CLS Aipmt 14 15 XI Che Study Package 1 SET 1 Chapter 1

Chapter
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Solutions
SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1.
The SI unit of volume is m3 whereas litre (L) is the common unit which is not an SI unit.
2.
The thermometers with celsius scale are callibrated from 0 to 100 where there two temperatures are the
freezing and boiling of water.
3.
The SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg/m3.
4.
A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element is equal on the reactant side and the
product side is called a balanced equation.
5.
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per litre of the solution. Its SI unit is mol L1.
6.
(a) Molarity decreases with increase in temperature

(b) Mole fraction : It remains unchanged with change in temperature.
7.
If any reactant or product is a liquid, the volume occupied by a liquid is extremely small and hence, the law
is not obeyed.
8.
1 g molecule of HNO3 = 1 + 14 + (3 16) = 63 g

3 g molecule of HNO3 = 189 g
9.
(a) Two
(b) Four
(c) Two
10. (a) 6.2 102 km

(b) (1.5 101 cm) (8.0 102 cm) (1 cm) = 12 103 cm3
1.2 104 cm3
Short Answer Type Questions:

11. (a) pico = 1012
(c) centi = 102
12.
(b) nano = 109

(d) deci = 101
9
(C) 32
5
9
(35) 32 = 63 + 32 = 95F
5
K = C + 273.15 = 35 + 273.15 = 308.15 K

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(School/Board Exams.) Solutions
13. (i) (a) Molar mass of KAl(SO4)2 12H2O

= 39 + 27 + (2 96) + (12 18)
= 474 g mol1
Percent by mass of Al in KAl(SO4)2 12H2O
27
100 5.69%
474
(b) Molar mass of Na2SO4 10H2O

= 2 23 + 96 + 10 18
= 322 g mol1
Percent by mass of Na
23
100 7.14%
322
(ii) (a) 98 g H2SO4 = 1 mol

24.5 g H2SO4
24.5
0.25 mol
98
(b) 32 g of O2 = 1 mol
1
0.125 mol
8
14. (i) If the digit dropped is greater than 5, add 1 to the last remaining digit.
4.00 g of O2
e.g., 62.138 will become 62.14

(ii) If the digit dropped is less than 5, the last remaining digit is not changed.
(iii) If the digit dropped is 5, the last remaining digit is left unchanged if it is even; 1 is added if it is odd.
1.8235 will become 1.824
15. The SI unit for speed are ms1
As given, 1 mile = 1.6 km = 1.60 103 m
1.60 103 m
1 mile
1 hour = 60 60 s = 3.6 103 s
Conversion factor
Conversion factor
Now speed
3.6 103 s
1 hour
150 miles
hour
150 miles 1.60 103 m

1 hr
hour
1 mile
3.6 103 s
= 66.66 ms1
16. Law of constant proportions was proposed by Joseph Proust. This law states that a chemical compound always
contains same elements combined together in same proportion by mass.
For example, pure water obtained from different sources such as, river, well, spring, sea, etc., always contains
hydrogen and oxygen combined together in the ratio 1 : 8 by mass.
17. In red oxide (Cu2O) : 16 parts by mass of oxygen combine with 63.5 2 parts by mass of copper.
In black oxide (CuO) : 16 parts by mass of oxygen combine with 63.5 parts by mass of copper.
Ratio of masses of copper that combine with fixed mass of oxygen (16 parts). In these oxides is 63.5 2 : 63.5
or 2 : 1, which is a simple whole number ratio.
18.
w C2H5OH 46 g
Meth = 46 g mol1
nC2H5OH
46
1 mol
46
w H2O
nH2O
MH2O
90
5 mol
18
ntotal = 6 mol
xC2H5OH
neth
1
0.167
neth nH2O 6
5
0.833
6
19. 24.5% by mass H2SO4 means 100 g solution contain 24.5 g H2SO4
and xH O
2
wH2SO4 24.5 g
nH2SO4
24.5
0.25 mol
98
wH2O 75.5 g
nB
0.25
1000
1000
wA
75.5
m = 3.31 m kg1
Molality (m)
20. Mass in g of NaOH = 0.48 g

Number of moles of NaOH
0.48
1.2 10 2 mol
40
Volume of solution = 50 cm3 = 0.05 L

Molarity
1.2 10 2 mol
5.0 10
0.24 M = 0.24 mol L1
21. 46 wt/volume solution means 100 mL solution contains 46 g H2SO4. So 1 L (1000 mL) solution contains 460 g
H2SO4.
460
4.69
98
and mass of solution = vol. density = 1400 g
Therefore, number of moles of H2SO4
Then, mass of the solvent = mass of solution mass of solute

= 1400 460 = 940 g
We know that
Molality (m)
nsolute
4.69
1000
1000
w solvent
940
= 4.98 mol kg1

22. Molar mass of sugar = 342 g/mol

Moles of sugar
34.2
0.1
342
Mass of water = mass of solution mass of sugar

= 224.2 34.2 = 190 g
(i)
Molality
moles of solute
1000
mass of solvent (in grams)
0.1
1000 0.52 mol kg1
190
(ii) Mole fraction of sugar
nsugar
nsugar nH2O
0.1
0.1
9.38 103
190 10.65
0.1
18
23. Let the volume of water be 1 L = 1000 cm3

Mass of water = volume density
= 1000 1 = 1000 g
Moles of water
1000
55.55
18
and molarity of water
55.55
55.55 mol/L
1
24. The reaction given is

2Br(aq) + Cl2(aq) 2Cl(aq) + Br2(aq)
Number of moles of Br = Number of moles of NaBr
0.080 mol L1
50.0
L
1000
= 4.0 103
Number of moles of Cl2 required
=
1
No. of moles of Br = 2 103 mol
2
The volume of aqueous Cl2 needed
Number of moles of Cl2

Molarity
2 10 3 mol
0.050 mol L1
0.04 L = 40 mL
25. In 1808, Dalton published A new system of chemical philosophy in which he proposed the following :
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms
2. All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass. Atoms of different
elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
26. (i) 1 mole of atom of nitrogen = 6.022 1023 atoms

4 mole atoms of nitrogen = 4 6.022 1023 = 24.08 1023 atoms
(ii) 1 mole molecule of nitrogen = 6.022 1023 molecules
0.4 mole molecules of nitrogen
= 0.4 6.022 1023
= 2.408 1023 molecules
= 2 2.408 1023 atoms
= 4.816 1023 atoms
27. (i) 1.66 105
(ii) 1.660 103
(iii) 1.6 103
(iv) 1.6 102
28. (i) 1 mol = 103 millimole
2.35 millimole = 2.35 103 mole
(ii) 1 day has 24 hr i.e., 24 60 min i.e.,
24 60 60 s
Therefore, 2 day = 2 86400 s = 172800 = 1.72 105 s
(iii) 1 m3 = 103 L, therefore 1 mL = 106 m3
Hence, 8.45 mL = 8.45 106 m3
(iv) 1 = 106 g
68 g = 68 106 g = 6.8 105 g
(v) 1 inch = 2.54 102 m
0.0826 inches = 0.0826 2.54 102 m
= 2.09 103 m
29.
Zn(s) 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 (aq) H2 (g)
0.40 mol
0.62 mol
0.40 mol Zn requires 2 0.40 = 0.80 mol HCl but only 0.62 mol of HCl are given.
Therefore, HCl is a limiting reactant.
Number of mole of H2 produced
1
nHCl
2
1
0.62 0.31 mol
2
30. Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g mol1

Number of moles of Na2CO3
0.100 g
9.4 10 4 mol
106
Volume of solution = 250 cm3
1
L
4
n 9.4 104
0.00376 M
1
v
L
4
Long Answer Type Questions

31. (i) 1 mile = 1.6 103 m, 1 million = 106
83 million miles = 83 106 1.60 103 m
= 132.8 109 = 1.32 1011 m
(ii) 1 feet = 12 inch
7 12 + 2 = 86 inch
and 1 metre = 39.37 inch
86 inch =
86
2.18 m
39.37
(iii) 1 = 1010 m
0.64 = 0.64 1010 m
or 6.4 1011 m
(iv) 1 mile = 1.6 103 m and 1 hour = 60 60 sec
250 miles/hr
250 1.6 103 400 103
111.11 ms1
60 60
3.6 103
(v) 14.7 lb/m2 = 1 atm = 1.013 105 pascals

24 pounds per square inch
= 24 6894.76 Nm2
= 165474.24 Nm2
= 1.65 105 pascals
(vi) 26C = 26 + 273 = 299 K
(vii) 1 lb = 0.45359 kg
250 pound = 250 0.45359 = 113.39 kg
32. Molar mass of washing soda is
(2 23) + 12 + (3 16) + 18 10 = 286 g mol1
or 286 103 kg mol1
nsolute
(i)
6.055 103 kg
286 103 kg mol1
Molarity
0.211 mol
nsolute 0.211
0.211 M
v
1
Mass of 1 L solution (103 m3) = density volume

= 1077.2 kg m3 103 m3
= 1.0772 kg
Mass of solvent = (1.0772 0.06055) kg = 1.01665 kg
(ii) Molality
moles of solute
0.211
0.207 mol kg1

mass of solvent in kg 1.01665
(iii) x solute
33.
nsolute
nsolute nsolvent
0.211
1016.65
0.211
18
0.211
0.00372
0.211 56.48
x C2H5OH 0.050
nC2H5OH
nC2H5OH nH2O
nH2O is 1 L H2O 1000 55.55

18
nC2H5OH
nC2H5OH 55.55
0.050
nC2H5OH 0.050 nC2H5OH 2.77

2.77 0.95 nC2H5OH
nC2H5OH
2.77
2.91 mol
0.95
Now, 1 L H2O = 1 kg H2O (At 4C)
Molality
nC2H5OH
w H2O (in kg)
2.91
2.91 mol kg1
1
34. (i) 1 mole of P4 contains 6.022 1023 P4 molecules

Number of P4 molecules in 0.5 mol
6.022 1023 molecules

0.5 mol
1 mol
= 3.011 1023 P4 molecules

(ii) Since, 1 P4 molecule contains 4 P atoms
Number of P atoms = 4 3.011 1023 = 12.044 1023 P atoms
(iii) Moles of P atoms = 0.5 4 = 2 mole
(iv) Molecular mass of P4 = 4 31 = 124 u
1 mole of P4 molecule weighs 124 grams
mass of 0.5 mol P4 molecules
124 g
0.5 mol = 62.0 g
1 mol
35. 1 mole of Zn3(PO4)2 contains 3 mol of zinc

2 mol of phosphorus and 8 mol of oxygen
Mass of 3 mol of Zn = 3 65.5 = 196.5 g
Mass of 2 mol of P = 2 31 = 62 g
Mass of 8 mol of O = 8 16 = 128 g
Mass of 1 mol of Zn3(PO4)2 = 196.5 + 62 + 128 = 386.5 g
(a) Percentage composition of Zn
Mass of Zn
100
Mass of sample
196.5 g
100 50.84% Zn
386.5 g
(b) Percentage composition of P
Mass of P
100
Mass of sample
62 g
100 16.04% P
386.5 g
(c) Percentage composition of O
Mass of O
100
Mass of sample
128 g
100 33.12% O
386.5 g
36. Mass of organic compound, w = 0.90 g

Mass of CO2, w1 = 1.1 g
Mass of water, H2O, w2 = 0.3 g
1 mol C 1 mol CO2
12 g of C = 44 g CO2
(a) Percentage of carbon
Mass of CO2
12 g
100
44 g Mass of sample
12 1.1 g
1320
100
33.33% C
44 0.90 g
39.6
(b) 2 mol H = 1 mol H2O

2 g H = 18 H2O
Percentage of hydrogen
Mass of H2O
2g
100
18 g Mass of sample
2
0.3 g
60
100
3.70% H
18 0.90 g
16.2
(c) Percentage of nitrogen = 100 (%C + %H)

= 100 (33.33 + 3.70)
= 100 37.03 = 62.97% N
37. Molecular mass of CO2 = 44 g/mol
1 molecule of CO2 has 2 oxygen atoms
44 g of CO2 = 2 6.022 1023 oxygen atom
23
132 g of CO2 = 2 6.022 10
132 g
44 mol
= 36.132 1023 atoms of oxygen

Molecular mass of CO = 28 g/mol. It has 16 g O and one atom of O in one molecule of CO.
In carbon monoxide, mole of CO = mole of C atom
= mole of O atom
6.022 1023 O atoms = 1 CO = 28 g
28 g/mol 36.132 1023 atom
36.132 1023 atoms of O
6.022 1023 atom/mol
168 g CO
38.
Element Percentage
Atomic
mass
Relative no.
of atoms
Divided by
lowest number
Simple
ratio
47.4
32
47.4
= 1.48
32
1.48
=1
1.48
Cl
52.6
35.5
52.6 = 1.48
35.5
1.48 = 1
1.48
The empirical formula of the compound is SCl

Calculation of molecular formula
Empirical formula mass = 1 32 + 1 35.5 = 67.35 amu
Molecular mass
135
2
Empirical formula mass 67.5
Molecular formula = n empirical formula

2 SCl = S2Cl2
39. (a) Mass of Co + mass of O = mass of cobalt oxide
Mass of O = mass of cobalt oxide mass of Co
= 0.2076 g 0.1476 g = 0.06 g
(b) Moles of Co in the oxide
Mass of CO
Atomic mass of cobalt
0.1476 g
0.002501 mol
59 g/mol
Moles of O in the oxide
Mass of O
Atomic mass of oxygen
0.06 g
0.00375 mol
16 g/mol
(c) Mole ratio
Co 0.002501
2
0.67
O
0.00375
3
(d) Since, the mole ratio of atoms in a sample of a compound is equal to the ratio of atoms in its formula,
the empirical formula of the oxide of cobalt is Co2O3.
10
40.
Element Percentage
Atomic
mass
Relative no.
of atoms
Divided by
lowest number
Simple
ratio
Ca
24.7
40
24.7
= 0.62
40
0.62
=1
0.62
1.24
1.24 = 1.24
1
1.24 = 2
0.62
14.8
12
14.8
= 1.23
12
1.23
=2
0.62
59.3
16
59.3
= 3.71
16
3.71
= 5.98
0.62
The empirical formula of the compound is CaH2C2O6

Calculation of molecular formula
Empirical formula mass = 40 + 2 1 + 2 12 + 6 16 = 162
Molecular mass
162
1
Empirical formula mass 162

= 1 CaH2C2O6
= CaH2C2O6 or Ca(HCO3)2
41. Hydrogen combines with oxygen of the oxide to give metal. Therefore, loss in mass during reduction of the
oxide is equal to the mass of oxygen.
(i) Let the fix the mass of oxygen with which metal combines = 1 g
Mass of oxide = 3.45 g
Mass of oxygen = 0.24 g
Mass of lead = 3.45 g 0.24 g = 3.21 g
0.24 g oxygen combines with 3.21 g lead
1 g oxygen combines with
3.21
= 13.4 g lead
0.24
(ii) Mass of oxide = 1.195 g

Mass of oxygen = 0.156 g
Mass of lead = 1.195 g 0.156 g = 1.039 g
0.156 g oxygen combines with 1.039 g lead
1 g oxygen combines with
1.039
= 6.7 g lead
0.156
The ratio of the masses of lead that combines with a fixed mass of oxygen (1 g) is 6.7 : 13.4 or 1 : 2.
This ratio is simple and therefore illustrates the law of multiple proportions.
42. Moles of H2SO4 in 25 mL of 0.2 M H2SO4
= M V in litres
0.2 M
25
litres = 0.005 mol
1000
11
Moles of H2SO4 in 35 mL of 0.25 M H2SO4

0.25 M
35
litres = 0.00875 mol
1000
Moles of H2SO4 in 45 mL of 0.35 M H2SO4

0.35 M
45
litres = 0.01575 mol
1000
Total moles of H2SO4 = 0.005 + 0.00875 + 0.01575 = 0.0295 mol

Total volume = 25 mL + 35 mL + 45 mL = 105 mL = 0.105 litre
Final concentration
43.
0.0295 mole H2 SO 4
= 0.2809 M H2SO4
0.105 litre of solution
Element
ratio
Atomic
mass
Carbon
12
Hydrogen
1
=1
1
1 =4
0.25
Nitrogen
3.5
14
3.5
= 0.25
14
0.25
=1
0.25
Element
Relative no.
of atoms
Simplest
ratio
9
= 0.75
12
0.75
=3
0.25
Empirical formula = C3H4N

Empirical formula mass = (3 12) + (4 1) + 14 = 54
Molecular mass
108
2
Thus, molecular formula of the compound = 2 empirical formula

= 2 C3H4N
= C6H8N2
44.
Relative no.
Element Percentage Atomic
of atoms
mass
Simplest
ratio
Simplest whole
number ratio
Carbon
50.0
12
4.166
4.166
= 1.33
3.125
Oxygen
50.0
16
3.125
3.125 = 1
3.125
The empirical formula C4O3

Empirical formula mass = (4 12) + (3 16) = 96
Molecular mass = 290
Molecular mass 290
3 approximately
Empirical mass
96

= 3 C4O3
= C12O9
12
45.
Relative no.
Element Percentage Atomic
of atoms
mass
Simplest
ratio
Sodium
14.31
23
0.622
0.622
=2
0.311
Sulphur
9.97
32
0.311
0.311
=1
0.311
Hydrogen
6.22
6.22
6.22
= 20
0.311
Oxygen
69.50
16
4.34
4.34
= 14
0.311
The empirical formula = Na2SH20O14

Empirical formula mass = (2 23) + 32 + (20 1) + (14 16) = 322
Molecular mass = 322
Molecular formula = Na2SH20O14
All of the hydrogen is present in the form of water.
Thus, 10 water molecules are present in the molecule.
So, molecular formula = Na2SO4 10H2O
SECTION - B
NCERT Questions
1.
(i) H2O :
The molar mass of water, H2O
= (2 Atomic mass of hydrogen) + (1 Atomic mass of oxygen)
= [2(1.008) + 1(16.00 u)]
= 2.016 u + 16.00 u
= 18.016 = 18.02 u
(ii) CO2 :
The molar mass of carbon dioxide, CO2
= (1 Atomic mass of carbon) + (2 Atomic mass of oxygen)
= [1(12.01 u) + 2(16.00 u)]
= 12.01 u + 32.00 u
= 44.01 u
(iii) CH4 :
The molar mass of methane, CH4
= (1 Atomic mass of carbon) + (4 Atomic mass of hydrogen)
= [1(12.01 u) + 4(1.008 u)]
= 12.01 u + 4.032 u
= 16.042 u
2.
3.
13
Molar mass of Na2SO4 = [(2 23.0) + (32.06) + 4(16.00)] = 142.06 g

Mass percent of an element
Mass of that element in the compound

100
Molar mass of the compound
Mass percent of sodium
46.0 g
100 = 32.39 = 32.4%
142 g
Mass percent of sulphur
32 g
100 = 22.54 = 22.6%
142 g
Mass percent of oxygen
64.0 g
100 = 45.07 = 45.05%
142 g
% of iron by mass = 69.9% [Given]

% of oxygen by mass = 30.1% [Given]
Relative moles of iron in iron oxide :
% of iron by mass
69.9
1.25
Atomic mass of iron 55.85
Relative moles of oxygen in iron oxide :
% of oxygen by mass
30.1
1.88
Atomic mass of oxygen 16.00
Simplest molar ratio of iron to oxygen

= 1.25 : 1.88 = 1 : 1.5 2 : 3
The empirical formula of the iron oxide is Fe2O3.
4.
The balanced reaction of combustion of carbon can be written as
O2(g) CO2(g)
1 mole 1 mole
1 mole
(12 g)
(32 g)
(44 g)
C(s)
(i) As per the balanced equation, 1 mole of carbon burns in 1 mole of dioxygen (air) to produce 1 mole of carbon
dioxide.
(ii) According to the question, only 16 g of dioxygen is available. Hence, it will react with 0.5 mole of carbon to
give 22 g of carbon dioxide. Hence, it is a limiting reactant.
(iii) According to the question, only 16 g of dioxygen is available. It is a limiting reactant. Thus, 16 g of dioxygen
can combine with only 0.5 mole of carbon to give 22 g of carbon dioxide.
5.
0.375 M aqueous solution of sodium acetate

1000 mL of solution containing 0.375 moles of sodium acetate
Number of moles of sodium acetate in 500 mL
0.375
500 1.1875 mol
1000
Molar mass of sodium acetate = 82.0245 g mol1 (Given)

Required mass of sodium acetate = molar mass no. of moles
= (82.0245 g mol1) (0.1875 mol) = 15.38 g
14
6.
Molarity % by mass Density 10

mol. wt.
69 1.41 10
63
= 15.44 M
7.
1 mole of CuSO4 contains 1 mole of copper

Molar mass of CuSO4 = (63.5) + (32.00) + 4(16.00)
= 63.5 + 32.00 + 64.00 = 159.5 g
159.5 g of CuSO4 contains 63.5 g of copper
100 g of CuSO4 will contain
63.5 100 g
of copper
159.5
Amount of copper that can be obtained from 100 g CuSO4

8.
63.5 100
= 39.81 g
159.5
Mass percent of iron (Fe) = 69.9% (Given)

Mass percent of oxygen (O) = 30.1%
(Given)
Number of moles of iron present in the oxide
69.90
1.25
55.85
Number of moles of oxygen present in the oxide
30.1
1.88
16.0
Ratio of iron to oxygen in the oxide = 1.25 : 1.88
1.25 1.88
:
1.25 1.25
= 1 : 1.5
=2:3
The empirical formula of the oxide is Fe2O3
Empirical formula mass of Fe2O3 = [2(55.85) + 3(16.00)] g
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = 159.69 g
Molar mass
159.69 g
0.999 1 (approx.)
Emprical formula mass 159.7 g
Molecular formula of a compound is obtained by multiplying the empirical formula with n.

Thus, the empirical formula of the given oxide is Fe2O3 and n is 1.
Hence, the molecular formula of the oxide is Fe2O3.
9.
The average atomic mass of chlorine

= [(Fractional abundance of
35Cl)
(Molar mass of
35Cl)
+ (Fractional abundance of
37Cl)
(Molar mass of
37Cl)]
75.77
24.33
= 100 (34.9689 u) 100 (36.9659 u)

= 26.4959 + 8.9568 = 35.4527 u
The average atomic mass of chlorine = 35.4527 u
15
10. (i) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 2 moles of carbon atoms

Number of moles of carbon atoms in 3 moles of C2H6 = 2 3 = 6
(ii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms
Number of moles of carbon atoms in 3 moles of C2H6 = 3 6 = 18
(iii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 6.022 1023 molecules of ethane
Number of molecules in 3 mole of C2H6 = 3 6.022 1023 = 18.066 1023
11. Molarity (M) of a solution is given by
Number of moles of solute

Volume of solution in litres
Mass of sugar/molar mass of sugar

2L
20 / [(12 12) (1 22) (11 16)] g

2L
20 g/342 g
2L
0.0585 mol
2L
= 0.02925 mol L1
Molar concentration of sugar = 0.02925 mol L1
12. Molar mass of methanol (CH3OH) = (1 12) + (4 1) + (1 16)
= 32 g mol1 = 0.032 kg mol1
Molarity of methanol solution
Density of methanol in kg L1
Molar mass of methanol in kg mol1
0.793 kg L1
0.032 kg mol1
(Since, density is mass per unit volume)
24.78 mol L1
Applying, M1V1 = M2V2

(Given solution) (Solution to be prepared)
(24.78 mol L1) V1 = (2.5 L) (0.25 mol L1)
V1 = 0.0252 L
V1 = 25.22 mL
13. Pressure is determined as force acting per unit area of the surface.
Here, force is mass of air acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
F 1034 g 9.8 ms2

1 kg
(100)2 cm2
A
1000 g
cm2
1 m2
= 1.01332 105 kg m1 s2
We know, 1 N = 1 kg ms2
Then, 1 Pa = 1 Nm2 = 1 kg m1 s2
1 Pa = 1 kg m1 s2
Pressure = 1.01332 105 Pa
16
14. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). 1 kilogram is defined as the mass equal to the mass of the international
prototype of kilogram.
15.
Prefix
Multiples
6
(i)
micro
10
(ii)
deca
10
(iii)
mega
10
(iv)
giga
10
(v)
femto
1015
6
9
16. Significant figures are those meaningful digits that are known with certainty.
They indicate uncertainty in an experiment or calculated value. For example, if 15.6 mL is the result of an
experiment, then 15 is certain while 6 is uncertain, and the total number of significant figures are 3.
Hence, significant figures are defined as the total number of digits in a number including the last digit that
represents the uncertainty of the result.
17. (i) 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 part out of 1 million (106) parts.
Mass percent of 15 ppm chloroform in water
15
106
100 1.5 103%
(ii) 100 g of the sample contains 1.5 103 g of CHCl3

1000 g of the sample contains 1.5 102 g of CHCl3
Molality of chloroform in water
1.5 102 g
Molar mass of CHCl3
1.5 10 2
119.5
= 1.25 104 m
(Molar mass of CHCl3 = 12.00 + 1.00 + 3(35.5) = 119.5 g mol1)
18. (i) 0.0048 = 4.8 103
(ii) 234,000 = 2.34 105
(iii) 8008 = 8.008 103
(iv) 500.0 = 5.000 102
(v) 6.0012 = 6.0012 100
19. (i) 0.0025; has 2 significant figures.
(ii) 208; has 3 significant figures.
(iii) 5005; has 4 significant figures.
(iv) 126,000; has 3 significant figures.
(v) 500.0; has 4 significant figures.
(vi) 2.0034; has 5 significant figures.
17
20. (i) 34.2

(ii) 10.4
(iii) 0.0460
(iv) 2810
21. (a) If we fix the mass of dinitrogen at 28 g, then the masses of dioxygen that will combine with the fixed
mass of dinitrogen are 32 g, 64 g, 32 g and 80 g.
The masses of dioxygen bear a whole number ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 : 5. Hence, the given experimental data
obeys the law of multiple proportions. The law states that if two elements combine to form more than
one compound, then the masses of one element that combines with the fixed mass of another element
are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
(b) (i) 1 km = 1 km
1000 m 100 cm 100 mm
1 km
1m
1 cm
1 km = 106 mm
1 km 1 km
1000 m
1 pm
12
1 km
10
m
1 km = 1015 pm
Hence, 1 km = 106 mm = 1015 pm
(ii) 1 mg 1 mg
1g
1 kg
1000 mg 1000 g
1 mg = 106 kg
1 mg 1 mg
1g
1 ng (nano gram)
1000 mg
10 9 g
1 mg = 106 ng
1 mg = 106 kg = 106 ng
(iii) 1 mL 1 mL
1L
1000 mL
1 mL = 103 L
1 mL 1 cm3 1 cm3
1 dm 1 dm 1 dm
10 cm 10 cm 10 cm
1 mL = 103 dm3
1 mL = 103 L = 103 dm3
22. According to the question,
Time taken to cover the distance = 2.00 ns = 2.00 109 s
Speed of light = 3.0 108 ms1
Distance travelled by light in 2.00 ns
= Speed of light time taken
= (3.0 108 ms1) (2.00 109 s)
= 6.00 101 m = 0.600 m
18
23. A limiting reagent determines the extent of a reaction. It is the reactant which is the first to get consumed
during a reaction, thereby causing the reaction to stop and limiting the amount of products formed.
(i) According to the given reaction, 1 atom of A reacts with 1 molecule of B2. Thus, 200 molecules of B2 will react
with 200 atoms of A, thereby leaving 100 atoms of A unused. Hence, B is the limiting reagent.
(ii) According to the reaction, 1 mol of A reacts with 1 mol of B. Thus, 2 mol of A will react with only 2 mol of B.
As a result, 1 mol of A will not be consumed. Hence, A is the limiting reagent.
(iii) According to the given reaction, 1 atom of A combines with 1 molecule of B2. Thus, all 100 atoms of A will
combine with all 100 molecules of B2. Hence, the mixture is stoichiometric where no limiting reagent is
present.
(iv) 1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of B2. Thus, 2.5 mol of B will combine with only 2.5 mol of A. As a result,
2.5 mol of A will be left as such. Hence, B2 is the limiting reagent.
(v) According to the reaction, 1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of molecule B2. Thus, 2.5 mol of A will
combine with only 2.5 mol of B and the remaining 2.5 mol of B will be left as such. Hence, A is the limiting
reagent.
24. (i) Balancing the given chemical equation,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
From the equation, 1 mole (28 g) of dinitrogen reacts with 3 mole (6 g) of dihydrogen to give 2 mole (34 g) of
ammonia.
6g
2
2.00 103 g of dinitrogen will react with 28 g 2.00 10 g dihydrogen i.e., 428.6 g H2
So N2 is limiting reagent.
2.00 103 g of dinitrogen will react with 428.6 g of dihydrogen.
Given, amount of dihydrogen = 1.00 103 g
28 g of N2 produces 34 g of NH3
Hence, mass of ammonia produced by 2000 g of N2
34 g
2000 g = 2428.57 g
28 g
(ii) N2 is the limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent. Hence, H2 will remain unreacted.
(iii) Mass of dihydrogen left unreacted = 1.00 103 g 428.6 g = 571.4 g
25. Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (2 23) + 12.00 + (3 16) = 106 g mol1
Now, 1 mole of Na2CO3 means 106 g of Na2CO3
0.5 mol of Na2CO3
106 g
0.5 mol Na2CO3 = 53 g Na2CO3
1 mole
0.50 M of Na2CO3 = 0.50 mol/L Na2CO3

Hence, 0.50 mol of Na2CO3 is present in 1 L of water or 53 g of Na2CO3 is present in 1 L of water.
26. Reaction of dihydrogen with dioxygen can be written as
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
Now, two volumes of dihydrogen react with one volume of dihydrogen to produce two volumes of water vapour.
Hence, ten volumes of dihydrogen will react with five volumes of dioxygen to produce ten volumes of water
vapour.
19
27. (i) 28.7 pm

1 pm = 1012 m
28.7 pm = 28.7 1012 m = 2.87 1011 m
(ii) 15.15 pm
1 pm = 1012 m
15.15 pm = 15.15 1012 m = 1.515 1011 m
(iii) 25365 mg
1 mg = 103 g
25365 mg = 2.5365 104 103 g
Since, 1 g = 103 kg
2.5365 101 g = 2.5365 101 103 kg
2.5365 mg = 2.5365 102 kg
1
mol of Au (s)
197
28. (i) 1 g Au (s) =
6.022 1023
atoms of Au (s) = 3.06 1021 atoms of Au (s)
197
1
mol of Na (s)
23
(ii) 1 g Na (s) =
6.022 1023
atoms of Na (s) = 0.262 1023 atoms of Na (s)
23
= 26.2 1021 atoms of Na (s)
(iii) 1 g of Li (s) =
1
mol of Li (s)
7
6.022 1023
atoms of Li (s) = 0.86 1023 atoms of Li (s)
7
= 86.0 1021 atoms of Li (s)
(iv) 1 g of Cl2(g) =
1
mol of Cl2 (g)
71
(Molar mass of Cl2 molecule = 35.5 2 = 71 g mol1)
6.022 1023
atoms of Cl2 (g) = 0.0848 1023 atoms of Cl2 (g)
71
= 8.48 1021 atoms of Cl2 (g)
Hence, 1 g of Li (s) will have the largest number of atoms.

20
29. Mole fraction of C2H5OH

0.040
Number of moles of C2H5 OH

Total moles in solution
nC2H5OH
(i)
nC2H5OH nH2O
Number of moles present in 1 L water

nH2O
1000 g
18 g mol1
55.55 mol
Substituting the value of nH2O in equation (i)

nC2H5OH
nC2H5OH 55.55
0.040
nC2H5OH 0.040nC2H5OH (0.040)(55.55)
0.96nC2H5OH 2.222 mol

nC2H5OH
2.222
mol 2.314 mol
0.96
2.314 mol
2.314 M
1L
30. 1 mole of carbon atoms = 6.023 1023 atoms of carbon
Molarity of solution
= 12 g of carbon
Mass of one
31. (i)
12C
atom =
12 g
6.022 1023
= 1.993 1023 g
0.02856 298.15 0.112

0.5785
Least precise number of calculation = 0.112

Number of significant figures in the answer
= Number of significant figures in the least precise number
=3
(ii) 5 5.364
Least precise number of calculation = 5.364
Number of significant figures in the answer
= Number of significant figures in 5.364
=4
(iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
Since the least number of decimal places in the term is four, the number of significant figures in the
answer is also 4.
32. Molar mass of argon
0.337
0.063
90.60
35.96755
37.96272
39.9624
g mol1
100
100
100
= [0.121 + 0.024 + 39.802] g mol1

= 39.947 g mol1
21
33. (i) 1 mole of Ar = 6.022 1023 atoms of Ar

52 moles of Ar = 52 6.022 1023 atoms of Ar
= 3.131 1025 atoms of Ar
(ii) 1 atom of He = 4 u of He
or
4 u of He = 1 atom of He
1 u of He =
1
atom of He
4
52
atom of He = 13 atoms of He
4
(iii) 4 g of He = 6.022 1023 atoms of He
52 u of He =
6.022 1023 52
atoms of He = 7.8286 1024 atoms of He
4
34. (i) 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 contains 12 g of carbon
52 g of He =
3.38 g of CO2 will contain carbon =
12 g
3.38 g = 0.9217 g
44 g
18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen
2g
0.690 = 0.0767 g
18 g
Since carbon and hydrogen are the only constituents of the compound, the total mass of the compound
is
0.690 g of water will contain hydrogen =
= 0.9217 g + 0.0767 g
= 0.9984 g
Percent of C in the compound =
Percent of H in the compound =
0.9217 g
100 = 92.32%
0.9984 g
0.0767 g
100 = 7.68%
0.9984 g
Moles of carbon in the compound =
92.32
= 7.69
12.00
7.68
= 7.68
1
Ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the compound = 7.69 : 7.68 = 1 : 1
Moles of hydrogen in the compound =
Hence, the empirical formula of the gas is CH

(ii) Given, weight of 10.0 L of the gas (at S.T.P.) = 11.6 g
11.6 g
22.4 L = 25.984 g 26 g
10.0 L
Hence, the molar mass of the gas is 26 g
Weight of 22.4 L of gas at STP =
(iii) Empirical formula mass of CH = 12 + 1 = 13 g

n
Molar mass of gas

26 g
Empirical formula mass of gas 13 g
n=2
Molecular formula of gas = (CH)n = C2H2
22
35. 0.75 M of HCl 0.75 mol of HCl are present in 1 L of water

[(0.75 mol) (36.5 g mol1)] HCl is present in 1 L of water
27.375 g of HCl is present in 1 L of water
Thus, 1000 mL of solution contains 27.375 g of HCl
Amount of HCl present in 25 mL of solution
27.375 g
25 mL
1000 mL
= 0.6844 g
From the given chemical equation,
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2 mol of HCl (2 36.5 = 73 g) react with 1 mol of CaCO3 (100 g)
Amount of CaCO3 that will react with 0.6844 g =
100
0.6844 g = 0.938 g
73
36. 1 mol [55 + 2 16 = 87 g] MnO2 reacts completely with 4 mol [4 36.5 = 146 g] of HCl
5.0 g of MnO2 will react with
146 g
5.0 g of HCl
87 g
= 8.4 g of HCl
Hence, 8.4 g of HCl will react completely with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide.
SECTION - C
Model Test Paper
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1.
Precision means the closeness of various measurements for the same quantity. Accuracy is the agreement
of a particular value to the true value of the result.
2.
When a substance does not contain discrete molecules of their constituent units and have a three dimensional
structure, formula mass is used to calculate molecular mass which is the sum of the atomic masses of all
atoms present in the formula.
3.
1 mol = 6.022 1023 molecules
4.
One molal solution is that solution which contain 1 mole solute in 1 kg of solvent.
5.
The number of molecules present in 0.5 moles of CO2 is 6.022 1023 0.5 = 3.011 1023.
6.
Molarity

Volume of solution in litres
Molality

Mass of solvent in kg
7.
1947 = 1.947 103

0.00019 = 1.9 104
0.02601 = 2.601 102
2600.00 = 2.60 103
8.
Pure substance have fixed composition and cannot be separated by simple physical methods whereas mixtures
do not have fixed composition or ratio and can be separated by physical methods.
23
Short Answer Type Questions :

9.
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of
the triple point of water.
10. (i) 7.85 g of Fe

56 g of Fe contains 6.022 1023 atoms = 1 mol
56 g of Fe = 1 mol
9 g of Fe
1
9 = 0.16 mol
56
9 10 3
= 2.25 104
40
11. Empirical formula is a simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the molecule, therefore the empirical formula
of given compounds are
(ii) Mole of Ca
(i) CH
(iii) HO
(ii) CH2
12. Mass percent of A
(iv) H2O
Mass of A
100
Mass of solution
4g
= 4 g of A + 18 g of water 100
4
100 18.18%
22
13. (i) The result of multiplication
3.24 0.08666
= 0.0560883
5.006
0.0561
As the least number of the significant figures is three, therefore the result is rounded off to 0.0561. The 0
is rounded off to 1 because the next digit is greater than 5.
(ii) 5 significant figures
(Answer should be given by least decimal place)
(iii) 6 significant figures
(iv) 3 significant figures
Short Answer Type Questions :
14. Initial volume, V1 = 2 L
Final volume, V2 = 3 L + 2 L = 5 L
Initial molarity, M1 = 5 M
Final molarity = M2
M1V1 = M2V2
5 M 2 L = M2 5 L
M2
5M2L
2M
5L
Thus, the resulting solution is 2 M HCl

15. If two elements can combine to form more than one compounds, the masses of one element that combine
with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
For example, hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two compounds, namely water and hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen Oxygen Water

2g
16 g
18 g
24
Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen peroxide

2g
32 g
34 g
Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e., 16 g and 32 g) which combine with the fixed mass of hydrogen (2 g) bear
a simple ratio, i.e., 16 : 32 or 1 : 2.
16. Number of moles of solute (CH3 OH)
(nA )
60
Weight of CH3 OH
1.875
Molecular mass of CH3 OH 32
120
6.667
(nB )
18
nA + nB = 1.875 + 6.667 = 8.542
Number of moles of water
1.875
0.220
8.542
A = 1 B = 0.780
17. Given, w = 32 gm
Atomic mass of S = 32
Molar mass of S8 = 32 8 = 256
No. of molecules N = no. of moles 6.022 1023
No. of moles
w
32
0.125
M 256
So, number of molecules = 0.125 6.022 1023

18. C2H6 = (2 12) + (6 1) = 30
C12H22O11 = (12 12) + (22 1) + (11 16) = 342
H2SO4 = (2 1) + 32 + (4 16) = 98
H3PO4 = (1 3) + 31 + (4 16) = 98
Long Answer Type Questions :
19. (i) 1 gram atom of calcium
= gram atomic mass of calcium = 40 g
2.5 gram atom of calcium
= 40 2.5 = 100 g
(ii) Molecular mass of water (H2O)
1 2 + 16 = 18 u
1 gram molecule of H2O
= gram molecular mass of H2O = 18 g
1.5 gram molecule of H2O = 1.8 1.5 = 27 g
20. Molecular mass of sucrose = (12 12 + 1 22 + 16 11) = 342
342 g of sucrose contain = 6.022 1023 molecules
6.022 1023
6.84
342

Number of atoms of carbon in 6.84 g of sucrose
1 molecule of sucrose contains = 12 atoms of carbon
25
12.04 1021 molecules of sucrose contains

= 12 12.04 1021 atoms of carbon
= 144.48 1021 atoms of carbon
Number of atoms of hydrogen in 6.84 g of sucrose
1 molecule of sucrose contains = 22 atoms of hydrogen
12.04 1021 molecule of sucrose contain
= 22 12.04 1021 atoms of hydrogen
= 264.88 1021 atoms of hydrogen
Number of atoms of oxygen in 6.84 g of sucrose
1 molecule of sucrose contains = 11 atoms of oxygen
12.04 1021 molecules of sucrose contain
= 11 12.04 1021 atoms of oxygen
= 132.44 1021 atoms of oxygen
OR
Mass of carbon present in 8.45 mg of CO2
8.45 12
mg = 2.30 mg
44
Percentage of carbon
2.30 100
54.24%
4.24
Mass of hydrogen in 3.46 mg of H2O
3.46 2
mg = 0.384 mg
18
0.384 100
9.05%
4.24
Percentage of oxygen = 100 54.24 9.05 = 36.71%
Percentage of hydrogen
Calculation of empirical formula

Element Percentage
Atomic
mass
Relative no.
of moles
Simple
Ratio
Simplest whole
number ratio
54.24
12
54.24
= 4.52
12
4.52
= 1.97
2.29
9.05
9.05
= 9.05
1
9.05
= 3.95
2.29
36.71
16
36.71
= 2.29
16
2.29 = 1
2.29
Empirical formula = C2H4O

Calculation of molecular formula :
Molecular mass = 88 u
Molecular mass
88
2
Molecular formula = empirical formula n

= C2H4O 2 = C4H8O2
26
21. The balanced equation for the reaction is

AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Number of mol of NaCl in 500 cm3 (0.05 L) of 0.300 M NaCl solution
= 0.300 0.5 = 0.15 mol
Number of moles AgNO3 in 100 cm3 (0.1 L) of 0.500 M AgNO3 solution
= 0.500 0.1 = 0.05 mol
The reaction equation shows that 1 mol of AgNO3 reacts with 1 mol of NaCl to give 1 mol of AgCl
0.05 mol of AgNO3 will react with 0.05 mol of NaCl to give 0.05 mol of AgCl
NaCl is present in excess. AgNO3 is, therefore, the limiting reagent.
Molar mass of AgCl = 143.4 g
Mass of 0.05 mol of AgCl
= 0.05 143.4 g of AgCl
= 7.2 g of AgCl
OR
(i) 1 mole atoms of nitrogen = 6.022
1023
atoms
0.6 mole atoms of nitrogen

= 6.022 1023 0.6
= 3.6132 1023 atoms
(ii) 1 mole molecule of nitrogen = 6.022 1023 molecules
0.3 mole molecules of nitrogen
= 6.022 1023 0.3
= 1.8066 1023 molecules
1 molecule of nitrogen = 2 atoms
1.8066 1023 molecule of nitrogen
= 1.8066 1023 2 atoms
= 3.6132 1023 atoms
(iii) 32 g sulphur contain = 6.022 1023 atoms
3.2 g of sulphur contain
6.022 1023 3.2

32
= 6.022 1022 atoms

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Chapter

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

The SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg/m3.

(a) Molarity decreases with increase in temperature

1 g molecule of HNO3 = 1 + 14 + (3 16) = 63 g

10. (a) 6.2 102 km

1.2 104 cm3

Short Answer Type Questions:

(b) nano = 109

K = C + 273.15 = 35 + 273.15 = 308.15 K

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

13. (i) (a) Molar mass of KAl(SO4)2 12H2O

(b) Molar mass of Na2SO4 10H2O

(ii) (a) 98 g H2SO4 = 1 mol

e.g., 62.138 will become 62.14

150 miles 1.60 103 m

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

20. Mass in g of NaOH = 0.48 g

Volume of solution = 50 cm3 = 0.05 L

0.24 M = 0.24 mol L1

Therefore, number of moles of H2SO4

Then, mass of the solvent = mass of solution mass of solute

= 4.98 mol kg1

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

22. Molar mass of sugar = 342 g/mol

Mass of water = mass of solution mass of sugar

(ii) Mole fraction of sugar

23. Let the volume of water be 1 L = 1000 cm3

and molarity of water

24. The reaction given is

The volume of aqueous Cl2 needed

Number of moles of Cl2

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

26. (i) 1 mole of atom of nitrogen = 6.022 1023 atoms

Zn(s) 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 (aq) H2 (g)

30. Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g mol1

Volume of solution = 250 cm3

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

Long Answer Type Questions

250 1.6 103 400 103

(v) 14.7 lb/m2 = 1 atm = 1.013 105 pascals

Mass of 1 L solution (103 m3) = density volume

0.207 mol kg1

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

nH2O is 1 L H2O 1000 55.55

nC2H5OH 0.050 nC2H5OH 2.77

Now, 1 L H2O = 1 kg H2O (At 4C)

34. (i) 1 mole of P4 contains 6.022 1023 P4 molecules

6.022 1023 molecules

= 3.011 1023 P4 molecules

35. 1 mole of Zn3(PO4)2 contains 3 mol of zinc

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

(School/Board Exams.) Solutions

(a) Percentage composition of Zn

(b) Percentage composition of P

(c) Percentage composition of O

36. Mass of organic compound, w = 0.90 g

(b) 2 mol H = 1 mol H2O