CH1020

PP16 Answers

CH1020 PP16 Answers

(Intermolecular forces)
1. Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates between
a. all molecules
London dispersion forces
b. polar molecules dipole -dipole
c. the hydrogen atom of a polar bond and a nearby electronegative atom
dipole-dipole or in certain cases H bonding
2. Identify the most important types of interparticle forces present in the solids of
each of the following substances:
a. NH4Cl ionic
b. Teflon, CF3(CF2CF2)nCF3
mostly London dispersion forces. C-F bonds are polar, but polymers like
Teflon are so large that the dipoles mostly cancel and the London dispersion
forces are the predominant intermolecular forces.
c. polyethylene, CH3(CH2CH2)nCH3 London dispersion forces
d. CHCl3 dipole-dipole
e. NH3 Hydrogen bonding
f. NO dipole-dipole
g. BF3 London dispersion
3. Predict which substance in each of the following pairs would have the greater
intermolecular forces.
a. CO2 or OCS
OCS is polar and has dipole-dipole forces in addition to
London dispersion forces. All polar molecules have dipole forces. CO2 is
nonpolar and only has London dispersion forces. To predict polarity, draw the
Lewis structure and deduce whether the individual bond dipoles cancel.
b. SeO2 or SO2 Both are polar, so both have dipole forces as well as London
dispersion forces. However, SeO2 has slightly more polar bonds than SO2,
giving it stronger dipole-dipole forces. It is also a larger molecule, so it would
have stronger London dispersion forces
c. CH3CH2CH2NH2 or H2NCH2CH2NH2
possible

more extensive hydrogen bonding is

d. CH3CH3 or H2CO H2CO is polar while CH3CH3 is nonpolar, H2CO has

dipole forces in addition to London dispersion forces
e. CH3OH or H2CO CH3OH can form relatively strong H bonding
interaction, unlike H2CO
4. What kind of attractive forces must be overcome to
a. boil water
b. melt KCl
Hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
c. sublime I2
d. boil H2S
London dispersion forces
dipole-dipole

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CH1020

PP16 Answers

5. Molecular nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, are isoelectronic and nearly
equal in molecular mass. Explain why the boiling point of CO(l) is slightly
higher than that of N2(l).
CO is a polar covalent molecule and N2 is nonpolar. Dipole-dipole forces
between CO molecules are stronger than London dispersion forces between N2
molecules. A higher temperature and greater average kinetic energy is required
to overcome the dipole-dipole forces in CO and separate (vaporize) the
molecules.
6. The dipole moments of HCl and HI are 1.08 D and 0.44 D, respectively.
a. Which of these substances will have the greater dipole-dipole interactions?
HCl, has stronger dipole-dipole forces because it is a more polar
molecule
b. Which of these substances will have the greater London dispersion forces?
HI, has stronger London dispersion forces because it is a larger
molecule with a more polarizable electron cloud.
7. Cite three properties of water that can be attributed to the existence of hydrogen
bonding.
High boiling point, high specific heat capacity, high enthalpy of vaporization,
solid is less dense than the liquid.
8. Why does water expand when it freezes? Give an example of the biological
significance of the fact that ice is less dense than water.
Water expands when it freezes to maximize the number of hydrogen bonding
interactions in the structure. In the solid state, each H atom is involved in one
hydrogen bond and each O atom participates in two hydrogen bonds. The H2O
molecules must be far enough apart to allow for the steric requirements of
these four interactions.
Since ice floats on water, it insulates the water from extreme cold, allowing
aquatic life to exist. If ice sank to the bottom of natural waters, temperatures of
unfrozen water would be too low to support living organisms.
9. Oxygen and selenium are members of group 6A (16). Water forms H bonds, but
H2Se does not. Explain.
O is smaller and more electronegative than Se; so the electron density on O is
greater, which attracts H more strongly.
10. Polar molecules exhibit dipole-dipole forces. Do they also exhibit dispersion
forces? Explain.
All particles (atoms and molecules) exhibit dispersion forces, but the total force
is weak in small molecules. Dipole-dipole forces in small polar molecules
dominate the dispersion forces.
11. Which is the strongest interparticle force in each substance?
a. CH3OH
b. CCl4
c. Cl2
hydrogen bonding London dispersion London dispersion
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CH1020

d. CH3Br
dipole-dipole

PP16 Answers

e. CH3CH3
London dispersion

f. NH3
hydrogen bonding

12. Which forces oppose vaporization of each substance?

a. hexane
b. water
c. SiCl4
dispersion
hydrogen bonding
dispersion
13. Which substance has the higher boiling point? Explain.
a. LiCl or HCl
b. NH3 or PH3
c. Xe or I2
lithium chloride has ionic bonds versus dipole-dipole forces in HCl
NH3 exhibits hydrogen bonding versus dipole-dipole forces in PH3
I2, its molecules are more polarizable than Xe atoms because of their larger
size
14. Identify the types of intermolecular forces that are present in each of the
following substances and select the substance in each pair that has the highest
boiling point?
a. C6H14 or C8H18
Both experience London dispersion forces, C8H18 has higher boiling point due
to greater molar mass and similar strength of forces
b. C3H8 or CH3OCH3
London-dispersion versus dipole-dipole and London dispersion
c. CH3OH or CH3SH
H-bonding and dispersion versus dipole-dipole and dispersion
d. NH2NH2 or CH3CH3
hydrogen bonding and dispersion versus dispersion
15. Rationalize the difference in boiling points between members of the following
pairs of substances:
a. HF (20oC) and HCl (-85oC)
Hydrogen bonding in HF is stronger than dipole-dipole forces in HCl
b. CHCl3 (61oC) and CHBr3 (150oC)
CHBr3 has the higher boiling point because it has the higher molar mass
which leads to greater polarizability and stronger dispersion forces.
c. Br2 (59oC) and ICl (97oC)
ICl is a polar molecule. For molecules with similar structures and molar
masses, dipole-dipole forces are stronger than London dispersion forces.
16. Rationalize the difference in boiling points for each of the following pairs of
substances:
a. dimethyl ether CH3OCH3 (-25oC) and ethanol, CH3CH2OH (79oC) hydrogen
bonding
b. HF (20oC) and HCl (-85oC) hydrogen bonding
c. HCl (-85oC) and LiCl (1360oC) ionic bonding
d. n-pentane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (36.2oC) and n-propane, CH3CH2CH3 (-42oC)
stronger London dispersion forces
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CH1020

PP16 Answers

e. n-propane, CH3CH2CH3 (-42oC) and dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3 (-25oC)

dimethyl ether is polar so has dipole forces in addition to London dispersion
forces, unlike n-propane which has only London dispersion forces.

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