences (1982, 1986) and Sillitoe and Gappe
western Luzon, and the Taysan deposit
(1984). Sources of K-Ar ages; Lepanto-Far Southeast: Arribas et al.
(1995), Guinaoang: Sillitoe and Angeles (1985), Lobo: this study, Santo
(Wolfe et al., 1978) in the southwestern
Nio: this study, Santo Tomas II: (Imai, 2001), Black Mountain: this
Luzon. These porphyry type deposits are
study, Dizon: this study, Taysan: this study.
genetically associated with complexes of
intermediate to silicic intrusions of calcnorthern edge of Luzon Island (e.g., Bureau of Mines
alkaline affinity, that comprise the ancient western Luzon
and Geosciences, 1982) (Fig. 1).
magmatic arc initiated by eastward subduction of
A number of small intermediate to silicic intrusions of
Eurasian plate (e.g., Mitchell and Leach, 1991).
upper
Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene occur in the Baguio
The Philippine archipelago is composed of aggregated
mineral
district. Some of these intrusions are accompaallochtonous crustal fragments and overlapping
nied
with
porphyry-type mineralization (Balce, 1979;
autochtonous magmatic arcs. The Philippine Fault, a
Balce
et
al.,
1980; Serafica et al., 1977; Mitchell and
group of sinistral strike slip faults, traverses along the
Balce,
1990).
However,
volcanic landform is scarcely preaxis of the archipelago from Luzon to Mindanao, and is
served
except
for
some
domes and plugs/necks presuminterpreted as a collision suture due to the NW-ward
ably
due
to
rapid
erosion
rate as well as rapid uplifting.
oblique convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate against
These
magmatisms
are
supposed
to have stimulated
the eastern margin of the Eurasian Plate (e.g., Rangin,
hydrothermal
systems
at
shallow
levels as presently
1991). Miocene (15 to 9 Ma; Wolfe, 1972, 1981) interobserved
as
Plio-Pleistocene
epithermal
systems and assomediate to silicic, mainly dioritic (e.g., Yumul et al.,
ciated
argillic
and
advanced
argillic
alterations
in the dis1995) intrusive complexes named as the Agno Batholith
trict
(e.g.,
Mitchell
and
Balce,
1990;
Aoki
et
al.,
1993). In
in the Baguio mineral district, comprise the backbone of
addition
to
the
common
calc-alkaline
series
rocks,
recent
the Luzon Central Cordillera and extend N-S to the

vol. 52, no. 2, 2002

SampleID
08413
06328
01417
10324
CT-3-4

Porphyry Cu Metallogeny, Western Luzon Arc, Philippines

149

Table 1 Whole-rock K-Ar age determination of porphyry Cu deposits.

Locality
K2O (wt%)
Rad 40Ar
K-Ar Age (Ma)
Lobo
Santo Nio
Camp 6 (Black Mountain)
Dizon
Taysan

0.794
1.465
1.843
0.864
1.353

0.016
0.029
0.037
0.017
0.027

petrochemical investigations suggested the presence of

Pliocene-Quaternary lavas and intrusive rocks showing
adakitic characteristics (Prouteau et al., 2000; Yumul et
al., 2000).
The western Luzon arc magmatism is presently apparently active in its southern segment (De Boer et al., 1980;
Datuin, 1982; Defant et al., 1988, 1989, 1991;
PHIVOLCS, 1991; Knittel et al., 1997). Mount Pinatubo
calc alkaline dacitic pumices erupted in June, 1991 are
characterized by high fO2 and by high sulfur contents
demonstrated by the presence of microphenocrystic
anhydrite (Bernard et al., 1991, 1996; Pallister et al.,
1992; Imai et al., 1993, 1996; Hattori, 1993, 1996;
Kress, 1997). Sulfur is considered to have existed dominantly as oxidized species in the magma (e.g., Imai et
al., 1993, 1996; Rutherford and Devine 1996). Petrologic evidences suggest the magmatic vapor saturation prior to the eruption (Westrich and Gerlach, 1992; Gerlach
et al., 1996; Imai et al., 1993, 1996).
3. Reported Ages of Porphyry Cu Deposits and Intrusive Rocks
Ages of intrusive rocks and of porphyry Cu deposits
have been reported from the western Luzon arc.
The Lepanto high sulfidation epithermal enargite/
luzonite Cu-Au deposit (Gonzalez, 1956; Garcia, 1991;
Imai, 1999; Claveria, 2001), Victoria low sulfidation
epithermal Au deposit (Claveria, 2001) and the underlying Lepanto-FSE Au-rich porphyry Cu deposit as well as
the Guinaoang porphyry Cu deposit are located in the
north of Baguio mineral district. Arribas et al. (1995)
reported that the ages of the high-sulfidation epithermal
Lepanto enargite/luzonite Cu-Au deposit and the porphyry Cu-Au mineralization of the FSE deposit are almost
contemporaneous within 0.3 m.y., at ca. 1.4 Ma. A K-Ar
age on sericite from the Guinaoang (Tirad) deposit was
dated as 3.50.9 Ma (Sillitoe and Angeles, 1985).
Serafica and Baluda (1977) reported the intrusive succession at the Santo Tomas II deposit. Fission track ages
determined on microphenocrystic apatite yields 2.10.5
Ma for the "clear diorite" and 1.40.4 Ma for the "andesite porphyry" (Philex Mining Corporation unpublished
data). Togashi et al. (1990) reported the K-Ar ages of the
"dark diorite" as 5.91.6 and 3.81.1 Ma for the least
altered quartz diorite and hydrothermally altered quartz

32.40
53.95
15.14
8.39
38.53

0.95
0.92
0.83
0.78
0.80

10.49
9.47
2.12
2.50
7.32

0.37
0.25
0.12
0.23
0.21

Non Rad Ar (%)

58.2
34.8
72.0
84.7
43.8

diorite porphyry, respectively. The K-Ar age of diorite

porphyry was reported as 1.90.5 Ma, and the age of
quartz diorite as < 2.8 Ma. Bellon and Yumul (2000)
reported whole rock K-Ar ages of diorite from the Santo Tomas II deposit as 3.70.4 and 3.40.8 Ma and a KAr age of andesite porphyry as 2.30.2 Ma. Imai (2001)
reported the age of mineralization at the Santo Tomas II
deposit as 1.50.4 Ma.
Within the vicinity of the Santo Tomas II deposit in an
area of several kilometers across, intrusive complexes
that have broadly similar petrography, composition and
ages are known (Serafica et al., 1977). Bellon and Yumul
(2000) reported a K-Ar age of diorite in the Clifton
area as 2.30.2 Ma. Imai (2001) reported the K-Ar ages
of the intrusive rocks in the vicinity of the Santo Tomas
II deposit as follows, andesite porphyry at Clifton
(1.70.6 Ma), andesite porphyry at Ligay (Binang)
(1.80.4 Ma), biotitized quartz diorite porphyry at Bumolo (Waterhole) (1.80.2 Ma) and andesite porphyry at
Philex Main Camp (1.80.6 Ma).
A K-Ar age on sericite from the Dizon deposit was
reported as 2.7 Ma (Malihan, 1987).
Wolfe (1972) reported K-Ar ages of coarse-grained
quartz diorite/tonalite, a part of the Agno batholith collected from east of the Santo Tomas II deposit as about 15
Ma (14.80.8 and 15.01.5 Ma). Another intrusive rock
collected from south of Baguio yielded a K-Ar age of
9.71.0 Ma (Wolfe, 1972). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (1983) reported K-Ar ages of the Itogon granodiorite collected from east of Baguio as
21.70.9 and 17.20.9 Ma, whereas Shannon (1979)
reported a fission track age of 132 Ma. A K-Ar age of
the Virac granodiorite, the major host to the Acupan
epithermal vein system in the Baguio mineral district, was
reported as 5.20.3 Ma (JICA, 1983), while a fission track
age of 2.40.5 Ma was reported by Shannon (1979). In
addition, a fission track age of 81 Ma was obtained for
the Antamok diorite in the Baguio mineral district (Shannon, 1979). Bellon and Yumul (2000) reported K-Ar ages
of intrusive rocks near the Santo Tomas II deposit as
13.10.3 and 15.50.5 Ma, near the Antamok deposit as
11.90.7, 13.40.3, 14.71.6, 18.12.0 and 19.91.2 Ma,
and near the Santo Nio deposit as 16.90.4 Ma.
The K-Ar ages of intrusive rocks distributed around
the Taysan deposit, Batangas, southern Luzon, were
reported by Wolfe (1972) and Wolfe et al. (1978) as

150

A. IMAI

9.20.2 and 14.90.9 Ma, respectively.

4. Geologic Outline of the Deposits and K-Ar Ages
K-Ar age determination was carried out conventionally at the Hiruzen Institute of Okayama Science University. Results of whole-rock K-Ar age determination
of the potassically altered intrusive rocks of the LoboBoneng, Santo Nio, Black Mountain, Dizon, Taysan
deposits are presented in Table 1 and in Figure 1.
4.1. Lobo and Boneng deposits
The Lobo and Boneng deposits are located north of
the Baguio mineral district. Two discrete orebodies are
located in a few hundred meters apart. The porphyry Cu
mineralizations are associated with a quartz diorite porphyry intrusion, which was intruded by post-ore dacite
porphyry and hornblende diorite porphyry dikes (Jacinto, 1977). The mineralization is accompanied with the
quartz veinlet stockwork, associated with silicification
and hydrothermal biotitization. Hydrothermal tremoliteactinolite and chlorite alterations envelop the fringe
zone. A K-Ar age determined for a sample of biotitized
quartz diorite porphyry from the Lobo deposit, which
represents the biotitization, yielded 10.50.4 Ma.
4.2. Santo Nio (Southwest) deposit
The Santo Nio deposits, situated north of the Baguio
mineral district, consist of two orebodies, the Ullman
and Southwest deposits (Bryner, 1970). A coarsegrained, equigranular intrusion of dioritic composition,
exposed widely in this area, was intruded by porphyries
of intermediate to silicic composition. Among them, a
dacite porphyry intrusion has been considered to be
genetically related to the porphyry Cu mineralization
(Bryner, 1970). Potassic alteration characterized by
hydrothermal biotitization is extensive along the intrusive contact between the older coarse-grained diorite
and the dacite porphyry intrusion.
A sample of potassically altered coarse-grained diorite
was subjected to K-Ar age determination. Primary mafic
minerals such as hornblende are totally replaced by polycrystalline aggregates of hydrothermal biotite. In addition,
primary feldspars are also replaced by an aggregate of
muscovite. Thus, the K-Ar age of 9.50.3 Ma suggests
the age of biotitization associated with mineralization.
4.3. Black Mountain (Kennon) deposit
The Black Mountain deposits, consisting of two orebodies, the Kennon and Southeast deposits (Togonan,
1977), are located at Camp 6, southern Baguio mineral
district. Stocks and swarm of dikes of quartz dioritic
intrusions are exposed in this area. A relatively coarsegrained hornblende quartz diorite exposed to the south

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

is intruded by swarms of hornblende quartz diorite porphyries having corroded phenocrystic biotite. These
quartz diorite porphyry intrusions are associated with
porphyry Cu mineralizations at the Kennon and Southeast deposits in addition to a Au-rich skarn deposit at
the Thanksgiving mine (Callow, 1967).
The Cu mineralization at the Kennon deposit is associated with quartz veinlet stockworks in the zone of potassic
alteration characterized by polycrystalline aggregates of
hydrothermal biotite that replaced phenocrystic hornblende in the quartz diorite porphyry. A K-Ar age determined for the sample, that represents the intense biotitization of the quartz diorite porphyry, yielded 2.10.1 Ma.
4.4. Dizon deposit
The Dizon deposit is located in the western central
Luzon, Zambales, along the present-day ZambalesBataan-Batangas volcanic chain. The host rocks to the
intrusions at the Dizon deposit are Neogene subaerial
volcaniclastics overlying the Zambales ophiolite complex (Malihan, 1982, 1987).
A K-Ar age was determined on the potassically
altered fine-grained diorite porphyry from the orebody
center, which is exposed at the bottom of the open pit.
Hornblende phenocrysts are totally replaced by aggregates of fine-grained hydrothermal biotite, and the K-Ar
age yielded 2.50.2 Ma. This is consistent with the age
of 2.7 Ma previously reported on hydrothermal sericite
(Malihan, 1987).
4.5. Taysan deposit
The Taysan deposit is located in Batangas, southern
part of western Luzon. The Cu mineralization at the
Taysan deposit occurred at the western edge of the Tolos
batholith (Wolfe et al., 1978). The Tolos batholith consists mainly of biotite quartz diorite in the eastern part,
which grades gradually westward into hornblende quartz
diorite and hornblende diorite. Younger multiple intrusions occurred at the western and northwestern margin of
the batholith. The younger intrusions consist mainly of
dacite porphyry. A quartz diorite porphyry dike was dated
as 14.8 Ma (Wolfe et al., 1978).
Diorite and diorite porphyry are the main host rocks
to mineralization. The K-Ar age of the biotitized diorite
porphyry was determined as 7.30.2 Ma. Since primary
hornblende is totally replaced by polycrystalline aggregates of hydrothermal biotite, the obtained K-Ar age
suggests the age of biotitization associated with mineralization.
5. Chemical Composition of Microphenocrystic Apatite
Mineral chemistry of accessory microphenocrystic
apatite in the intrusive rocks associated with porphyry Cu

vol. 52, no. 2, 2002

Porphyry Cu Metallogeny, Western Luzon Arc, Philippines

151

mineralizations at Lepanto-FSE,
Lobo-Boneng, Black Mountain,
Dizon, and Taysan deposits, were
examined. In addition, the mineralizing and barren intrusive rocks
with least-altered and biotitized
samples from the Santo Tomas II
deposit and other intrusions in the
Clifton, Binang (Ligay) and
Bumolo (Waterhole) areas are
quoted from Imai (2001). In addition, compositions of accessory
apatite of the Miocene batholiths
of the Luzon Central Cordillera
were examined. Samples were
collected from outcrops at Agno,
Virac, and Natubleng. As well as
microphenocrystic apatite in
dacitic rocks from Mount Pinatubo
pumices (Imai et al., 1993, 1996),
shallow-depth intrusions at Camp
4 and New CT areas, and those
outcropping along the Philex
Road and Naguilian Road were
also studied.
Chemical composition of apatite was determined by a wave
length dispersive electron probe
microanalyzer, JEOL JCMA 733
mkII at the Department of Earth
and Planetary Science, University
of Tokyo, with acquisition time of
20 seconds for each elements at
their characteristic X-ray, with
background directly counted for
Fig. 2 Map showing locality of intermediate to silicic rock samples in which
10 seconds each. Determinations
chemical composition of accessory microphenocrystic apatite was determined.
were made at 15 kV and 1.210-8
Modified after Bureau of Mines and Geosciences (1982, 1986) and Sillitoe and
A, and computed by conventional
Gappe (1984).
ZAF calculation using factors and
program supplied by JEOL.
argued in the genesis of ore deposits associated with
Localities of samples studied are shown in Figure 2. The
granitic intrusion (Holland, 1972; Ishihara and Imai,
Cl, F and SO3 contents in accessory microphenocrystic
2000; Imai and Anan, 2000; Imai, 2000a, 2000b, 2001).
apatite are presented in Table 2 and the average Cl and
Elevated Cl contents in apatite in mineralizing intrusive
SO3 contents are plotted in Figure 3.
rocks at the Santo Tomas II deposit (Imai, 2001) indiSignificant Cl contents in apatite in intrusive rocks at
cate whether hypersaline brine existed during crystalthe Santo Tomas II deposit and other intrusions in the
lization or exchange reaction of Cl between initial lowClifton, Binang (Ligay) and Bumolo (Waterhole) areas
Cl apatite and hypersaline brine after crystallization.
(Imai, 2001) are clearly shown in Figure 3. Whereas
The hypersaline brine is present under two-fluid immislower than those of the Santo Tomas II deposit, the Cl
cible region (e.g., Sourirajan and Kennedy, 1962; Cline
contents in apatite in mineralizing intrusive rocks at the
and Bodnar, 1991), encountered at shallow levels (BodLepanto FSE, Lobo-Boneng, Black Mountain, Dizon
nar et al., 1985) during crystallization of phenocrystic
and Taysan deposits are higher than those of the
phases, or subsequent exchange reaction of Cl between
Miocene batholiths of the Luzon Central Cordillera.
the initially low Cl apatite and hypersaline brine.
The importance of Cl in hydrothermal fluids has been

152

A. IMAI

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

Table 2 Cl, F and SO3 contents of accessory microphenocrystic apatite.

n

Cl (wt%)
ave
1

F (wt%)
ave
1

SO3 (wt%)
ave 1

max

Intrusive Rocks Associated with Porphyry Cu Deposits

Mankayan/Lepanto-Far
81-26
Southeast
2015-2152 quartz diorite porphyry (alt)
Mankayan/Imbanguila
041114/4
dacite porphyry
Mankayan/Bato
051115/5
dacite porphyry
Mankayan/Bato
011209
dacite porphyry
Lobo-Boneng
01413A
porphyritic quartz diorite
Lobo-Boneng
02414
quartz diorite porphyry
Lobo-Boneng
13414
dacite porphyry
Santo Nio
11412
quartz diorite porphyry (alt)
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
05401
cpx andesite porphyry
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
11405
andesite porphyry
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
04401
andesite porphyry
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
06405A
andesite porphyry (alt)
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
15331*
andesite porphyry (alt)
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
08401
quartz diorite porphyry
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
08331
quartz diorite porphyry (alt)
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
11331
quartz diorite porphyry (alt)
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
04410
porphyritic quartz diorite
Santo Tomas II (Philex)
34Q-1
porphyritic quartz diorite (alt)
Clifton
CLF1-4
andesite porphyry
Clifton
02402
cpx andesite porphyry
Clifton
X6403*
cpx andesite porphyry (alt)
Clifton
08402
quartz diorite porphyry
Clifton
CLF1-10
porphyritic quartz diorite
Clifton
CLF1-12
porphyritic quartz diorite
Ligay (Binang)
BIN-3
cpx andesite porphyry
Bumolo (Waterhole)
WH9
quartz diorite porphyry
Bumolo (Waterhole)
WH8
cpx-porphyritic quartz diorite
Bumolo (Waterhole)
WH6
porphyritic quartz diorite
Philex/Main Camp
10404
cpx-andesite porphyry
Camp 6 (Black Mountain)
X3415
andesite poprhyry
Camp 6 (Black Mountain)
01417*
andesite porphyry (alt)
Camp 6 (Black Mountain)
01415
porphyritic quartz diorite
Dizon
011220
quartz diorite porphyry
inclusions
discrete
Dizon
031103A
quartz diorite
Dizon
011107
dacite porphyry
Taysan
CT2-13
quartz diorite porphyry
Taysan
BT58-1
quartz diorite

44
81
129
100
57
29
0
46
73
68
75
61
46
59
84
86
32
38
41
51
96
51
44
49
24
31
29
33
0
50
51
51
45
12
33
40
106
40
77

1.27
1.29
1.70
1.67
1.69
1.85
----0.67
2.52
3.09
2.39
4.26
3.81
2.26
2.33
3.14
2.17
1.92
3.20
2.83
3.07
3.32
2.67
2.01
2.72
2.54
2.14
2.67
----0.98
2.41
0.81
0.86
1.52
0.63
1.14
1.33
1.47
1.05

0.51
0.44
0.12
0.39
0.53
0.75
----0.32
0.33
0.39
0.11
0.55
1.14
0.42
0.40
0.24
0.67
0.49
0.93
0.12
0.19
1.26
0.88
0.94
0.71
0.86
0.59
0.81
----0.20
0.58
0.21
0.54
0.66
0.16
0.51
0.29
0.61
0.38

3.14
3.89
1.98
2.24
2.08
2.25
----3.02
1.82
1.50
1.78
0.98
1.15
1.79
1.89
1.42
1.84
2.02
1.26
1.56
1.40
1.27
1.83
2.34
1.29
1.77
1.86
1.63
----2.69
1.98
2.36
2.74
2.48
2.83
2.24
2.18
2.73
2.48

0.50
0.65
0.26
0.53
0.32
0.61
----0.39
0.26
0.29
0.24
0.25
0.48
0.38
0.36
0.20
0.77
0.52
0.30
0.21
0.24
0.30
0.58
0.59
0.25
0.44
0.34
0.41
----0.30
0.31
0.27
0.41
0.45
0.35
0.30
0.46
0.42
0.37

0.16
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
----0.07
0.24
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.29
0.26
0.26
0.28
0.20
0.22
0.29
0.27
0.30
0.23
0.22
0.15
0.34
0.21
0.10
0.15
----0.12
0.18
0.19
0.09
0.22
0.05
0.05
0.17
0.20
0.14

0.10
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.10
----0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.13
0.12
0.21
0.15
0.06
0.10
----0.09
0.08
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.09

0.53
0.52
0.57
0.62
0.37
0.43
----0.26
0.40
0.45
0.62
0.69
0.46
0.43
0.84
0.62
0.46
0.54
0.76
0.48
0.46
0.48
0.69
0.43
0.70
0.59
0.24
0.33
----0.48
0.56
0.74
0.31
0.31
0.18
0.11
0.57
0.55
0.33

Late Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene Shallow Intrusions

Naguilian Road
03328B
dacite porphyry
Philex Road
06410
andesite porphyry
New CT
10407B
dacite porphyry
Camp 4
03416
andesite porphyry
Camp 4
01416B
porphyritic quartz diorite

27
13
71
52
9

1.00
1.27
0.64
1.31
0.96

0.12
0.35
0.12
0.56
0.16

3.29
2.24
2.60
1.96
2.52

0.33
0.28
0.27
0.47
0.20

0.52
0.50
0.20
0.41
0.03

0.23
0.10
0.11
0.20
0.02

0.88
0.65
0.49
0.98
0.06

Miocene Intrusive Rocks

Natubleng
Natubleng
Near Santo Nio
Virac (Balatoc-Acupan)
Agno (East of Philex)
Agno (East of Philex)
Agno (East of Philex/New CT)

porphyritic quartz diorite

porphyritic quartz diorite
quartz diorite
quartz diorite
quartz diorite
quartz diorite
quartz diorite

22
37
83
85
98
58
71

0.71
0.63
0.77
1.15
0.42
0.86
0.76

0.77
0.50
0.35
0.89
0.16
0.13
0.26

3.34
2.99
3.13
2.58
3.30
2.74
3.07

0.81
0.40
0.39
0.62
0.39
0.25
0.31

0.20
0.07
0.03
0.05
0.13
0.15
0.10

0.15
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.05

0.55
0.47
0.09
0.21
0.49
0.27
0.27

crystal-rich dacite
inclusions
discrete
crystal-poor dacite
crystal-rich dacite
dacite
cpx dacite
cpx dacite

53
21
32
9
21
75
13
22

1.17
1.26
1.11
1.23
1.28
0.98
1.36
1.16

0.14
0.09
0.14
0.14
0.11
0.21
0.15
0.07

1.77
1.83
1.74
1.66
2.06
3.03
2.10
2.29

0.30
0.38
0.23
0.43
0.22
0.53
0.23
0.27

0.17
0.24
0.13
0.10
0.35
0.13
0.19
0.17

0.13
0.19
0.05
0.02
0.21
0.12
0.14
0.07

0.78
0.78
0.31
0.13
0.83
0.91
0.49
0.32

Locality

Sample ID

011111
021111
20412
741-27
07404
09404
13407

Rocks Effused from Mount Pinatubo

Pinatubo (pumice)
fall-1
Pinatubo (pumice)
Pinatubo (pumice)
Pinatubo (pumice)
fall-2
Pinatubo (flow)
flow-1
Pinatubo (dome?)Sacobina river 011117A1
Pinatubo (dome?)Sacobina river 011117A2
Pinatubo (dome?)Sacobina river 011117A3

Rock type

n denotes the number of analysis. * indicates no whole rock analysis in Table 3.

(alt) indicates hydrothermally altered. cpx indicates clinopyroxene-bearing.

vol. 52, no. 2, 2002

Porphyry Cu Metallogeny, Western Luzon Arc, Philippines

153

6. Whole-rock Chemistry

Fig. 3 Cl and SO 3 contents in accessory microphenocrystic apatite in intermediate to silicic rocks, western Luzon arc. Average contents are plotted. :
Mankayan (Lepanto-Far Southeast, Imbanguila, Bato),
: Lobo-Boneng, : Santo Nio, : Santo Tomas II
(Philex), Clifton, Ligay (Binang), Bumolo (Waterhole), Philex Main Camp, : Camp 6 (Black Mountain), : Dizon, : Taysan, : Naguilian, : Philex
Road, : New CT, : Camp 4, : Miocene intrusive
rocks (Natubleng, near Santo Nio, Virac (BalatocAcupan), Agno), : Pinatubo.

Significant SO3 contents in microphenocrystic apatite

were reported from Mount Pinatubo dacitic pumices
(e.g., Imai et al., 1993, 1996), with the highest SO3 contents being about 0.8 wt% (Table 2). Imai (2001) documented that the average SO 3 contents in microphenocrystic apatite in the intrusive rocks at the Santo
Tomas II deposit and in the vicinity are generally >0.2
wt% with the highest being >0.6 wt%. Considerable
SO3 contents in accessory apatite in the intrusive rocks
are recognized at the Lepanto-FSE, Lobo-Boneng,
Black Mountain, Dizon and Taysan deposits, with average SO3 generally >0.1 wt% and the highest >0.3 wt%,
whereas the average SO3 content at the Santo Nio
deposit is not significant (Fig. 3). The average SO3 contents of accessory apatite in the intrusive rocks of the
batholiths (samples from Agno, Virac and Natubleng)
range from 0.05 to 0.2 wt% with the highest varying
from 0.1 to 0.55 wt%. On the other hand, the average
SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite in quenched
shallow intrusions (samples from Camp 4, New CT,
Naguilian Road and Philex Road) range from 0.2 to >
0.5 wt% with the highest of 0.98 wt% (Table 2, Fig. 3).
The elevated SO 3 contents in microphenocrystic
apatite indicate that sulfur has been accommodated in
magmas dominantly as oxidized species (e.g., Imai et
al. 1993, 1996), whereas the partitioning of SO 3
between apatite and the coexisting melt with respect to
fO2 and temperature has not been quantitatively established (Peng et al., 1997).

Whole-rock compositions were determined by means

of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy using a Philips
PW1480 at the Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo. Major element oxides and
trace element concentrations were determined on a
fused glass bead, according to the procedure described
by Tanaka and Orihashi (1997).
Whole-rock compositions of the least-altered intrusive rocks associated with porphyry Cu mineralizations
at Lepanto-FSE, Lobo-Boneng, Black Mountain, Dizon
and Taysan deposits, were determined, in addition to
the mineralizing and barren intrusive rocks of the Santo
Tomas II deposit and other intrusions in the Clifton,
Binang (Ligay), Bumolo (Waterhole) and Main Camp
areas (Imai, 2001). In addition, whole-rock compositions of the Miocene batholiths of the Luzon Central
Cordillera were analyzed. Samples were collected from
outcrops at Agno, Virac and Natubleng. In addition to
whole-rock compositions of dacitic rocks from Mount
Pinatubo, those of shallow-depth intrusions at Camp 4
and New CT areas, and those outcropping along the
Philex Road and Naguilian Road were also determined.
The whole-rock SiO2 contents range from 50.5 to 67.1
wt%, while the majority varies from 54 to 63 wt%
(Table 3). Some rocks exhibited by low SiO2 contents,
such as the andesite porphyry from an outcrop along the
Philex Road (#06410, Table 3) are characterized by an
accumulation of significant abundance (occasionally
>30 % in volume) of coarse-grained (sometimes >2 cm
long) phenocrystic hornblende.
The studied rocks are characterized by relatively high
Sr contents, ranging from 417 to 1428 ppm. The presence of Miocene-Quaternary rocks in the western Luzon
arc showing characteristics of adakitic rocks has been
pointed out (Prouteau et al., 2000; Yumul et al., 2000).
The high Sr/Y ratio is one of the characteristics of the
adakitic rocks, as displayed by Y versus Sr/Y diagram
(Defant and Drummond, 1990; Fig. 4) and the Sr/Y
ratios of the studied rocks range from 15.5 to 182.5
(Table 3). The Sr/Y ratio of the andesite porphyry from
an outcrop along the Philex Road characterized by an
accumulation hornblende is 31.7. On the other hand, the
high Sr/Y ratios were exhibited by dacite at Naguilian
(Sr/Y ratio=182.5, Sr=1416.6 ppm), andesite porphyry
at Camp 4 (Sr/Y=105.8 and 99.5, Sr=1182.4 and 1427.8
ppm, respectively), dacite porphyry at Santo Nio
(Sr/Y=134.2, Sr=982.3 ppm) and post-ore dacite porphyry at Boneng (Sr/Y=68.7, Sr=1010.0 ppm). The
range of Sr/Y ratio and Sr contents of these rocks are
similar to the adakites reported from the western Luzon
arc by Yumul et al. (2000). These rocks are character-

154

A. IMAI

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

Table 3 Whole-rock major and trace element composition.

Sample ID 81-26 2015
Locality
Mankayan
Lepanto
FSE
Rock type quartz
diorite
porphyry
(alt)
SiO2(wt%)
61.6

13414
Boneng

11412'
Santo
Nio

61.4
65.0
64.4
63.3
60.2
61.5
TiO2
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
Al2O3
16.6
17.8
18.3
17.3
17.5
18.4
17.8
Fe2O3
7.4
5.9
4.3
4.0
5.4
6.3
5.5
MnO
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
MgO
2.2
2.8
1.7
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.1
CaO
5.2
7.0
5.6
6.0
6.9
7.4
7.2
Na2O
5.2
3.2
3.9
4.0
3.9
3.6
3.8
K2O
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.4
1.1
1.1
P2O5
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
total
100.0
100.0
100.6
98.9
100.1
100.0
99.8
Ba(ppm)
112.8
382.6
348.9
288.9
194.1
197.1
198.4
Co
7.5
11.8
7.0
5.7
7.6
9.0
8.4
Cr
16.4
10.1
5.7
7.8
4.7
7.0
4.8
Ga
21.7
18.0
18.5
19.6
18.3
17.4
18.2
Nb
1.8
0.0
0.2
2.0
1.6
2.3
2.6
Ni
6.3
5.5
4.5
4.5
3.3
3.8
2.7
Rb
36.1
25.8
27.6
22.3
7.5
21.5
20.9
Sr
633.1
762.3
778.2
774.7
772.6
676.9 1010.0
V
92.1
138.1
79.3
75.5
106.1
77.3
106.0
Y
9.8
11.9
15.4
10.5
14.8
20.5
14.7
Zr
68.8
67.3
70.2
70.1
79.6
65.2
76.9
Ce
13.2
22.0
12.0
24.0
21.6
21.1
22.2
La
6.0
9.2
5.4
9.0
7.4
9.9
14.2
Pb
7.0
4.8
7.6
9.0
1.3
4.7
2.8
Sc
9.5
16.0
8.6
9.4
11.2
9.7
10.6
Zn
92.0
62.3
60.2
54.4
73.0
86.0
60.5
Th
2.3
9.3
5.8
2.7
1.6
2.9
3.1
Sr/Y
64.7
64.1
50.5
74.0
52.4
33.0
68.7
cpx- indicates clinopyroxene-bearing. (alt) indicates hydrothermally altered.

64.0
0.4
17.9
5.0
0.0
1.5
3.6
5.4
1.4
0.2
99.2
424.6
4.9
8.1
20.3
4.5
5.5
21.7
982.3
83.4
7.3
98.6
21.4
9.9
3.0
5.4
24.0
3.6
134.2

Sample ID 11331
Locality
Santo
TomasII
Philex
Rock type quartz
diorite
porphyry
(alt)
SiO2(wt%) 60.4

TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
total
Ba(ppm)
Co
Cr
Ga
Nb
Ni
Rb
Sr
V
Y
Zr
Ce
La
Pb
Sc
Zn
Th
Sr/Y

0.5
16.9
6.8
0.1
2.3
5.9
4.5
0.8
0.2
98.4
229.5
10.7
9.8
18.4
2.5
6.2
21.9
611.4
129.7
18.0
94.5
11.9
9.1
4.0
12.5
40.9
2.3
33.9

041114/4 051115/5 011209

01413A
Mankayan Mankayan Mankayan Lobo
Imbanguila Bato
Bato
dacite

dacite

dacite

05401
Santo
Tomas II
Philex
porphyritic quartz
dacite
dacite
cpxquartz
diorite
porphyry porphyry andesite
diorite
porphyry
porphyry
(alt)

04410
Santo
TomasII
Philex
porphyritic
quartz
diorite

34Q-1
Santo
TomasII
Philex
porphyritic
quartz
diorite
(alt)

CLF1-4
Clifton

02402
Clifton

60.7
0.6
18.1
6.3
0.1
2.2
6.6
4.5
0.6
0.1
99.8
215.3
8.1
12.4
18.3
2.1
6.3
14.3
626.9
131.2
19.6
94.2
17.4
4.7
2.7
13.6
28.3
0.7
31.9

61.1
0.5
16.5
7.2
0.1
2.0
6.0
4.5
0.6
0.1
98.8
202.7
7.7
11.0
18.8
2.6
4.5
15.1
527.2
121.5
17.9
96.1
13.5
8.6
3.8
13.7
38.7
0.5
29.4

59.5
0.6
18.4
6.8
0.2
2.4
7.8
4.4
0.4
0.2
100.7
258.8
10.2
10.0
17.4
1.2
7.4
7.6
555.7
142.6
22.8
101.9
11.7
4.9
2.8
14.9
78.3
1.2
24.4

60.1
0.6
18.2
6.7
0.1
2.4
7.1
4.3
0.5
0.2
100.2
237.5
12.2
7.6
17.9
1.7
5.6
10.9
532.7
135.6
22.0
100.0
18.0
6.8
0.7
14.6
54.3
1.6
24.3

10414
Boneng

08402
Clifton

60.5
0.5
17.7
6.3
0.1
2.4
7.2
4.5
0.6
0.2
100.0
341.4
12.1
13.0
18.1
3.3
6.2
7.8
671.9
134.3
19.6
96.3
27.3
11.0
3.5
14.3
43.7
2.4
34.4

11405
Santo
Tomas II
Philex
andesite
porphyry

04401
Santo
Tomas II
Philex
andesite
porphyry

60.1
0.6
17.4
6.6
0.1
2.8
7.0
4.7
0.5
0.2
100.0
311.3
12.4
38.7
19.0
1.4
14.1
7.2
643.8
137.8
18.1
96.6
7.1
5.8
1.5
15.4
55.3
2.6
35.7

58.5
0.5
16.8
8.5
0.1
2.3
6.7
5.4
1.2
0.2
100.0
268.7
10.1
20.3
17.8
2.8
6.1
16.8
546.6
117.2
18.0
87.0
9.3
7.1
2.3
13.1
48.1
2.2
30.4

06405
Santo
Tomas II
Philex
andesite
porphyry

08401
Santo
Tomas II
Philex
quartz
diorite
porphyry

08331
Santo
TomasII
Philex
quartz
diorite
porphyry
(alt)

61.5
0.5
17.2
7.0
0.1
2.1
6.5
4.5
0.5
0.1
100.0
260.9
7.8
7.1
18.4
1.8
6.5
9.3
601.1
119.8
15.2
88.9
20.1
7.8
1.4
11.7
33.2
1.4
39.4

57.6
0.5
16.6
9.6
0.1
2.9
6.2
4.8
0.4
0.2
98.9
87.7
14.2
43.4
18.6
3.7
10.4
7.7
479.4
169.7
20.6
89.2
12.4
6.2
2.8
17.8
36.5
7.0
23.3

(alt)

60.4
0.6
17.9
6.9
0.1
2.4
5.2
4.7
0.9
0.2
99.1
223.4
10.5
13.0
18.4
2.4
6.1
28.0
597.8
135.9
19.2
96.6
23.3
6.5
4.8
11.5
50.5
3.7
31.2

BIN-3 WH9
WH8
WH6
10404
Ligay
Bumolo
Bumolo
Bumolo
Main
(Binang) (Waterhole) (Waterhole) (Waterhole) Camp
Philex
andesite cpxquartz
porphyritic porphyritic cpxquartz
cpxporphyritic cpxporphyry andesite diorite
quartz
quartz
andesite diorite
porphyritic quartz
andesite
porphyry porphyry diorite
diorite
porphyry porphyry quartz
diorite
porphyry
diorite

60.2
0.6
18.1
6.4
0.2
2.3
7.5
4.3
0.6
0.2
100.3
309.5
11.2
6.9
18.6
2.1
5.9
9.0
552.9
130.4
28.8
106.4
11.4
10.9
2.3
13.8
92.3
1.6
19.2

CLF1-10 CLF1-12
Clifton
Clifton

61.4
0.5
17.8
6.3
0.1
2.4
6.0
4.4
0.7
0.1
99.7
232.1
8.5
14.0
17.3
3.3
6.2
19.9
511.9
125.4
19.4
91.8
18.5
8.3
1.2
12.1
36.9
2.7
26.3

60.3
0.6
17.7
6.3
0.1
2.5
6.9
4.3
0.6
0.1
99.5
228.0
11.4
13.9
19.0
4.3
7.8
13.1
542.6
133.5
20.9
89.8
19.2
12.8
3.0
15.6
42.1
1.2
26.0

56.3
0.8
17.9
8.1
0.2
3.2
8.3
4.2
0.5
0.2
99.5
184.9
12.5
16.7
19.1
2.0
7.9
12.2
492.7
184.7
29.5
98.2
12.5
7.9
4.0
23.1
74.5
1.8
16.7

61.3
0.6
18.0
6.1
0.1
2.1
6.9
3.9
1.1
0.2
100.3
302.1
10.8
4.8
18.6
1.8
3.2
25.5
543.2
124.6
22.4
107.2
20.0
5.6
4.9
12.3
48.8
1.0
24.3

61.0
0.6
17.7
6.0
0.1
2.1
7.2
3.9
1.1
0.2
100.0
326.8
10.4
7.6
18.7
3.8
6.6
23.5
547.8
123.1
22.9
106.7
19.9
10.4
6.5
11.4
51.3
1.6
23.9

60.6
0.6
17.7
6.1
0.2
2.2
7.4
4.0
1.0
0.2
99.8
361.0
11.6
5.3
18.4
3.0
4.2
20.6
545.3
124.1
23.0
106.3
14.0
11.9
5.9
13.3
60.3
5.8
23.7

53.9
0.7
18.9
9.2
0.3
3.9
10.1
3.2
0.3
0.1
100.5
132.7
21.4
6.1
18.4
0.6
7.0
4.9
440.5
216.0
21.7
73.7
13.1
2.1
8.4
22.8
89.3
0.9
20.3

X3415
Camp6
(Black
Mountain)
andesite
porphyry

59.2
0.7
16.6
6.1
0.1
3.9
6.4
4.0
1.7
0.2
99.0
332.3
14.9
97.9
18.6
5.1
37.3
37.6
822.1
144.0
16.6
118.1
40.5
11.5
8.0
18.1
67.8
5.1
49.4

vol. 52, no. 2, 2002

Porphyry Cu Metallogeny, Western Luzon Arc, Philippines

155

Table 3 (continued)
Sample ID 01415
Locality
Camp6
(Black
Mountain)
Rock type porphyritic
quartz
diorite
SiO2(wt%) 61.5

TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
total
Ba(ppm)
Co
Cr
Ga
Nb
Ni
Rb
Sr
V
Y
Zr
Ce
La
Pb
Sc
Zn
Th
Sr/Y

0.6
17.3
5.1
0.1
2.6
6.6
3.9
1.6
0.2
99.4
327.6
9.9
33.3
18.3
7.1
13.9
36.9
769.1
115.6
16.4
109.5
29.2
15.0
5.3
13.2
28.1
3.9
47.0

011220
Dizon

031103A 011107
Dizon
Dizon

quartz
diorite
diorite
porphyry

61.9
0.5
15.9
6.5
0.1
2.0
5.4
5.0
0.6
0.2
98.1
168.4
12.7
20.3
17.1
2.8
10.8
12.3
474.6
92.1
15.1
84.4
10.0
7.0
8.8
14.1
94.6
3.9
31.3

Sample ID 07404
Locality
Agno

09404
Agno

Rock type

quartz
diorite

SiO2(wt%)
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
total
Ba(ppm)
Co
Cr
Ga
Nb
Ni
Rb
Sr
V
Y
Zr
Ce
La
Pb
Sc
Zn
Th
Sr/Y

66.9
0.3
17.2
3.0
0.1
1.2
5.0
4.4
1.4
0.1
99.7
354.2
5.4
2.3
18.0
4.3
2.3
27.7
753.5
60.5
11.6
58.3
3.7
13.9
2.7
5.8
42.4
1.6
65.2

CT2-13 BT58-1 03328B 06410

Taysan Taysan Naguilian Philex
Road
Road

10407B 03416
New
Camp4
CT

01416B
Camp4
dike

011111
021111
20412 741-27
Natubleng Natubleng Sto
Virac
Nio Acupan

dacite
quartz
quartz dacite
andesite dacite
andesite porphyritic porphyritic porphyritic diorite quartz
porphyry diorite diorite porphyry porphyry porphyry porphyry quartz
quartz
quartz
diorite
porphyry
diorite
diorite
diorite

53.6
0.8
18.2
9.7
0.4
4.6
8.1
3.7
0.2
0.2
99.5
111.2
9.7
31.3
19.9
2.3
17.5
4.6
712.2
255.8
19.0
63.9
15.4
7.8
5.8
28.4
95.7
2.7
37.6

63.9
0.5
16.8
4.4
0.1
1.4
6.4
3.8
1.4
0.2
98.9
302.9
8.3
15.8
17.7
4.3
10.1
31.6
607.2
95.1
13.5
93.8
22.1
13.1
6.8
14.1
52.4
4.7
44.9

64.9
0.4
17.6
4.5
0.1
1.6
3.7
4.1
2.0
0.2
99.0
395.0
5.6
7.7
19.3
3.8
3.8
30.1
641.8
75.2
12.0
95.4
26.0
8.3
3.8
7.5
47.5
2.6
53.6

quartz
diorite

13407
Agno
New CT
quartz
diorite

fall-1
Pinatubo
Mabalacat
dacite

fall-2
Pinatubo
Mabalacat
dacite

64.5
0.4
17.5
4.7
0.1
1.7
6.3
4.0
0.9
0.2
100.3
304.9
8.6
3.9
17.5
3.9
4.0
18.8
747.6
88.0
13.1
82.9
25.0
10.9
2.7
11.4
33.4
1.5
57.1

67.1
0.4
16.5
3.8
0.2
1.4
5.1
4.1
0.6
0.1
99.3
303.3
5.3
5.2
17.8
6.1
3.6
12.7
652.6
59.3
12.5
79.6
15.4
13.0
2.9
8.4
207.3
1.2
52.2

64.5
0.5
15.9
4.4
0.1
2.3
4.8
4.5
1.6
0.2
98.9
485.2
8.3
38.7
18.7
5.5
17.6
43.8
727.2
91.5
14.5
111.6
31.6
17.5
9.8
12.5
60.8
5.3
50.3

64.0
0.5
16.6
4.3
0.1
2.4
5.3
4.5
1.5
0.2
99.4
438.3
10.2
46.5
18.5
4.9
21.1
39.1
798.6
91.3
14.4
100.3
26.7
19.7
7.6
11.4
57.8
4.2
55.6

62.6
62.5
0.4
0.6
17.7
16.3
4.9
4.0
0.1
0.1
2.1
3.3
5.8
5.0
4.1
4.0
1.5
2.0
0.1
0.2
99.3
98.0
320.0 341.8
8.1
13.0
5.2
53.5
18.5
21.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
47.7
28.1
25.1
685.5 1416.6
104.0 110.3
16.4
7.8
89.1 106.7
15.4
26.1
14.1
13.5
4.8
6.3
14.6
10.6
46.0
48.3
1.6
6.8
41.7 182.5
flow-1
Pinatubo
SanFernando
dacite

64.7
0.5
16.0
4.2
0.1
2.2
5.0
4.5
1.5
0.2
98.9
449.0
8.8
35.2
17.9
4.5
17.1
41.3
752.1
83.7
15.1
107.8
18.9
14.9
10.1
10.2
56.5
4.3
49.9

50.5
1.0
17.5
9.8
0.2
6.1
9.9
3.3
1.0
0.2
99.3
190.7
32.2
74.9
16.7
2.7
27.1
16.6
635.8
295.6
20.0
63.5
20.1
7.0
6.0
37.7
105.3
3.9
31.7

64.8
55.0
61.5
0.4
0.7
0.4
17.9
18.0
18.0
4.2
7.3
4.6
0.1
0.2
0.1
1.4
3.0
2.3
5.9
6.0
5.1
4.4
4.9
6.8
0.6
2.7
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
99.9
98.2
99.3
292.2 644.1 233.1
6.8
13.5
7.8
4.6
15.3
25.5
18.3
22.0
17.2
4.0
4.4
2.1
4.1
11.0
11.8
12.8
36.6
5.5
804.4 1427.8 1182.4
75.7 197.8 112.3
12.4
14.3
11.2
84.5
95.4
77.8
14.8
24.4
31.3
16.7
19.3
7.1
3.5
10.1
3.2
8.3
13.6
10.5
232.0 259.9
27.3
1.9
3.8
1.1
64.7
99.5 105.8

011117A1
Pinatubo
Sacobina
dacite

011117A2
Pinatubo
Sacobina
cpx-dacite

011117A3
Pinatubo
Sacobina
cpx-dacite

65.1
0.5
16.6
4.2
0.1
2.2
5.0
4.5
1.5
0.2
100.0
465.6
8.9
39.6
17.9
3.6
16.3
45.1
815.3
88.6
14.1
101.2
26.4
13.0
9.5
12.0
64.3
5.9
57.8

62.0
0.6
16.8
5.3
0.1
3.0
6.1
4.3
1.5
0.2
100.0
436.6
13.3
48.1
17.3
3.1
19.2
43.5
843.6
127.2
16.7
103.3
36.7
13.2
7.3
14.5
61.3
6.7
50.5

62.1
0.6
16.5
5.3
0.1
3.5
6.0
4.3
1.3
0.2
100.0
417.6
14.3
121.0
17.5
2.5
38.2
37.8
803.1
119.8
15.3
100.0
21.3
15.3
6.4
14.4
65.2
4.9
52.5

63.3
0.5
16.4
5.8
0.1
2.4
5.9
3.4
1.9
0.1
99.9
281.5
11.4
10.6
17.2
3.4
6.8
54.2
545.5
127.5
21.2
129.5
23.5
22.8
5.9
14.6
48.2
5.0
25.8

60.9
0.6
16.6
6.6
0.1
3.0
6.5
3.2
2.1
0.1
99.7
326.6
15.0
10.8
17.1
3.1
9.1
46.0
570.3
174.7
22.9
183.6
29.8
12.4
3.7
17.1
33.3
6.9
24.9

56.8
0.7
16.8
9.1.
0.2
3.8
8.1
3.1
0.9
0.1
99.5
197.4
25.5
10.7
15.3
2.2
8.7
14.9
462.4
244.2
25.2
66.8
17.3
6.8
3.1
31.3
75.8
2.0
18.3

59.0
0.6
17.5
6.8
0.1
2.8
6.6
3.9
1.8
0.2
99.4
442.0
10.4
7.9
16.0
7.6
8.7
37.7
687.7
178.1
20.5
142.9
35.5
18.6
6.1
18.6
54.8
5.8
33.5

ized by the scarcity of phenocrystic

minerals. Thus, these rocks appear
to be classified as adakites, whereas
their heavy rare earth elements contents were not determined in this
work.
7. Discussion
The position of the chain of porphyry Cu deposits is almost identical
to that of the present western Luzon
volcanic arc related to the eastward
subduction at the Manila Trench. The
temporal and spatial distribution of
porphyry Cu deposits in the western
Luzon arc shows no systematic
migration with respect to the presentday Manila Trench. The ancient magmatic arc which is presently recognized as the belt of intermediate to
silicic plutonic rocks of the Luzon
Central Cordillera initiated at least 15
Ma is overlapped by the present-day
western Luzon volcanic arc. The
hydrous intermediate to silicic mag-

156

A. IMAI

Fig. 4 Whole-rock Y (ppm) versus Sr/Y diagram for

intermediate to silicic rocks, western Luzon arc. Symbols are same as Figure 3. Fields of adakites and
typical arc are after Defant and Drummond (1990).

matism has generated porphyry Cu mineralization since at

least 11 to 9 Ma at the Lobo-Boneng and Santo Nio
deposits through 3 to 1 Ma at the Lepanto-FSE,
Guinaoang, Santo Tomas II, Black Mountain and Dizon
deposits to the present-day analogue at Mount Pinatubo.
Oyarzun et al. (2001) demonstrated that Late Eocene to
Early Oligocene giant porphyry Cu deposits (e.g.,
Chuquicamata deposit) in Chilean Andes are associated
with adakitic rocks. Relationships between the adakitic
rocks and Cu-Au mineralization in the Philippines have
been argued (Sajona and Maury, 1998). The rocks showing adakitic characteristics are present in the western
Luzon arc (Prouteau et al., 2000; Yumul et al., 2000) and
their existences are confirmed in this work, in terms of the
presence of rocks showing high whole rock Sr/Y ratios.
The SO3 contents in microphenocrystic apatite in some
rocks in the western Luzon arc having high whole-rock
Sr/Y ratios are high, such as the dacite at Naguilian
(0.520.23 wt% SO3 in apatite, 182.5 whole-rock Sr/Y)
and at Camp 4 (0.410.21 wt% SO3 in apatite, 99.5
whole-rock Sr/Y). On the other hand, the SO3 content in
microphenocrystic apatite in the dacite porphyry at Santo
Nio is low (0.070.05 wt%) whereas its whole-rock
Sr/Y ratio is high (134.19). The whole-rock Sr/Y ratios of
the dacitic rocks in the Mankayan district range from
50.5 to 74.0. Likewise, the whole rock Sr/Y ratios of the
intrusive rocks of the Agno batholith range from 52.2 to
65.2, and those from Mount Pinatubo range from 49.9 to

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

57.8. Thus, a general tendency of high whole-rock Sr/Y

ratios is recognized in the intermediate to silicic rocks
from 15 Ma to present-day western Luzon arc. On the
other hand, the whole-rock Sr/Y ratios of the intrusive
rocks at the Santo Tomas II deposit and the vicinity range
from 16.7 to 39.5. Thus, porphyry Cu mineralization is
not necessarily related to the adakitic rocks.
Mason and MacDonald (1978) reported major and
trace element composition of intrusive rocks related to
porphyry Cu deposits in the Papua New Guinea and
Solomon Island region. They showed that the Sr contents range from 163 (at Lemau area) to 1517 ppm (at
Mount Fubilan - Ok Tedi area). They pointed out that
the Sr contents were variable (300-900 ppm) in the
island arc suites, moderate (400-600 ppm) in the continental margin suites, and high (>700 ppm) in the cratonic suites. On the other hand, they suggested that the
Y contents increase from low- to normal-K, normal-K
to high-K suites rocks, from island arc through continental margin to continental block areas. According to
their data, the Sr/Y ratios of the intrusive rocks associated with porphyry Cu deposits range from 6.8 to 68.5,
while the Sr/Y ratios of the barren intrusive rocks range
from 7.8 to 73.7. Thus, a similarity is found throughout
western Luzon through Papua New Guinea to Solomon
Island, in terms of variable whole rock Sr/Y ratios,
though SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatites in
the intrusive rocks in the Papua New Guinea-Solomon
Island region have not been examined yet. The Sr and Y
contents in the intermediate to silicic magmas reflect
the chemical characteristics of source materials as well
as assimilation and fractionation during magmatic differentiation processes. The Sr/Y ratio of the intermediate to silicic rocks is not necessarily related to porphyry
Cu mineralization. Thus, the source material does not
appear to be the major and critical factor that defines
whether the magma can generate porphyry Cu deposit.
Intermediate to silicic intrusive rocks that are genetically related to porphyry Cu mineralization are characterized by tremolite rim on hornblende phenocryst which
implies water saturation in the magma at the time of
emplacement to shallow crustal levels, and high magmatic fO2 as documented at the Santo Tomas II deposit (Imai,
2001). In this regard, petrologic similarity between the
Mount Pinatubo dacitic pumices and the intrusions related to porphyry Cu mineralization suggests that Mount
Pinatubo dacitic magmatism can be regarded as a modern
analogue of porphyry Cu mineralizing magmatic system
(Imai et al., 1993, 1996). Sulfur is supposed to exist in
oxidizing magmas dominantly as oxidized species as
suggested by elevated SO3 contents in microphenocrystic
apatite. Kress (1997) argued that dacitic magma was saturated with anhydrite prior to eruption. However, a bulk
release of magmatic volatiles during the volcanic erup-

vol. 52, no. 2, 2002

Porphyry Cu Metallogeny, Western Luzon Arc, Philippines

tion seems to prevent the formation of porphyry Cu

deposit (e.g., Pasteris, 1996).
The SO3 contents of apatite inclusions in other phenocrystic minerals are higher than discrete accessory
microphenocrystic apatite in Pinatubo pumices (Imai et
al., 1993, 1996). The lower SO3 contents in discrete apatite in matrix of Pinatubo pumices suggest a decrease in
the activity of oxidized sulfur in the magma probably due
to SO2 degassing. This is supported by partial decomposition of microphenocrystic anhydrite. Likewise, the SO3
contents of apatite inclusions in other phenocrystic minerals (0.220.06 wt%, number of analysis (n)=12) are higher than discrete accessory microphenocrystic apatite
(0.050.05 wt%, n=33) in the quartz diorite porphyry at
the Dizon deposit. In addition, the SO3 contents of accessory microphenocrystic apatite of shallow-depth intrusions at Camp 4, Binang (Ligay) and New CT areas, as
well as those from outcrops along the Philex Road and
Naguilian Road, characterized by quenched groundmass,
are significantly higher than those of coarse-grained
equigranular plutonic rocks. These suggest a decrease in
the activity of oxidized sulfur in the magma by removal of
SO2 due to degassing during solidification. Thus, the high
activities of oxidized sulfur in the magmas of western
Luzon arc are supposed to have been attained since early
magmatic processes.
Porphyry type Cu deposits are genetically associated
with intermediate to silicic intrusive rocks that belong to
the magnetite-series, the oxidized granitoid type (e.g.,
Ishihara, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1998). Takagi and Tsukimura
(1997) discussed that it plays an important role in buffering the redox condition and thus in defining the granitoid
type whether the oxidized sulfur species or the reduced
species is dominated in the granitic magma. The high
activity of oxidized sulfur in the intermediate to silicic
magmas in the western Luzon arc since the early stage of
magmatic differentiation is suggested by the high SO3
contents in microphenocrystic apatite. Since Middle
Miocene when the Philippine Fault was formed, thus,
since the tectonic environments became those of the present-day, the SO3 contents of accessory apatite are significant throughout the intrusive and extrusive rocks in the
western Luzon arc. Thus, the significant activity of oxidized sulfur is considered to be a character of the region
where hydrous intermediate to silicic magmas in the
western Luzon arc are generated.
Carroll and Rutherford (1988) demonstrated experimentally that the solubility of oxidized species of sulfur
into the magma increases as the fO2 increases. Under the
oxidizing condition where sulfur is accommodated in
the magma dominantly as oxidized species, precipitation of sulfide minerals from the magma may not be a
major process that may define the behavior of sulfur.
Fractionation of sulfide from the magma (e.g., Ueda and

157

Sakai, 1984) does not seem to be encountered in the

oxidized magma where sulfur is accommodated dominantly as oxidized species. Thus, the concentration of
sulfur as oxidized species seems to become increased
through differentiation of the oxidizing magma.
Considering that chalcophile elements tend to be partitioned into sulfide phases from the coexisting silicate
melt, the unlikeness of sulfide fractionation in the oxidizing magma where sulfur is present dominantly as oxidized species may result in the enrichment of the chalcophile elements in the magma during differentiation.
Therefore, the highly oxidizing condition of the magma
appears favorable for the concentration of sulfur (as oxidized species) and chalcophile elements. Then metals
enriched in the oxidizing magma are partitioned into the
fluid phase exsolved from the magma, to form porphyry
Cu deposits (e.g., Burnham, 1979; Larocque et al., 2001).
The 34S of the porphyry Cu deposits of western
Luzon including the Lepanto-FSE deposit (ca. +6 ;
Imai, 2000b) and the Santo Tomas II deposit (between
+4.4 and +13.7 ; Imai, 2001), as well as the hydrochloric acid leached sulfur of Mount Pinatubo dacitic
pumices (+8 to +9 ; Imai et al., 1993, 1996) are
enriched in 34S compared to those of mid-oceanic ridge
basalts (Moore and Fabbi, 1971). This is likewise common in Quaternary volcanic rocks and high temperature
volcanic gases from subduction-related island arc settings
(Ueda and Sakai, 1984; Rye et al., 1984) and associated
hydrothermal ore deposits (e.g., Hamada and Imai,
2000). In addition, granitoids and associated ore deposits
formed in ancient magmatic arc and/or continental margin settings are also enriched in 34S (Sasaki and Ishihara,
1979; Ishihara et al., 2000; Imai and Anan, 2000).
Enrichment of 34S in hydrous magmas in arc setting is
thus a common feature in plutonic and volcanic rocks
both in barren and mineralized arcs with respect to porphyry Cu metallogenesis. This suggests a common heavy
sulfur source beneath the arc mantle wedge such as sea
water-derived sulfur in the subducted slab (Sasaki and
Ishihara, 1979). Introduction of aqueous fluid which is
derived from the subducted slab plays an important role
in the genesis of arc magmas (Tatsumi et al., 1986; Tatsumi, 1989; Imai and Ozawa, 1991; Luhr, 1992;
Iwamori, 1998). For instance, Prouteau et al. (1999)
experimentally demonstrated that water contents of the
melt were at least 10 wt% and temperatures were similar
to 900C during the dacite magma of Mount Pinatubo
ascent from the slab. In addition, Yoshino and SatishKumar (2001) reported the occurrence of sulfate-bearing
scapolite in metagabbro of lower crustal level of the
Kohistan arc, formed by fluid derived from the subducted
slab.
The activity of oxidized sulfur in the western Luzon arc
magmas as demonstrated by the SO3 contents of accesso-

158

A. IMAI

ry microphenocrystic apatite, is ultimately a function of

fluid phase originated from the subducted slab. Incorporation of oxidized sulfur into the source region of arc magmas is supposed to be significant in the western Luzon
arc. The subducting oceanic lithosphere is pervasively
altered chiefly due to seawater circulation as well as
hydrothermal activity near spreading axis. Through these
alteration processes, sulfur is accommodated in the oceanic floor as sulfates mostly anhydrite, in addition to sulfides deposited by hydrothermal activities near spreading
axis. Such sulfur fixed in the oceanic floor is supposed to
be incorporated to the source region of arc magmas.
8. Summary and Conclusions
The western Luzon arc has been generating porphyry
Cu mineralization associated with oxidizing hydrous
intermediate to silicic intrusions related to eastward subduction, since about 10 Ma at the Lobo-Boneng (10.50.4
Ma), and Santo Nio (9.50.3 Ma), deposits through
Taysan (7.30.2 Ma), Dizon (2.50.2 Ma), Black Mountain (2.10.1 Ma) and Santo Tomas II (1.50.4 Ma)
deposits, to the possible present-day analogue at Mount
Pinatubo.
Microphenocrystic apatite in shallow intrusions associated with porphyry Cu deposits throughout the western
Luzon arc contains sulfur detectable by electron probe
microanalyzer. Such high SO3 contents in accessory
apatite are common characteristics of the intermediate to
silicic rocks of the western Luzon arc, from tonalitic
rocks of the Luzon Central Cordillera of 15 Ma to an
active magmatism at Mount Pinatubo. Sulfur is supposed
to have been accommodated as oxidized species in oxidizing hydrous magmas since the early stage of magmatic differentiation. Oxidizing hydrous magmas are capable
to form porphyry Cu deposits. Intermediate to silicic
rocks from Miocene to present-day western Luzon arc
generally show high whole-rock Sr/Y ratio ranging from
20 to 184. However, porphyry Cu deposit is not necessarily related to the rocks that show significantly high Sr/Y
ratios compared to the other barren rocks in the western
Luzon arc. The characteristics of the intermediate to silicic magma associated with porphyry Cu deposit are not
attributed to the composition of the source material of the
magma, but to the properties defined by the contents of
oxidized species of sulfur in the fluid phase that is
encountered in the region where intermediate to silicic
magmas are generated.
Acknowledgments: I thank the Mines and Geosiences
Bureau, Philex Mining Corp., Benguet Corp. and Lepanto
Consolidated Mining. R. L. Almeda, J. S. Aquino, A.
Arribas, Jr., B. S. Austria, C. Baguilat, R. T. Balboa, G. R.
Balce, R. P. Baluda, J. C. Cinco, Jr., E. C. Comsti, R. A.
Concepcon, F. V. Damasco, R. T. Datuin, M. de los San-

RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

tos, Jr., E. G. Domingo, M. T. Einaudi, H. E. A. Franco, J.

C. Garcia, Jr., J. W. Hedenquist, S. Ishihara, E. Izawa, Y.
Kajitani, F. B. Lazo, E. Lillon, E. L. Listanco, A. Madera,
H. S. R. Magdamit, T. D. Malihan, J. Manipon, H. Matsueda, J. D. Muyco, A. Sajona, D. Sajona, R. A. Santos,
S. S. Shimada, H. Shimazaki, Y. Shimazaki, R. H. Sillitoe, F. Tejada, T. Suzuki, Y. Togashi, Y. Urashima, R. I.
Villones, Jr. and G. P. Yumul, Jr. are appreciated for
warm support and encouragement, constructive suggestions and discussions, valuable instructions and assistance.
M. de los Santos, Jr. kindly provided samples from the
Taysan deposit. A part of field surveys were supported by
the Arai Foundation of the Society of Mining Geologists
of Japan (Society of Resource Geology presently).
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