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Chapter 3
Descriptive Statistics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The focus of Chapter 3 is on the use of statistical techniques to describe data, thereby
enabling you to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Compute the mean, median, standard deviation, and variance on grouped data.
7.
8.
median is a useful device for reporting some business data such as income and housing
costs because it tends to ignore the extremes. On the other hand, the mean utilizes every
number of a data set in its computation. This makes the mean an attractive tool in
statistical analysis.
A second major category of descriptive statistical techniques are the measures of
variability. Students can understand that a measure of central tendency is often not
enough to fully describe data. The measure of variability helps the researcher get a
handle on the spread of the data. An attempt is made in this text to communicate to the
student that through the use of the empirical rule and through Chebyshevs Theorem,
students can better understand what a standard deviation means. The empirical rule will
be referred to quite often throughout the course; and therefore, it is important to
emphasize it as a rule of thumb. For example, in discussing control charts in chapter 17,
the upper and lower control limits are established by using the range of + 3 standard
deviations of the statistic as limits within which virtually all points should fall if the
process is in control. z scores are presented mainly to help bridge the gap between the
discussion of means and standard deviations in chapter 3 and the normal curve of chapter
6.
It should be emphasized that the calculation of measures of central tendency and
variability for grouped data is different than for ungrouped or raw data. While the
principles are the same for the two types of data, the implementation of the formulas are
different. Grouped data are represented by the class midpoints rather than computation
based on raw values. For this reason, the student should be cautioned that group statistics
are often just approximations.
Measures of shape are useful in helping the researcher describe a distribution of
data. The Pearsonian coefficient of skewness is a handy tool for ascertaining the degree
of skewness in the distribution. Box and Whisker plots can be used to determine the
presence of skewness in a distribution and to locate outliers. The coefficient of
correlation is introduced here instead of chapter 13 (regression chapter) so that the
student can begin to think about two variable relationships and analyses. Since the
coefficient of correlation is a stand-alone statistic, it is appropriate to present it here. In
addition, when the student studies simple regression in chapter 13, there will be a
foundation upon which to build. All in all, chapter 3 is quite important because it
presents some of the building blocks for many of the later chapters.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency: Ungrouped Data
Mode
Median
Mean
Percentiles
Quartiles
3.2 Measures of Variability - Ungrouped Data
Range
Interquartile Range
Mean Absolute Deviation, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Mean Absolute Deviation
Variance
Standard Deviation
Meaning of Standard Deviation
Empirical Rule
Chebyshevs Theorem
Population Versus Sample Variance and Standard Deviation
Computational Formulas for Variance and Standard Deviation
Z Scores
Coefficient of Variation
3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability - Grouped Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Mode
Measures of Variability
3.4 Measures of Shape
Skewness
Skewness and the Relationship of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Coefficient of Skewness
Kurtosis
Box and Whisker Plot
3.5 Measures of Association
Correlation
3.6 Descriptive Statistics on the Computer
KEY TERMS
Arithmetic Mean
Bimodal
Box and Whisker Plot
Chebyshevs Theorem
Coefficient of Correlation (r)
Coefficient of Skewness
Measures of Variability
Median
Mesokurtic
Mode
Multimodal
Percentiles
Platykurtic
Quartiles
Range
Skewness
Standard Deviation
Sum of Squares of x
Variance
z Score
Mode
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
The mode = 4
4 is the most frequently occurring value
3.2
3.3
Median
Arrange terms in ascending order:
073, 167, 199, 213, 243, 345, 444, 524, 609, 682
There are 10 terms.
Since there are an even number of terms, the median is the average of the
two middle terms:
Median = 243 + 345 = 588 = 294
2
2
Mean
7
-2
5
9
0
-3
-6
-7
-4
-5
2
-8
x = -12
3.6
= x/N = -12/12 = -1
= x/n = -12/12 = -1
35
(15) 5.25
100
55
(15) 8.25
100
25
(15) 3.75
100
th
8th term
Q2 = 25
Q3 = P75
i
75
(15) 11.25
100
20
( 24) 4.8
100
47
( 24) 11.28
100
83
(24) 19.92
100
25
( 24) 6
100
114
Q2 = Median
The median is located at the:
24 1
th
12.5th term
Q2 = (127 + 128)/ 2 =
127.5
Q3 = P75
i
75
( 24) 18
100
3.8
x 43,063 2,870.87
Mean =
15
15 1
th
= 8th term
Median = 2,264
Q2 = Median = 2,264
i
63
(15) 9.45
100
75
(10) 7.5
100
20
(10) 2
100
60
(10) 6
100
th
5.5th position
For P80:
i
80
(10) 8
100
93
(10) 9.3
100
n = 17
Mean =
x 61 3.59
N
17
17 1
The median is located at the
th
= 9th term
Median = 4
Mode = 4
Q3 = P75:
i=
75
(17) 12.75
100
i=
11
(17) 1.87
100
i=
35
(17) 5.95
100
10
i=
58
(17) 9.86
100
i=
67
(17) 11 .39
100
x
6
2
4
9
1
3
5
x = 30
6-4.2857 =
x- =
x -
1.7143
2.2857
0.2857
4.7143
3.2857
1.2857
0.7143
14.2857
(x-)2
2.9388
5.2244
.0816
22.2246
10.7958
1.6530
.5102
2
(x -) = 43.4284
x 30
4.2857
N
7
a.) Range = 9 - 1 = 8
b.) M.A.D. =
c.) 2 =
d.)
x
N
14.2857
2.041
7
( x ) 2
43.4284
= 6.204
N
7
( x ) 2
6.204 = 2.491
N
11
e.) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9
Q1 = P25
i =
25
(7) = 1.75
100
75
(7) = 5.25
100
3.12
x
4
3
0
5
2
9
4
z =
6 4.2857
= 0.69
2.491
z =
2 4.2857
= -0.92
2.491
z =
4 4.2857
= -0.11
2.491
z =
9 4.2857
= 1.89
2.491
z =
1 4.2857
= -1.32
2.491
z =
3 4.2857
= -0.52
2.491
z =
5 4.2857
= 0.29
2.491
x x
0
1
4
1
2
5
0
( x x) 2
0
1
16
1
4
25
0
5
x = 32
x
x x
1
= 14
12
1
( x x ) = 48
2
x 32
=4
n
8
a) Range = 9 - 0 = 9
xx
b) M.A.D. =
c) s2 =
14
8
= 1.75
( x x ) 2
48
= 6.857
n 1
7
( x x ) 2
n 1
d) s =
6.857 = 2.619
e) Numbers in order: 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 9
Q1 = P25
i =
25
(8) = 2
100
75
(8) = 6
100
Q1 = (2 + 3)/2 =
x
12
23
19
26
24
23
x = 127
=
=
(x-)
12-21.167= -9.167
1.833
-2.167
4.833
2.833
1.833
(x -) = -0.002
(x -)2
84.034
3.360
4.696
23.358
8.026
3.360
2
(x -) = 126.834
x 127
= 21.167
N
6
( x ) 2
126.834
N
6
21.139
b.)
x
12
23
19
26
24
23
x = 127
13
x2
144
529
361
676
576
529
2
x = 2815
= 4.598
ORIGINAL FORMULA
14
=
(x) 2
N
N
x 2
(127) 2
6
2815
= 4.598
2815 2688.17
126.83
21.138
6
6
SHORT-CUT FORMULA
s2 = 433.9267
s = 20.8309
x = 1387
x2 = 87,365
n = 25
x = 55.48
3.15
2 = 58,631.359
= 242.139
x = 6886
x2 = 3,901,664
n = 16
= 430.375
3.16
14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 35, 37, 38, 39, 39, 40, 44,
46, 58, 59, 59, 70, 71, 73, 82, 84, 90
Q1 = P25
i =
25
( 25) = 6.25
100
15
Q1 = 25
Q3 = P75
i =
75
( 25) = 18.75
100
34
3.17
a)
1
1 3
1 .75
2
2
4 4
b)
1
1
1
.84
2
2.5
6.25
c)
1
1
1
.609
2
1.6
2.56
d)
1
1
1
.902
2
3.2
10.24
3.18
Set 1:
1
x 262
65.5
N
4
(x) 2
(262) 2
17,970
N
4
N
4
x 2
Set 2:
2
x 570
142.5
N
4
= 14.2215
(x) 2
(570) 2
82,070
N
4
N
4
x 2
CV1 =
14.2215
(100) = 21.71%
65.5
CV2 =
14.5344
(100) = 10.20%
142.5
16
= 14.5344
3.19
x
x x
7
5
10
12
9
8
14
3
11
13
8
6
106
1.833
3.833
1.167
3.167
0.167
0.833
5.167
5.833
2.167
4.167
0.833
2.833
32.000
( x x) 2
3.361
14.694
1.361
10.028
0.028
0.694
26.694
34.028
4.694
17.361
0.694
8.028
121.665
x 106
= 8.833
n
12
a) MAD =
xx
n
32
12
= 2.667
b) s2 =
( x x) 2 121.665
= 11.06
n 1
11
c) s =
s 2 11.06
= 3.326
17
6 8.833
3.326
= - 0.85
(3.326)(100)
= 37.65%
8.833
f.) CV =
3.20 n = 11
= 292.36
x
768
429
323
306
286
262
215
172
162
148
145
x = 3216
x = 3216
x-
x-
475.64
136.64
30.64
13.64
6.36
30.36
77.36
120.36
130.36
144.36
147.36
= 1313.08
x2 = 1,267,252
c.) 2 =
x
N
1313.08
= 119.37
11
(x) 2
(3216) 2
1,267,252
N
11
N
11
x 2
= 29,728.23
d.) =
= 172.42
29,728.23
e.) Q1 = P25:
i = .25(11) = 2.75
i = .75(11) = 8.25
x 172 292.36
172.42
172.42
= -0.70
= 125
= 12
= 38
=6
18
19
= 2
6
x 2 12
= -2
1
1
1 3
1 2 1
= .75
2
K
2
4 4
= 38
=6
x1 - = 62 - 38 = 24
x2 - = 14 - 38 = -24
x1 24
= 4
6
x 2 24
= -4
K=4
1
1
1
1 15
1 2 1
= .9375
2
K
4
16 16
1
=.89
K2
.11 =
1
K2
20
.11 K2 = 1
K2 =
1
.11
K2 = 9.09
K
= 3.015
With = 38, = 6 and K = 3.015 at least 89% of the values fall within:
3.015
38 3.015 (6)
38 18.09
19.91 and 56.09
3.23
1-
1
= .80
K2
1 - .80 =
1
K2
.20 =
1
K2
.20K2
K2 = 5
=1
and
K = 2.236
21
= 2.67
= 28 and 77% of the values lie between 24 and 32 or + 4 from the mean:
1-
1
= .77
K2
k2 = 4.3478
k = 2.085
2.085 = 4
=
3.25
4
= 1.918
2.085
= 29
=4
x1 - = 21 - 29 = -8
x2 - = 37 - 29 = +8
x1 8
= -2 Standard Deviations
4
x2 8
= 2 Standard Deviations
Since the distribution is normal, the empirical rule states that 95% of
the values fall within 2 .
Exceed 37 days:
Since 95% fall between 21 and 37 days, 5% fall outside this range. Since the normal
distribution is symmetrical 2% fall below 21 and above 37.
Thus, 2% lie above the value of 37.
Exceed 41 days:
x 41 29 12
= 3 Standard deviations
4
4
22
= 4
x 25 29 4
= -1 Standard Deviation
4
4
x
97
109
111
118
120
130
132
133
137
137
x = 1224
x2 = 151,486
Bordeaux: x = 137
z =
137 122.4
= 1.07
13.615
Montreal: x = 130
z =
130 122.4
= 0.56
13.615
Edmonton: x = 111
n = 10
= 122.4
s = 13.615
z =
23
111 122.4
= -0.84
13.615
Hamilton: x = 97
z =
3.27
97 122.4
= -1.87
13.615
Mean
Class
0- 2
2- 4
4- 6
6- 8
8 - 10
10 - 12
12 - 14
f
39
27
16
15
10
8
6
f=121
fM
561
f
121
M
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
fM
39
81
80
105
90
88
78
fM=561
= 4.64
Mean:
f
220
150
90
110
280
f=850
=
fM
1902
f
850
M
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.0
fM
308
270
198
286
840
fM=1902
= 2.24
Class
fM
20-30
30-40
7
11
25
35
175
385
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
18
13
6
4
Total
59
f ( M ) 2
10,955.93
= 185.694
f
59
2 =
=
185.694
Class
5- 9
9 - 13
13 - 17
17 - 21
21 - 25
f
20
18
8
6
2
f=54
13.627
M
7
11
15
19
23
fM
140
198
120
114
46
fM= 618
fM2
980
2,178
1,800
2,166
1,058
2
fm = 8,182
(fM ) 2
(618) 2
8182
n
54 8182 7071.7 = 20.9
n 1
53
53
fM 2
s =
3.31
= 47.034
(M - )2
f(M - )2
485.4927
3398.449
144.8147
1592.962
4.1367
74.462
63.4588
824.964
322.7808
1936.685
782.1028
3128.411
Total 10,955.933
M-
-22.0339
-12.0339
- 2.0339
7.9661
17.9661
27.9661
s2 =
810
715
390
300
2775
fM
2775
f
59
3.30
45
55
65
75
24
Class
18 - 24
24 - 30
30 - 36
36 - 42
42 - 48
48 - 54
S2
20.9
f
17
22
26
35
33
30
= 4.57
M
21
27
33
39
45
51
fM
357
594
858
1,365
1,485
1,530
fM2
7,497
16,038
28,314
53,235
66,825
78,030
54 - 60
60 - 66
66 - 72
32
21
15
f= 231
a.) Mean: x
57
63
69
25
1,824
103,968
1,323
83,349
1,035
71,415
2
fM= 10,371 fM = 508,671
fM
fM
10,371
= 44.9
n
f
231
b.) Mode. The Modal Class = 36-42. The mode is the class midpoint = 39
c.) s2 =
(fM ) 2
(10,371) 2
508,671
43,053.5 = 187.2
n
231
n 1
230
230
fM 2
d.) s =
= 13.7
187.2
3.32
a.) Mean
Class
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
f
31
57
26
14
6
3
f=137
fM
258.5
f
137
b.) Mode:
fM
fM2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
15.5
85.5
65.0
49.0
27.0
16.5
fM=258.5
7.75
128.25
162.50
171.50
121.50
90.75
2
fM =682.25
= 1.89
c.) Variance:
(fM ) 2
(258.5) 2
fM
682.25
2 =
N
137
N
137
2
= 1.4197
26
f
20-30
8
30-40
7
40-50
1
50-60
0
60-70
3
70-80
1
f = 20
2 1.4197 = 1.1915
fM2
fM
25
200
5000
35
245
8575
45
45
2025
55
0
0
65
195
12675
75
75
5625
2
fM = 760 fM = 33900
a.) Mean:
=
fM
760
f
20
= 38
(fM ) 2
(760) 2
33,900
= 251
N
20
N
20
fM 2
251
= 15.843
3.34
No. of Farms
0 - 20,000
20,000 - 40,000
40,000 - 60,000
60,000 - 80,000
80,000 - 100,000
100,000 - 120,000
16
11
10
6
5
1
f = 49
fM
1,970,000
f
49
M
10,000
30,000
50,000
70,000
90,000
110,000
27
fM
160,000
330,000
500,000
420,000
450,000
110,000
fM2 = 1,970,000
= 40,204
The actual mean for the ungrouped data is 37,816. This computed group
mean, 40,204, is really just an approximation based on using the class
midpoints in the calculation. Apparently, the actual numbers of farms per
state in some categories do not average to the class midpoint and in fact
might be less than the class midpoint since the actual mean is less than the
grouped data mean.
fM2 = 1.185x1011
2 =
(fm) 2
(1.97 x106 ) 2
1.18 x1011
N
49
N
49
fM 2
= 801,999,167
= 28,319.59
The actual standard deviation was 29,341. The difference again is due to
the grouping of the data and the use of class midpoints to represent the
data. The class midpoints due not accurately reflect the raw data.
3.35
mean = $35
median = $33
mode = $21
The stock prices are skewed to the right. While many of the stock prices
are at the cheaper end, a few extreme prices at the higher end pull the
mean.
3.36
mean = 51
median = 54
mode = 59
28
The distribution is skewed to the left. More people are older but the most
extreme ages are younger ages.
3.37
Sk =
3.38
n = 25
x
3( M d ) 3(5.51 3.19)
9.59
x = 600
x2 = 15,462
= 24
Sk =
= 0.726
s = 6.6521
3( x M d ) 3(24 23)
= 0.451
s
6.6521
Q1 = 500.
Median = 558.5.
Q3 = 589.
n = 18
i =
Q1 = P25:
25
(18) = 4.5
100
Q1 = 5th term =
66
Q3 = P75:
i =
75
(18) = 13.5
100
Q3 = 14th term =
90
Median:
( n 1)th
(18 1)th 19
2
2
2
29
th
= 9.5th term
Median = 74
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 90 - 66 =
24
30
126
-6
162
There are no extreme outliers. The only mild outlier is 21. The
distribution is positively skewed since the median is nearer to Q1 than Q3.
3.41
x = 80
y2 = 815
x2 = 1,148
xy = 624
xy
r =
x y
( x )
x
n
y = 69
n=7
( y ) 2
(80)(69)
7
2
(80)
(69) 2
1
,
148
815
7
7
624
r =
164.571
r = 177.533 = -0.927
164.571
( 233.714)(134.857) =
3.42
x = 1,087
y2 = 878,686
30
x2 = 322,345
xy= 507,509
xy
y = 2,032
n=5
x y
n
r =
( x )
x
n
r =
(1,087)( 2,032)
5
2
(1,087)
(2,032) 2
322
,
345
878
,
686
5
5
r =
65,752.2
65,752.2
(86,031.2)(52,881.2) = 67,449.5 = .975
( y ) 2
507,509
3.43
Delta (x)
SW (y)
47.6
46.3
50.6
52.6
52.4
52.7
15.1
15.4
15.9
15.6
16.4
18.1
x = 302.2
x2 = 15,259.62
xy
y = 96.5
xy = 4,870.11
2
y = 1,557.91
x y
n
r =
( x )
x
n
r =
(302.2)(96.5)
6
2
(302.2)
(96.5) 2
15
,
259
.
62
1
,
557
.
91
6
6
( y ) 2
n
4,870.11
= .6445
3.44
x = 6,087
y = 1,050
xy = 1,130,483
x2 = 6,796,149
y2 = 194,526
n=9
xy
x2
r =
31
x y
n
( x )
n
2
y2
( y ) 2
(6,087)(1,050)
9
2
(6,087)
(1,050) 2
6,796,149
194,526
9
9
1,130,483
r =
r =
420,333
(2,679,308)(72,026)
3.45
420,333
439
,294.705 = .957
=
x2 = 58.7911
y2 = 41.7054
n=8
xy
r =
2
x
x y
( x )
n
2
y2
( y ) 2
n
(17.09)(15.12)
8
2
(17.09)
(15.12) 2
58
.
7911
41
.
7054
8
8
48.97
r =
r =
16.6699
(22.28259)(13.1286)
16.6699
= 17.1038 = .975
32
xy
x y
n
r =
( x )
x
n
r =
(15.12)(15.86)
8
2
(15.12)
(15.86) 2
41
.
7054
42
.
0396
8
8
r =
11.618
11.618
(13.1286)(10.59715) = 11.795 = .985
( y ) 2
41.5934
x2 = 58.7911
y2 = 42.0396
n=8
xy
r =
2
x
x y
( x )
n
2
y2
( y ) 2
n
(17.09)(15.86)
8
2
(17.09)
(15.86) 2
58
.
7911
42
.
0396
8
8
48.5827
r =
r =
14.702
( 2.2826)(10.5972)
14.702
= 15.367 = .957
3.46
33
x 75
= 2.5
n
30
n 1
30 1 21
= 15.5th position.
2
2
2
i =
Q1 is the 8th term =
Q3 = P75:
75
(30) = 22.5
100
i =
Q3 is the 23rd term =
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 3 - 1 = 2
3.47
P10:
i =
P10 = 4.5th term =
23
10
(40) = 4
100
34
P80:
i =
P80 = 32.5th term =
80
(40) = 32
100
49.5
Q1 = P25:
i =
P25 = 10.5th term =
25
(40) = 10
100
27.5
Q3 = P75:
i =
P75 = 30.5th term =
75
(40) = 30
100
47.5
x 126,904
= 6345.2
N
20
35
3.49
x = 9,332,908
n = 10
x2 = 1.06357x1013
(x) 2
(9332908) 2
1.06357 x1013
N
10
N
10
x 2
3.50
a.)
x
= 26,675/11 = 2425
N
Median = 1965
= 438,789.2
b.)
36
c.)
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 1335
Variance:
2
( x ) 2
( 26,675) 2
x
86,942,873
=
= 2,023,272.55
N
11
N
11
2
standard Deviation:
=
d.)
2,023,272.55
= 1422.42
Texaco:
z =
x 1532 2425
= -0.63
1422.42
ExxonMobil:
z =
x 6300 2425
= 2.72
1422.42
e.)
37
Skewness:
Sk =
3( M d ) 3(2425 1965)
= 0.97
1422.42
3.51 a.)
x 20,310
= 2,031
n
10
Mean:
Median:
1670 1920
= 1795
2
Mode:
No Mode
b.) Range:
Q1:
1
(10) 2.5
4
Q3:
3
(10) 7.5
4
Q3 = 2550
MAD =
s2 =
x x
x x
1319
769
519
19
111
361
371
461
611
711
5252
xx
x x
n 1
5252
10
1,739,761
591,361
269,361
361
12,321
130,321
137,641
212,521
373,321
505,521
3,972,490
= 525.2
3,972,490 = 441,387.78
9
s=
s2
441,387.78
38
= 664.37
3( x M d ) 3( 2031 1795)
= 1.066
s
664.37
1500
2500
$ Millions
3500
3.52
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
39
fM
fM2
9
16
27
44
42
23
7
2
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
47.5
52.5
157.5
360.0
742.5
1430.0
1575.0
977.5
332.5
105.0
2756.25
8100.00
20418.75
46475.00
59062.50
41543.75
15793.75
5512.50
fM = 5680.0
fM2 = 199662.50
f = 170
a.) Mean:
=
fM
5680
f
170
= 33.412
Mode: The Modal Class is 30-35. The class midpoint is the mode = 32.5.
b.) Variance:
(fM ) 2
(5680) 2
fM
199,662.5
2 =
N
170
N
170
2
standard Deviation:
=
3.53
Class
0 - 20
20 - 40
40 - 60
60 - 80
80 - 100
f
32
16
13
10
19
f = 90
M
10
30
50
70
90
58.139
= 7.625
fM
320
480
650
700
1,710
fM= 3,860
fM2
3,200
14,400
32,500
49,000
153,900
fM2= 253,000
= 58.139
40
a) Mean:
x
fM
fm 3,860
= 42.89
n
f
90
Mode: The Modal Class is 0-20. The midpoint of this class is the mode = 10.
b) standard Deviation:
(fM ) 2
n
n 1
fM 2
s =
87,448.9
89
253,000
89
(3860) 2
90
253,000 165,551.1
89
982.571
= 31.346
3.54
x = 36
y = 44
xy = 188
x2 = 256
y2 = 300
n =7
xy
x y
n
r =
( x )
x
n
r =
(36)(44)
7
2
(36)
(44) 2
256
300
7
7
( y ) 2
n
188
r =
38.2857
(70.8571)(23.42857) =
=
38.2857
40.7441 = -.940
3.55
CVx =
41
x
3.45
(100%)
(100%) = 10.78%
x
32
5.40
y
CVY = (100%) 84 (100%) = 6.43%
y
= 7.5
From the Empirical Rule: 99.7% of the values lie in + 3 = 7.5 + 3
3 = 14 - 7.5 = 6.5
= 2.167
suppose that = 7.5, = 1.7:
95% lie within + 2 = 7.5 + 2(1.7) = 7.5 + 3.4
Between 4.1 and 10.9
3.57
= 419, = 27
a.) 68%: + 1
95%:
419 + 27
392 to 446
+ 2
419 + 2(27)
365 to 473
99.7%: + 3
419 + 3(27)
338 to 500
c.)
x = 400. z =
42
400 419
= -0.704. This worker is in the lower half of
27
x 33,750
= 8,437.50
N
4
(x) 2
N
N
x 2
562,512,500
(33,750) 2
4
= 8332.87
b.)
x
x2
Hungary
7,800
60,840,000
Poland
7,200
51,840,000
Romania
3,900
15,210,000
Bosnia/Herz 1,770
3,132,900
2
x=20,670
x =131,022,900
=
x 20,670
= 5,167.50
N
4
(x) 2
(20,670) 2
131,022,900
N
4
N
4
x 2
= 2,460.22
c.)
CV1 =
1
8,332.87
(100)
(100) = 98.76%
1
8,437.50
CV2 =
2
2,460.22
(100)
(100) = 47.61%
2
5,167.50
3.59
Mean
Median
Mode
43
$35,748
$31,369
$29,500
since these three measures are not equal, the distribution is skewed. The
distribution is skewed to the right. Often, the median is preferred in reporting
income data because it yields information about the middle of the data while
ignoring extremes.
3.60
x = 36.62
y = 57.23
xy = 314.9091
x2 = 217.137
y2 = 479.3231
n =8
xy
r =
2
x
x y
( x )
n
2
y2
( y ) 2
n
(36.62)(57.23)
8
2
(36.62)
(57.23) 2
217.137
479.3231
8
8
314.9091
r =
r =
52.938775
( 49.50895)(69.91399)
= .90
Q1 = P25:
i =
25
( 20) = 5
100
i =
44
75
( 20) = 15
100
th
n 1
20 1
= 10.5th term
2
2
Inner Fences:
Q1 - 1.5 IQR = 43.85 44.775 = - 0.925
Q3 + 1.5 IQR = 73.7 + 44.775 = 118.475
Outer Fences:
Q1 - 3.0 IQR = 43.85 89.55 = - 45.70
Q3 + 3.0 IQR = 73.7 + 89.55 = 163.25
b.) and c.) There are no outliers in the lower end. There is one extreme
outlier in the upper end (214.2). There are two mile outliers at the
upper end (133.7 and 158.8). since the median is nearer to Q1, the
distribution is positively skewed.
d.) There are three dominating, large ports
Displayed below is the MINITAB boxplot for this problem.
20
120
220
Tonnage
3.62
Paris:
1 - 1/k2 = .53
k = 1.459
k = 2.425
45