International Journal of Ecosystem 2013, 3(3): 30-36

DOI: 10.5923/j.ije.20130303.03

Evaluation Crop Water Requirement on the Dryland at

the West Bangkala Sub District of Jeneponto Regency
Sahindomi Bana1,* , Sugeng Prijono 2 , Ariffin3 , Soemarno 2
1

Doctoral Program of Agriculture Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, M alang

2
Department of soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, M alang
3
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, M alang

Abstract Aims of the present work were to analyze crop water requirement and yield reduction due to rice planting time

delay in the first season and maize p lanting time in the second season. Data analysis were perfo rmed using the program
CropWat 8, soil moisture 103 mm m-1, climate data of 1995-2010 period fro m Bontosungguh station, Latitude: 050 16 '48''
Longitude: 1190 25' 24'' of Gowa regency, rainfall data of 1997-2010 period, were obtained fro m the Benteng/Alio station,
latitude: 050 35 46.1 and the longitude 1190 33 49.5 of Jeneponto of South Sulawesi. Calculation of potential
evapotranspiration (ETo) used Pen man-Monteith equation. Reduction of rice y ield in the wet season less than 5% and yield
reduction of maize reach 30% if the delay until 4 decade. Delay of p lanting time of first and second planting time is maximu m
of 37 days with a maximu m of 40% yield reduction.

Keywords Cropwat 8, Crop Water Requirement, Planting Time, Yield Reduction

1. Introduction
Jeneponto regency has 749.79 km2 area, sawah area in
2009 o f 15.670.49 ha and dryland area of 42.699.92 ha[12].
Dryland farmer cult ivate their land on ly once a year, during
the wet season. In second planting season (end of the wet
season), farmer facing the water supply that only come fro m
rain water. Generally, yield decreased by 50% due to water
stress[35]. Generally farmers are not cultivating their lands
in third p lanting period (dry season), due to limit of water
supply[11]
Crop need availab le water sufficiently and at the right time
during its growth stages[22]. Timing of planting and
growing season is usually based on indicators of water
sufficiently index, known as
ratio
of actual
evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop evapotranspiration
(ETc)[44]. Crop water requirement is amount of water
needed to supply its evapotranspiration needs[4]. Equation to
analyze crop water requirement in mm day -1 (ETc), is ETc =
Kc.ETo, in which Kc is crop coefficient, ETo is potential
evapotranspiration (mm day -1 )[20]
Water balance is calculation of all water that enter and out
of spatial dimension at certain period[14]. In agricu ltural
lands, in general water balance is calculated in the root zone
per unit o f land area. Water balance in the root zone is
formu lated in equat ion of S = P-I-E-T-RO-DD[36].The
* Corresponding author:
omie_soil@yahoo.com (Sahindomi Bana)
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ije
Copyright 2013 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved

land water balance is useful in evaluating suitability of

agricultural land, regulating planting and harvesting time,
scheduling irrigation in supplying a sufficient water in an
appropriate time. The p lanting delay resulting in an limited
available soil moisture which can be used by plants[33]. So il
water balance and water use efficiency calculations and also
required in conservation groundwater[25].
Water deficit reduced crop size and grain y ield [27, 29, 31,
35, 52, 53]. Water stresses at drylands are also known as
drought stresses[4]. Khan[30] in his research showed that
water stress at the maize of variety YHS 202 reduced maize
growth and grain yield.
Water deficit resulted in maize yield reduction about
50-60%[8], decrease 40%[13], decrease 40% at tasselling
phase and 66-93% during the format ion of ear[15], yield
decrease 27,9% during drought in silking phase and 35,5% at
seed filling phase[2], water deficit in flowering phase
resulted a high decrease of maize yield[5], decrease 30%
maize yield[46]. Research Subekti[48] showed that water
stress occurring at leaves to 11 which had been perfectly
open until leaves to 15-18, can inhib it silking formation. The
research of Simons[47] showed due to stress during dry
season a year in Northwest of New South Wales reducing
wheat yield and very low level harvest index. The decrease
of 35% and 68% of wheat yield during drought stress[3].
Incompatibility between climate and crops water use
require managements practices to reduce risk of crop failu re
due to water shortage[50]. Aims of the present work were to
analyze crop water requirement and yield reduction due to
rice planting t ime delay in the first season and maize planting
time in the second season

International Journal of Ecosystem 2013, 3(3): 30-36

2. Methods

31

period of 1997-2010, fro m the Benteng/Alio station, lat itude:

05o 35 46.1 and the longitude 119o 33 49.5 of Jeneponto
regency, South Sulawesi[18]. The data of crop are presented
in Table 1, soil data are presented in Table 2.

This research was carried out in Jeneponto regency, South

Sulawesi. Using climatology data period of 1995-2010 were
obtained from Bontosungguh station, latitude : 050 16 48,
longitude 1190 25 24 of Gowa regency[17], rainfall data

Table 1. Crop Data

Crops

Indicators

Rice

length of growth stage (days)

Kc
Ky
Rooting (m)
Depletion (p)
length of growth stage (days)
Kc
Ky
Root length (m)
Depletion (p)

Maize

I
20
0.50
1.00
0.10
0.20
17
0.40
0.40
0.20
0.50

Growth Stages
II
III
30
40
>>>
1.05
1.09
1.32
>>>
0.60
>>>
0.20
30
29
>>>
1.15
0.40
1.00
>>>
0.60
>>>
0.60

IV
30
0.70
0.50
0.60
0.20
18
0.50
0.40
0.60
0.90

Total
120
1.10
98
0.85

Source:[19]

Table 2. Land Data

Parameter
Textural class
Soil moisture total
Maximum infiltration rate
Rooting depth
Initial available soil moisture

Value
Clay
130 mm m -1
40 mm hari-1
60 cm
130 mm m -1

Source: Results of soil sample analysis (2011)

The research was done using CropWat 8 programme[16]. Calculat ion of potential evapotranspiration (ETo) (mm month -1 )
900
U2 (VPD ) ]/[ + (1 + 0.34U2) ]} [4].
uses FAO Penman-Monteith equation: ETo = {[0,408 (Rn G) +
T+273
Cropping pattern researched are rice (wet season) Maize (dry season-1). Simu lation planting delay of rice (wet season) and
maize (dry season-1) performed per decade until next season's planting time.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Rainfall and Evapotrans piration
Dryland agriculture only depend on water stored in soil profile is sourced fro m rainfall[22]. Rain fall, evapotranspiration,
water surplus and water deficit presented in Table 3.
Ta ble 3.

Rainfall, Evapotranspiration, Water Surplus and Water Deficit

Month

Rainfall *

ETo **

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

(mm)
418.90
356.70
183.10
130.10
51.10
69.70
33.70
3.90
41.10
54.40
95.90
153.60

(mm/month)
106.33
96.32
117.80
117.00
117.80
108.60
115.01
127.41
139.80
143.53
125.40
107.26

Source: * = Dinas Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air Sulawesi Selatan

** = CropWat 8 Method
*** = Thortwaite Mather Method

WSJeneberang

Water ***
Surplus
(mm)
557.50
259.80
63.80
12.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Water ***
Deficit
(mm)
0
0
0
0
5.10
6.90
23.50
55.50
58.20
59.80
20.80
0

Sahindomi Bana et al.: Evaluation Crop Water Requirement on The Dryland

at the West Bangkala Sub District of Jeneponto Regency

3.2. Crop Water Requirement

The water requirement of rice p lanting presented in
Figures 1 and 2, and the water requirement of maize of
planting time the second with a delay until decade-6 is
presented in Figure 3 and 4.
Figure 1 shows that rice crop water requirements until
harvest can be supplied by rain water. However if done delay
planting until January-3 (Figure 2), rainfall can not meet the
crop water requirement, especially in the last phase, resulting
in yield reduction of 3.7% (Table 4). The yield reduction due
to delay planting time is in line with the results of research
Nahar[41] which showed a decrease in yield due to planting
delay until 10-20 days time. Crop water requirement is water
used by crop for cell develop ment and transpiration[4, 44].
Crop growth process is affected by soil moisture availab ility
in the soil[32]. Water availability in the soil is soil's ability
to hold water for availab le to plants, but if there is no water
supply, then water content in the root zone decreases due to
absorption of water by plants[4]. The research of
Abayomi[1] showed that water shortages resulting in an
growth and yield of maize is significantly reduced.
Figure 3 and 4 show the maize water requirement is fro m
rainfall only supplied in the early p lanting, but towards next
growth phase, crops suffering water shortages so yield
reduction of reach 11-51%. yield reduction higher due to soil
mo isture availability for crop growth only fro m rain water at
first planting time. In line with the research Wang[51]
showed that rain water in first growing season contributed
only 39.1 42.4% for maize water requirement in dry
season.

140

ET rice (mm/decade)
Effective rainfall (mm/decade)
Irrigation requirement (mm/decade)

120
100

Water (mm)

Evapotranspiration is calculated for one year planting t ime

for rice and maize. According to Savva and Frenken[44]
evapotranspiration can be calculated if sufficient climate
data available about 10 years. Crop evapotranspiration over
15 years in varies research areas, the highest in October
(143.53 mm month -1 ) and lo west in January (96.32 mm
month -1 ). Evapotranspiration started to decline in the months
of December through to February, it is due to start high
rainfall in the months and peak of rains in January and
February. In line with the research Aryal[6] showed that a
decrease in evapotranspiration with increased rainfall. In the
area study there were four months of surplus water which
occurred in January through April, and there is a water
deficit is 7 months from May to November and December is
a month of transition fro m a deficit to a surplus month. The
availability of water is strongly influenced by the amount of
precipitation that falls, the greater the rainfall will increase
the potential water available[49].

80
60
40
20
0

Time of planting

Figure 1.
decade-1
120

Rice water requirement at planting period of wet season of

ET rice (mm/decade)
Effective rainfall (mm/decade)

100

Irrigation requirement (mm/decade)

80
Water (mm)

32

60

40

20

Time of planting

Figure 2.
decade-6

Rice water requirement at planting period of wet season of

Figure 3 and 4 show water requirement on delay p lanting

an increasingly more long, caused the plant stress, especially
in certain phases where plants need sufficient water to
produce optimal. Each p lant has a critical period of water
stress are different so it is important to know time of water
shortages due to it deals with y ield[44]. Decrease of maize
yield if water stress in the phase flowers[5, 33, 40]. So need

International Journal of Ecosystem 2013, 3(3): 30-36

to know the right time of planting to prevent water shortages.

Research of Lee[34] stated that the shift time of planting
fro m May to March to avoid water shortage, so it can reduce
yield reduction.
ET maize (mm/decade)
Effective rainfall (mm/decade)
Irrigation requirement (mm/decade)

40
35

Water (mm)

30

33

more water in dry season than wet season[23]. The results

Berzsenyia and Tokatlid is[10] showed rain fall variation
contribute to the diversity of maize yields ranged from 1.46
to 7.67 t ha-1 . Maize yields greater in rainfall of 400 mm
year-1 compared with 220 mm rainfall year-1 [43]. Research
of Bad ran[7] showed that planting earlier in April
significantly increase maize y ields than planting delays in
May. The combination of radiation, temperature, rainfall and
time of p lanting delay affect results of soybean[26].

25

45

ET maize (mm/decade)

20

40

Effective rainfall (mm/decade)

15

35

Irrigation requirement (mm/decade)

30

10

25
Water (mm)

5
0

20
15
10
5

Time of planting

Figure 3. Maize water requirement at planting period of wet season of

decade-1

Figure 5 shows time of planting delay resulted in crop

water requirement increased. The longer planting delay
resulted in water availability decreases. This is due to less
rain that fell so that crops needed more water. Crops need

Time of planting

Figure 4. Maize water requirement at planting period of wet season of

decade-6

200
180
y = 18.46x + 78.24
R = 0.929

Crop water requirement

(mm decade-1 ) (y)

160
140

y = 17.29x + 73.42
R = 0.985

120
100
80
60

Rice

40

Maize

20
0
Decade 1

Decade 2

Decade 3

Decade 4

Decade 5

Time of planting (x)

Figure 5. Relationship between planting time delay and crop water requirement

Decade 6

Sahindomi Bana et al.: Evaluation Crop Water Requirement on The Dryland

at the West Bangkala Sub District of Jeneponto Regency

34

Figure 6. Relationship between planting time delay in the second planting season (dry season 1) and yield reduction, and available soil moisture

3.3. Ti me of Pl anting Del ay and Yiel d Reduction

The appropriate planting time will determine the crops
success in dryland due to depend on climate (rainfall,
temperature, hu midity, and sun rays). Analysis results with
CropWat8 showed that the planting time in the wet season,
either at beginning or delay, impact on the yield reduction
(Table 4). Planting time associated with soil mo isture
availability every season, and it can affect y ield reduction.
Date of p lanting rice role in increasing the growth and grain
yield[24]. Rice p lanting of decade-1 (15 Desember) up to
decade-6 (30 Januari), resulted in y ield reduction less than
5%. This is in line with research by Sha and Linscombe[45];
Faghani[21] that planting time delay of rice will gradually
lead to a reduction of grain y ield.
Although the yield reduction obtained are very small at
planting in rainy season ie decade-1 to decade-6, but planting
will impact on the yield reduction for the t ime of planting in
the dry season due to associated with a time of planting
delay. Research Beraigi[9]; Rah man[42] showed that time of
planting delay will impact on the growth and yield
components of maize.

done to avoid the water deficit in order to prevent yield

reduction[51]. The time o f seeding have a impact at the yield
production, seeding delay 30-45 days at the early May will
result high yield reduction[37]. The research of
McKenzie[38], delay planting up to 20 days cause the wheat
yield decrease reaches 20% and higher at the dry condition.
Planting wheat early, y ield reached 113-134% of the average,
but delay to late planting resulted in reduced yield
54-76%[28]. Fo r some crops, delay seeding make yield
reduction by 0.6 to 1.7% per day after the end of April[39].

4. Conclusions
Delay of planting time increase crop water requirement,
either in wet season or in the dry season. Yield reduction less
than 5%, if planting delay of rice in the wet season until
decade-6 (21 Januari). Delays planting until decade-6 (24
May) have an impact on maize yield reduction reach 41.6%.
Delay of first and second planting time is 37 days with a
maximu m y ield reduction is about 40%.

Table 4. The planting time delay, moisture balance and yield reduction of
rice in the wet season
Crop
rotation

Rice
maize

Crop

Plantin
g time

Effective
Rainfall
(mm)

ET c/ET
m
(%)

Reduction
(%)

Rice

15/12
25/12
1 /1
11 /1
21 /1
30 /1

1165.5
1165.7
947.2
937.0
906.8
826.0

99.9
100
100
100
99.5
96.6

0.1
0
0
0
0.6
3.7

Figure 6 showed that delay of planting time increase yield

reduction. Planting delay until mid-May, the reduction
reaches 30%. This is due to planting delay into dry season
means more limited soil moisture availability. Planting is

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