CPD2 B9 Notes8A - Economic Sizing of DX Lines - PPT 1x1

Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power System Engineering
Distribution System Planning and

Distribution Utility CAPEX Planning
Economic Sizing of
Distribution Lines
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines
Introduction
HOW would you solve the ff. scenario?
A 100-kW load at 0.9 lag PF is 5 km away
from the substation. A dedicated primary
feeder is to be constructed to serve this load.
What
size of wire should be specified?
What
size of distribution transformer?
U. P. National Engineering Center

National Electrification Administration
Competency Training & Certification Program in

Electric Power System Engineering
Power Distribution Function

Distribution
Function:
Move power from point A to point B.

Consequences
Power is delivered to end-users.

Voltage drop occurs (if PF is lag).
Initial costs are incurred to set up the system.
Continuing costs (O&M, etc.) are incurred.
Electrical losses occur. Losses costs are incurred.

Basic Ideas
Lines and transformers are the basic elements of a

distribution system.
Voltage is both a performance criteria and a resource

to be used well.
Voltage drop should not be minimized to zero; voltage should be
managed to be within prescribed criteria.
In a well-designed distribution system, the sizes of

lines and transformer will be proportional to loading.
Economic sizing of lines and transformers must

account for all costs:
Initial costs and the continuing costs over its lifetime


OUTLINE
1. Load Reach
2. Line Types, Performance, and Economy
3. Distribution Line Cost Function
4. Economic Loading Ranges of Distribution Lines
5. Economic Line Sizing


Load Reach
Definition of Load Reach
Thermal, Emergency, & Economic Load Reach
Effects of Voltage on Load Reach
Load Reach of a Conductor Set
Load Reach as a Planning Criteria
Load Reach Calculations


Load Reach
Length = ?
S/S
[ zabc ]
[VABC] = 1.0 p.u.
Load
[Vabc] 0.9 p.u.
If
[zabc] is the impedance per km of line, how

far away from the source can the load in kW
be such that the load voltage is within limits?

Load Reach
Load
Reach: the source-to-load distance that

a feeder system can move power before
encountering the applicable voltage drop limit
Measured in units of distance (km or mi).
Measured as the feeder runs
Straight point distances may have to be divided by 2.
Load Reach =
% VD criteria
% VD
(at specified loading)
km


Thermal, Emergency, & Economic

Load Reach
Thermal
Load Reach
The load reach if the feeder system is loaded at its

thermal limits (i.e., at its ampacity limits).
% VD criteria
Load Reach =
% VD
(at thermalload)
km


10

Load Reach
Emergency
Load Reach
The load reach if the feeder system is loaded at the

emergency loading, or if the voltage drop criteria is
relaxed due to the emergency condition.
Useful if we differentiate the voltage drop criteria
during normal and emergency conditions.
% VD criteria (during emergency)

Load Reach =
% VD
(at emergency load)
km

11

Load Reach
Economic
Load Reach
The load reach if the feeder system is loaded at the

maximum load within their economic loading range.
Load Reach =
% VD criteria
% VD
(at maximum economic load)
km


12
Effect of Voltage on Load Reach

Load Reach is affected by Distribution Voltage.
Doubling
the voltage doubles the load reach.
Load current is halved, which effectively halves the voltage

drop (assuming similar impedance), and doubles the
distance before the voltage drop limit is reached.
High
voltage, however, has higher fixed costs.
In terms of pole, crossarm, insulators, switchgears, etc.

Use
the appropriate distribution voltage.
In some cases, the voltage has already been chosen.


13

Both the economic and thermal load reach in
a conductor set tend to be a constant.
Willis, 2004.

Willis, 2004.

14

Both the economic and thermal load reach in
a conductor set tend to be a constant.
Exception
1: Largest conductor
Used for backbone segments and feeder getaways.

Should be able to carry maximum possible load.
Possible
Exception 2: Smallest conductor
Used for the last-mile connection to customers.

Applicable at the secondary distribution level or for
primary distribution with light load density.

15

Load
reach suitable for a planning criteria.
A single number with a single unit (distance).

Substation
spacing cannot be more than

twice the conductor set load reach.
If load reach is not fully used, DU pays more but gets
less (unused load reach).


16
Under contingency conditions, some paths may

have to be reinforced.
Use bigger conductor for backbone segments and contingency
paths (feeder tie-line paths).
From reliability viewpoint and not load reach, voltage, or losses.
Willis, 2004.

Voltage profile of a feeder for pathways

from substation to points A and B.
Voltage profile to A shows gradually
decreasing voltage drop per mile due
to reinforced trunk (oversized over
normal need). Voltage profile to B
shows constant voltage drop per mile.
17

Voltage
drop is a measure of performance.
Voltage criteria at customer connection point: nominal

system voltage 0.10 pu.
Voltage
drop is a resource to be used well.
Voltage drop allows current (and power) to flow.

Expensive to minimize voltage drop and still be able to
deliver power.
Once the voltage drop is within limits, other factors
(reliability or technical losses costs) should be considered
to justify decreasing voltage drop further.

18

VD z
I
z
z
a
ab
ac
aa
a
VDb = z ab zbb zbc I b
VDc z ac zbc zcc I c

z aa I a + z ab I b + z ac I c ,
per km
VDmax = Max z ab I a + zbb I b + zbc I c ,
z ac I a + zbc I b + zcc I c z in / km

19

If
currents are balanced:

z aa 10 + z ab 1 120 + z ac 1 + 120 ,
per km
VDmax = I Max z ab 10 + zbb 1 120 + zbc 1 + 120 ,
z ac 10 + zbc 1 120 + zcc 1 + 120

%VD criteria
Load Reach =
per km
VDmax

20

For
thermal load reach, use I = ampacity.
For
economic load reach, use I = maximum

economic load of the line.
For
voltage drop criteria, use 0.10 pu total for

primary and secondary lines.
Example 1: 0.1 pu drop for the primary, but need to
manage the DT taps for secondary
Example 2: 0.075 pu drop for the primary and 0.025 pu
drop for the secondary


21
Line Types, Performance, & Economy
Physical Suitability
Capacity
Voltage
Line R/X Ratio and Conductor Size
Managing Voltage Drop
Reliability
Costs


22
Line Performance & Economy

Five Attributes of Line Types to be Optimized:
Physical
Suitability
Capacity
Voltage
Drop
Reliability
Cost


23
Basic
Line Type Options
Construction: Overhead or Underground

Pole Type: Wood, Concrete, or Steel
Conductor Type: Copper, ACSR, AAC, or AAAC
Number of Phases: One-, Two- (Vee-), or Three-Phase
Vee-phase lines use same structure as three-phase lines
Should be treated as Engineering Design decision


24
Construction
Type
OH: low cost, low reliability, exposure to elements

UG: high cost, high reliability, aesthetics
Some areas require UG construction for distribution lines.
Pole
Type (for OH Construction)
Wood pole: low cost, low strength

Concrete pole: medium cost, medium strength
Steel pole: high cost, high strength
Consider for areas with high rate of vehicle accidents

25
Conductor
Type
ACSR for strength and structural flexibility

Less prone to parting and falling during storms
AAC (or AAAC) for coastal areas

ACSR is bimetallic (easily corrodes) while AAC is
monometallic (no bimetallic corrosion)
Number
of Phases
One-phase: nearer to (single-phase) loads

Three-phase: backbone

26
Engineering Design: While there are a variety
of designs to choose for a variety of
situations, this is of little interest to Planning.
Planners are more interested in Line
Capacity and Cost.
THESE: What size and at what price?
NOT THESE: What configuration (C1, C2, and so on)?
How many cross-arms?


27
Capacity
Thermal
Capacity Limits
Refers to line ampacities

Affected by ambient temperatures
Normal and contingency/emergency limits


28
Voltage Drop
Should
be within prescribed limits
PDC: nominal voltage 0.10 p.u. at the customer

connection point
Should eventually target 0.05 p.u. VD limit so that
0.10 p.u VD becomes the emergency voltage limit
criteria
DT
taps affect the voltage drop criteria.


29
Voltage Drop
Line
model
Carsons equations or approximations of these

A
B
C
Unbalanced
Three-Phase
System
Yaa
Yba
Yca
Yab
Ybb
Ycb
Yac
Ybc
Ycc

Zaa
Zab
Zac
Zba
Zbb
Zbc
Zca
Zcb
Zcc
a
b
c
Yaa
Ya
b
Yb
Yb
Yca
Ycb
Yac
Ybc
Ycc

30
Line R/X Ratio

R
and X are proportional to distance.
We will look at R and X in ohms/km (ohms/mile).

R
and X are a function of conductor size

and spacing.
Conductor size has a dominant effect on R. Doubling
the size halves R.
Conductor spacing has a dominant effect on X. In
general, increasing spacing increases X.


31
Line R/X Ratio

Size
Ampacity
R (/mi)
X (/mi)
Z (/mi)
R/X
#2 AWG
180 A
1.690
0.665
1.82
2.54
4/0 AWG
340 A
0.592
0.581
0.83
1.02
477 MCM
670 A
0.216
0.430
0.48
0.50
1510 MCM
1340 A
0.072
0.362
0.37
0.20
Analysis of R/X ratios at 12.47 kV: Each row roughly doubles

the ampacity of the one above it. R roughly decreases by 2/3
each time. However, X decreases only by a small amount (13%
to 26%) each time. Z decreases to half each time, except for
the large conductor, where Z decreases only 13%.

32
Line R/X Ratio

X
matters on big wires.
Primary distribution and above.

R
matters on small wires.
Secondary distribution and below.

Load
power factor is also important.
Poor PF makes power flow more sensitive to line

impedance, worsening voltage drop for the same kW
load.


33
Line R/X Ratio

There
is a limit to when increasing the

conductor size will result in a justifiable
improvement in voltage drop.
In the example, at 1510 MCM, increasing size further
results in very little decrease in impedance because
reactance becomes dominant.
In such cases, increase in distribution voltage (using
transformers) should be considered to decrease the
load current.


34
Managing Voltage Drop
Load balancing
Transformer tap setting
Reconfiguration
Closer phase spacing

Usually infeasible or expensive
Shunt and series capacitors
Power electronics
Distributed generation or energy storage


35
Reconfiguration
A simple example of network reconfiguration: instead

of increasing the trunk size, reconfiguration may be
cheaper (although here, ability to accommodate load
growth may have been sacrificed in some areas).

36
Reliability
UG
lines are more reliable.
Lower exposure to elements and external factors.

ACSR
for strength and flexibility.
Less prone to parting and falling during storms.

AAC
for coastal areas
Less corrosion due to being monometallic.

Steel
poles
Consider for areas with high rate of vehicular accidents.


37
Costs
All costs must be considered.
Initial
Acquisition Costs
Installation
R-O-W,
& Construction Costs
O&M, and Taxes Costs
Electrical
Losses Costs


38
Distribution Line Cost Function
Definition of Terms
Recap of Economic Evaluation with Interest, Inflation

(Escalation) and Load Growth Rates
Fixed Costs of Lines
Variable Costs of Lines (Electrical Losses Cost)
Total Cost Function of Lines


39
Definition of Terms
Interest Rate (%)

The average annual interest rate expected by the DU over the
economic life of the distribution line
Demand Charge (PhP/kW)

The initial demand charge paid by the DU for G&T
Energy charge (PhP/kWh)

The initial energy charge paid by the DU for G&T
Escalation rates (%) (also, inflation rates)

The average annual rate of increase in charges expected by the
DU over the economic life of the distribution line
May differ for the demand, energy, and other charges (e.g., O&M)

40
Definition of Terms
Peak
Demand (kVA)
The expected peak load of the line in its first year.

If initial expected peak load is in kW, a reasonable
value of power factor should be assumed.
Load
Growth Rate (%)
The average rate of load growth over the economic life

of the distribution line


41
Definition of Terms
Loss
Factor
The ratio of average annual load loss to the load loss

that occurs at the time of peak load:
energy loss due to load losses

LSF =
peak loss due to load losses
May be computed from the load factor
System simulations are required to determine k
LSF = k LDF + 1 k LDF 2


42
Definition of Terms
Peak
Loss Responsibility Factor
Accounts for the difference in times when system peak

load and peak load on the distribution line occur:
line load at time of system peak

RF =
line
peak
load


43
Definition of Terms
Initial Cost (PhP)

Includes acquisition cost, transportation cost, taxes and other
costs to prepare the distribution line for service.
Annual O&M Cost (PhP)

The annual fixed cost to operate and maintain the distribution
lines and poles, including taxes and excluding the costs of losses.
May include taxes (in this case, O&M&T).
Economic Life (years)

The expected useful life of the distribution line.
See ERC Resolution No. 43 series of 2006, Annex C for regulators
prescribed values (may differ for distribution lines and poles)

44
Recap of Economic Evaluation

What
is the PW of an annuity paid over

n periods, considering an interest rate i?
n
PWF =
k =1
(1 + i )
1
1
= 1
i
1
+
i
1+ i n 1
=
n
n
i
1
+
i
Note: i > 0


45

What

n periods, considering an interest rate i
and an escalation rate a?
n
1+ a
1
1+ a
1
PWF =
=
i a 1+ i
k =1 1 + i
Note: (1+i) > (1+a)


46

What

n periods, considering interest rate i,
escalation rate a, and load growth rate g?
)(
1+ a 1+ g
PWF =
1+ i
k =1
) ( )
( )
) ( )( )
n
2n
1+ a 1+ g
1
1
+
i
=
2
1+ i 1+ a 1+ g
Note: (1+i) > (1+a)(1+g)2


47

Present
Worth Factor (PWF)
Gives the present worth equivalent of paying annuity

(of PhP1.00) over n periods, given interest rate i,
inflation rate a and load growth rate g.
General form is:
) ( )
( )
) ( )( )
n
2n
1+ a 1+ g
1
1
+
i
PWF =
2
1+ i 1+ a 1+ g


48
Fixed Costs of Lines

Initial
Acquisition Costs
Costs of poles, wires, peripherals

Installation
Costs
Costs of construction, right-of-way, labor

Continuing
Costs
PW of the Costs of Annual O&M (and taxes)
) (
C fixed = Cacq + Cinst + CO & M PWFO & M


49
Variable Costs of Lines

Electrical
Losses Cost
A function of line resistance, load, power factor, loss

factor, and peak loss responsibility factor
Requires present worth analysis.
In general, may be composed of its demand charge and
energy charge components.


50

Line and load
is...

Three-phase

Two-phase

One-phase

Power
is...

Current is...

S = S3

S
I=
3VLN
S = S2

S
I=
2 VLN
S = S1


S
I=
1VLN
Current:

S
I=
n VLN
where n is the
no. of phases


51
Reff
Its
easy to see that for a one-phase line (a):

reff = raa 1 r1
We
will show that for a two-phase line (a-b):

reff = (raa + rbb rab) 2 r1
And
for a three-phase line (a-b-c):
reff = (raa + rbb + rcc rab rbc rca) 3 r1


For
52
a two-phase line:
loss
ab
= I V
= I z ab I ab

z
I
z
aa
ab
a
*
*
= Ia Ib
z
zbb I b
ab
z aa I a + z ab I b
= I a* I b*
z I + z I
bb b
ab a
*
*
= I a z aa I a + z ab I b + I b z ab I a + zbb I b
ab
ab
drop
ab
(
(

)
)

For
53
a two-phase line:
= I z aa I a + z ab I b + I z ab I a + zbb I b
loss
abc
*
a
*
b
= I a z aa + I I z + I I z + I b zbb
If
loss
abc
*
a b ab
*
a b ab
loads are balanced: I a = I 0
I b = I 120
2
= I z aa + 1120 + 1 120 I z ab + I zbb

= Ia
(z
aa
+ zbb z ab


Complex
loss
abc
loss
abc
Q
If
54
power loss
= I
= I
(r
(x
aa
aa
+ rbb rab
+ xbb xab
line impedance is balanced:

2
= I 2 rs rm I 2 r1
(approximately)
where rs = resistances along the diagonals
loss
abc
rm = resistances on the off-diagonals

r1 = positive-sequence resistance

For
55
a three-phase line:
loss
abc
= I
abc
= I a*
= I a*
= I

z
aa
*
I c zab
zac
*
b
I b*
I c*

(
(
(
zabc I abc

zab zac I a
zbb zbc I b
zbc zcc I c
zaa I a + zab I b + zac I c
zab I a + zbb I b + zbc I c
zac I a + zbc I b + zcc I c
abc
drop
abc
)
)
)

For
loss
abc
56
a three-phase line:
(
(
(
)
)
)
zaa I a + zab I b + zac I c
= I a* I b* I c* zab I a + zbb I b + zbc I c
zac I a + zbc I b + zcc I c

= I a* zaa I a + zab I b + zac I c + I b* zab I a + zbb I b + zbc I c
+ I c* zac I a + zbc I b + zcc I c

2
= I a zaa + I b zbb + I c zcc + I a I b* + I a* I b zab
+ I b I c* + I b* I c zbc + I a I c* + I a* I c zac

If
currents are balanced:
I a = I 0
(I I
*
a b
57
loss
abc
I b = I 120
) (
) (
I c = I + 120
+I I = I I +I I = I I +I I = I
*
a b
*
b c
*
b c
*
a c
*
a c
= I a zaa + I b zbb + I c zcc + I I + I I zab
*
a b
*
a b
+ I I + I I zbc + I I + I I zac
= I
(z
aa
*
b c
*
b c
*
a c
+ zbb + zcc zab zbc zac

*
a c

Complex
loss
abc
loss
abc
Q
If
= I
= I
58
power loss
(r
(x
aa
aa
+ rbb + rcc rab rbc rac
+ xbb + xcc xab xbc xac
line impedance is balanced:

2
= I 3 rs rm = I 3 r1
where rs = resistances along the diagonals
loss
abc
rm = resistances on the off-diagonals

r1 = positive-sequence resistance

59
Peak Losses
I2R
losses during peak condition:
peak
Plosses
2
S peak
S peak
=
reff = 2 2 reff
n VLN
n VLN
( )
where reff = effective line resistance per km

reff = n
peak
Plosses
=
( r r ) = n r
s
2
peak
n V
2
LN
Ppeak
r1
r1 =

2
PF n VLN


60
Energy Charge Component

2
Cenergy
8760 hrs yr kW peak

r1
=
LSF
PWF
EC
EC
2
1000 W kW PF n kVLN
where
Cenergy = energy charge component (PhP/km)

CEC = energy charge (PhP/kWh)
LSF = loss factor
PWFEC = present worth factor
kWpeak = peak demand of the line in its first year (kW)
PF = power factor of the load
r1 = effective resistance of the line (ohms/km)
n = number of phases present
kVLN = line-to-neutral voltage (kV)


61
Demand Charge Component

2
Cdemand
r1
1 kW kW peak
=
RF C DC PWFDC

W
2
1000
PF n kVLN
where
Cdemand = demand charge component (PhP/km)

CDC = demand charge (PhP/kW)
RF = peak loss responsibility factor
PWFDC = present worth factor for demand charges
kWpeak = peak demand of the line in its first year (kW)
PF = power factor of the load
r1 = effective resistance of the line (ohms/km)
n = number of phases present
kVLN = line-to-neutral voltage (kV)


62

Cvariable = Cenergy + Cdemand
Cvariable
kW 2
r1
1 kW
peak
=
W
2
PF n kV
1000
LN
8760 hrs yr LSF C EC PWFEC + RF C DC PWFDC
where
) (
Cvariable = variable cost in PhP/km


63

Putting
it all together, cost in PhP/km is:
Ctotal = C fixed + Cvariable
) (
Ctotal = Cacq + Cinst + CO & M PWFO & M +

kW 2
r1
1 kW
peak
W
PF n kV 2
1000
LN
8760 hrs yr LSF C EC PWFEC

) + ( RF C
DC
PWFDC

64

Putting
it all together, cost in PhP/km is:
2
Ctotal = k1 + k2 kW peak
) (
k1 = Cacq + Cinst + CO & M PWFO & M
r1
1
1 kW
k2 =
W
2
1000
PF n kVLN
8760 hrs yr LSF C EC PWFEC + RF C DC PWFDC

) (

65

The
cost function
for a three-phase
336-MCM line.
Fixed cost at 0 MW
Ends at thermal load
Willis, 2004.


66
Economic Loading Range of

Distribution Lines
Economic Loading Ranges of Distribution Lines

Economic Line-Sizing Guidelines
Redundant Line Types
Linearizing the Cost Functions of Lines
Economic Analysis of Uprating Conductors
Effect of Load Growth on Economic Loading Range
Effect of Shorter Evaluation Period on Economic

Loading Range


67
Economic Loading Range
If the cost functions

of different lines are
plotted on the one
graph, the economic
loading range of
each line are easily
identified.
Willis, 2004.


68

Economic
Line-Sizing
Guidelines
Willis, 2004.

Willis, 2004.

69

Redundant
Line Type
The darker curve represents

a line type that will never be
the economical choice.
Remove the line type from
inventory no economic
benefit in having it.
Willis, 2004.


70
When to use a
single-phase line?
vee-phase line?
three-phase line?
What neutral wire

size to use?
Willis, 2004.


71
Linearized Cost of Lines
Ctotal = C f + Cv D
where C f = fixed cost, Php/km
Y
Cv =
X
Cv = variable cost coeff.,
Php/ km kW
D = demand in kW
= length in km
Cf
X
72
Uprating Conductors
When
to uprate conductors?
Fixed cost of existing conductors

decrease.
Sunk costs
Only continuing costs left
May have increased O&M costs
Fixed cost of uprate increase.

Include changeout costs
Variable costs stay the same.

Cost Functions will have the
same shape.
Willis, 2004.


73
Uprating Conductors
The
plot below shows

that the two curves
do not intersect.
It would be better to leave the
smaller conductor even if the
losses costs are very high.
Planners often have to live
with their mistakes.
Willis, 2004.


74
Uprating Conductors
The
most economical upgrade is not

always the next larger size.
It may be two or even three sizes bigger.
Willis, 2004.


75
Effect of Load Growth
Higher load growth favors bigger conductors.
Lower load growth and conservation favors smaller conductors.
Same fixed costs (same y-intercepts).

0% load growth
5.1 MW
0.5% load growth over 30 years

4.7 MW
0.5% load growth over 30

years; +20% load at year 4
4.0 MW
Willis, 2004.


76
Effect of Shorter Evaluation Period
Shorter evaluation periods favor smaller

conductors, but not as dramatic as expected.
Period drops by 67%, but the PW of losses drops by only 32%.
The PW of losses cost are mostly in the first decade.
30-year evaluation period
5.1 MW
10-year evaluation period

5.7 MW
Willis, 2004.


77
Economic Line Sizing
Goals of Economic Line-Sizing Guidelines
Adhering to the Economic Line-Sizing Guidelines
Key Aspects of Economic Line Sizing
Economic Line-Sizing Methodology

Required Data
Procedure


78

GOALS: A good conductor set achieves the ff.:
Good
economy of use
Optimal current flow capability

Satisfactory
load reach
Adequate voltage quality

Also affects substation and subtransmission planning
Ease
of planning
Few planning situations require extensive studies and

deviations from standard designs

79

EFFECT: When the guidelines are followed:
No
voltage problem within feeder load reach.
Usually no need for capacitors, AVRs, etc.

All
conductors are economically sized.
Least-cost network
Both the technical and economic
goals of planning are achieved.
Willis, 2004.


80
Willis, 2004.


81

Exceptions to the Guidelines
Room
for (short-term) growth.
Use bigger conductors in anticipation of short-term

growth, with good tradeoff in terms of losses.
Contingency
capacity
From reliability viewpoint, not load reach, voltage, or

technical losses (although these benefit)


82

Re-examine
periodically.
After every 5 years, or when significant changes in

construction practices, costs, or planning methods occur.
Willis, 2004.


83
Key Aspects of Economic Line

Sizing
In order of importance:
1. Use three to six conductors in the set.
N < 3: not enough choices for different loading conditions
N > 6: too many to maintain in inventory
N should include the biggest conductor
2. Ensure sufficient economic load reach.

3. Minimize cost per km.


84
Key Aspects of Economic Line

Sizing
4. Include single-phase (and vee-phase) lines
For low cost at low load without increasing inventory
5. Thermal capability far beyond the linear

range for the biggest available conductor
To handle very short but very high-load segments (e.g.,

outgoing feeders from a substation)
6. Focus and compromise:
In favor of capability for large conductors
In favor of economy for small conductors


85
Required Data
Power factor
Loss factor (or load factor and A & B coefficients)
Interest rates
Escalation rates
Costs (acquisition, construction, O&M, & taxes)
Period of evaluation (usually 30 years)
Annual load growth rates (esp. if high)
Line data for line modeling


86
Procedure
1. Line Modeling
2. Determine voltage drops and lifetime losses of distribution lines.
3. Compute present worth multipliers.
4. Compute Fixed Costs.
5. Compute Variable (Electrical Losses) Costs from no-load
condition to thermal load.
6. Compute Total Cost Functions.
7. Plot cost curves.
8. Determine economic loading ranges and load reach.

Example
Parameters for the DU

and the load
87
Data
Interest Rate
Escalation Rate
Load Growth Rate
Value
12%
3%
1.5%
O&M & Taxes
5%
Power Factor
0.90
Loss Factor
0.40
Peak Loss
Responsibility Factor
0.55
Energy Charge 6.00 PhP/kWh

Demand Charge
4.00 PhP/kW

88
Size
(1-Ph)
4
2
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
336.4
Example
Series impedance [Z] matrices

for single- and three-phase
distribution lines
Raa
Xaa
1.75
1.21
0.84
0.69
0.57
0.47
0.26
0.91
0.87
0.82
0.78
0.75
0.74
0.59
Size
(3-Ph)
Raa
Xaa
Rbb
Xbb
Rcc
Xcc
Rab
Xab
Rac
Xac
Rbc
Xbc
1.74
0.92
1.74
0.92
1.74
0.92
0.14
0.41
0.14
0.36
0.14
0.41
1.19
0.89
1.20
0.88
1.19
0.89
0.14
0.37
0.14
0.32
0.14
0.37
1/0
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.84
0.13
0.33
0.13
0.28
0.13
0.33
2/0
0.67
0.81
0.68
0.81
0.67
0.81
0.12
0.31
0.12
0.26
0.12
0.31
3/0
0.55
0.79
0.56
0.78
0.55
0.79
0.11
0.30
0.10
0.25
0.11
0.30
4/0
0.46
0.77
0.46
0.77
0.46
0.77
0.09
0.29
0.09
0.24
0.09
0.29
336.4
0.26
0.63
0.26
0.62
0.26
0.63
0.07
0.25
0.07
0.20
0.07
0.25


89
Example
Ampacities of distribution wire sizes
Size
4
2
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
336.4

Ampacity
(Amperes)
170
220
310
360
420
480
670

90
Example
Required data for costing

(PhP/km per size of distribution line)
Phase conductor
Size, number, and cost (PhP/km)
Neutral conductor
Size, number, and cost (PhP/km)
Cost of Materials
Cost of Pole (dependent on conductor size, PhP/pole)

Cost of Assembly
Labor and Overhead Costs

Contingency Costs
O&M Costs
Note: Account for all costs associated with distribution lines.

91
References
H.L. Willis, Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, 2nd

edition, Revised and Expanded, Marcel-Dekker 2004.
S.M. Leppert & A.D. Allen, Conductor life cycle cost analysis,
paper presented at the 39th Annual Rural Electric Power
Conference, IEEE 1995.
S. Mandal & A. Pahwa, Optimal selection of conductors for

distribution feeders, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 17,
No. 1, February 2002.



92


CPD2 B9 Notes8A - Economic Sizing of DX Lines - PPT 1x1

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Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power System Engineering

Distribution System Planning and

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

size of wire should be specified?

size of distribution transformer?

U. P. National Engineering Center

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Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

Power Distribution Function

Move power from point A to point B.

Power is delivered to end-users.

Competency Training & Certification Program in

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Lines and transformers are the basic elements of a

Voltage is both a performance criteria and a resource

In a well-designed distribution system, the sizes of

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Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

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Definition of Load Reach

Thermal, Emergency, & Economic Load Reach

Effects of Voltage on Load Reach

Load Reach of a Conductor Set

Load Reach as a Planning Criteria

Load Reach Calculations

U. P. National Engineering Center

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Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

[VABC] = 1.0 p.u.

[zabc] is the impedance per km of line, how

Competency Training & Certification Program in

Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

Reach: the source-to-load distance that

U. P. National Engineering Center

Competency Training & Certification Program in

Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

Thermal, Emergency, & Economic

The load reach if the feeder system is loaded at its

U. P. National Engineering Center

Competency Training & Certification Program in

Economic Sizing of Distribution Lines

Thermal, Emergency, & Economic

The load reach if the feeder system is loaded at the

% VD criteria (during emergency)

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Thermal, Emergency, & Economic

The load reach if the feeder system is loaded at the

U. P. National Engineering Center

Competency Training & Certification Program in

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Effect of Voltage on Load Reach

the voltage doubles the load reach.

Load current is halved, which effectively halves the voltage

voltage, however, has higher fixed costs.

In terms of pole, crossarm, insulators, switchgears, etc.

the appropriate distribution voltage.

In some cases, the voltage has already been chosen.