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Topic:IntroductionoftheConceptofForce.
CHANGEINPOSITION:
Toknowforcewell,firstwehavetounderstandwhatdowemeanbyChange.Whatdoesitmeanwhenwesaythepositionofthebodyhasbeenchanged?
Wheneverwefindthestateofobjectbecomesdifferentthanthatofthesameobjectbeforesometimesayt,thenwesaythatthereexistsachangeinthe
stateoftheobject.Supposethechangeoccursinthepositionofthebody.Buttofindtheinitialpositionofabody,weneedacoordinatesystem.
THECAUSEOFCHANGE:
Ithasbeenseenthattoinducedachangeortomakeachangeinthepositionofanobjectwemusthavetochangetheenergypossessbythebody.To
transferenergyintotheobjectweshallhavetoapplyFORCEonthebody.ThereforeForceistheagencythatmakesachangeinpositionofabody.
THECONCLUSION:GALILEO'SLAWOFINERTIAORNEWTON'SFIRSTLAWOFMOTION.
So,ifthereisnoforceonanobjectthepositionoftheobjectwon'tchangewithrespecttotime.Itmeansifabodyatrestwouldremainatrestandabodyat
uniformmotionwouldremaininasteadymotion.ThislawisknownasGalileo'sLawofInertiaorNewton'sfirstlawofmotion.
Topic:FORCESYSTEM
Q:WHATISAFORCESYSTEM?CLASSIFYTHEMWITHEXAMPLES.
ANSWER:
Aforcesystemmaybedefinedasasystemwheremorethanoneforceactonthebody.Itmeansthatwhenevermultipleforces
actonabody,wetermtheforcesasaforcesystem.Wecanfurtherclassifyforcesystemintodifferentsubcategoriesdependinguponthenatureofforces
andthepointofapplicationoftheforces.
Differenttypesofforcesystem:
(i)COPLANARFORCES:
Iftwoormoreforcesrestonaplane,thentheyarecalledcoplanarforces.Therearemanywaysinwhichforcescanbemanipulated.Itisofteneasierto
workwithalarge,complicatedsystemofforcesbyreducingitaneverdecreasingnumberofsmallerproblems.Thisiscalledthe"resolution"offorcesor
forcesystems.Thisisonewaytosimplifywhatmayotherwiseseemtobeanimpossiblesystemofforcesactingonabody.Certainsystemsofforcesare
easiertoresolvethanothers.Coplanarforcesystemshavealltheforcesactingininoneplane.Theymaybeconcurrent,parallel,nonconcurrentornon
parallel.Allofthesesystemscanberesolvedbyusinggraphicstaticsoralgebra.
(ii)CONCURRENTFORCES:
AconcurrentcoplanarforcesystemisasystemoftwoormoreforceswhoselinesofactionALLintersectatacommonpoint.However,allofthe
individualvectorsmightnotactuallybeincontactwiththecommonpoint.Thesearethemostsimpleforcesystemstoresolvewithanyoneofmany
graphicaloralgebraicoptions.Ifthelineofactionsoftwoormoreforcespassesthroughacertainpointsimultaneouslythentheyarecalledconcurrent
forces.Concurrentforcesmayormaynotbecoplanar.
(iii)LIKEFORCES:
Aparallelcoplanarforcesystemconsistsoftwoormoreforceswhoselinesofactionareallparalleltooneanother.Thisiscommonlythesituationwhen
simplebeamsareanalyzedundergravityloads.Thesecanbesolvedgraphically,butarecombinedmosteasilyusingalgebraicmethods.Ifthelinesof
actionoftwoormoreforcesareparalleltoeachother,theyarecalledparallelforcesandiftheirdirectionsaresame,thentheyarecalledLIKEFORCES.
(iv)UNLIKEFORCES:
Iftheparallelforcesaresuchthattheirdirectionsareoppositetoeachother,thentheyaretermedas"UNLIKEFORCE".
Formorenotesonforcesystemclickhere
(v)NONCOPLANARFORCES:
Thelastillustrationisofa"nonconcurrentandnonparallelsystem".Thisconsistsofanumberofvectorsthatdonotmeetatasinglepointandnoneof
themareparallel.Thesesystemsareessentiallyajumbleofforcesandtakeconsiderablecaretoresolve.
Q.)WHATISFORCEADDITION?WHATARETHEOPERATIONSOFFORCE?
A.)Forceisavectorquantity.Ithasmagnitudeandaswellasdirection.Likeothervectorstwoforcescanbeadded,oraforcecanbesubstitutedfrom
anotherforce,ormaybeaforcecanbemultipliedbyscalarsaswellasanothervector.Unlikescalarquantities,twovectorcan'tbeaddedarithmatically,
theymustbegeometricallyadded.Supposewehaveaforce10kNactingonaparticletowardseast,andsupposeanotherforceof10kNisactingtowards
north.Weknowthat10kgmass+10kgmass=20kgmass,buthereforcesof10kNtowardseastand10kNtowardsnorth,whenaddedproducesa
resultantofmagnitude=10*sqrt(2)=14.14kN.
Toaddtwoforcesactingonaplaneweuse
(i)Triangle'sLawand
(ii)ParalellogramLaw.
Incaseofmorethantwoforcesexist,thenweuseforceresolutionmethodtofindtheresultant.
clickonthequestiontogettheanswer
QUESTION:WHATISARESULTANTOFAFORCESYSTEM?
ANSWER:Wehavealreadydiscussedaboutadditionoftwoforcesonaplanebyeither
(i)Triangle'sLawor
(ii)ParalellogramLaw.
Formorethantwovectorsweuse
(iii)PolygonLawofForceAddition.
(iv)ForceResolutionMethod.
TheresultantofaforcesystemistheForcewhichproducessameeffectasthecombinedforcesoftheforcesystemwoulddo.Soifwereplaceallthe
combinedforcesoftheforcesystemwoulddo.Soifwereplaceallcomponentsoftheforcebytheresultantforce,thentherewillbenochangeineffect.
TheResultantofaforcesystemisavectoradditionofallthecomponentsoftheforcesystem.Themagnitudeaswellasdirectionofaresultantcanbe
measuredthroughanalyticalmethod.AlmostanysystemofknownforcescanberesolvedintoasingleforcecalledaresultantforceorsimplyaResultant.
Theresultantisarepresentativeforcewhichhasthesameeffectonthebodyasthegroupofforcesitreplaces.(Acoupleisanexceptiontothis)It,asone
singleforce,canrepresentanynumberofforcesandisveryusefulwhenresolvingmultiplegroupsofforces.Onecanprogressivelyresolvepairsorsmall
groupsofforcesintoresultants.Thenanotherresultantoftheresultantscanbefoundandsoonuntilalloftheforceshavebeencombinedintooneforce.
Thisisonewaytosavetimewiththetedious"bookkeeping"involvedwithalargenumberofindividualforces.Resultantscanbedeterminedboth
graphicallyandalgebraically.
TheParallelogramMethodandtheTriangleMethodareusedtofindtheresultantofaforcesystem.Itisimportanttonotethatforanygivensystemof
forces,thereisonlyoneresultant.
Q:WHATISACOMPONENTOFAFORCE?WHATISFORCERESOLUTION?
ANSWER:Itisoftenconvenienttodecomposeasingleforceintotwodistinctforces.Theseforces,whenactingtogether,havethesameexternaleffecton
abodyastheoriginalforce.Theyareknownascomponents.Findingthecomponentsofaforcecanbeviewedastheconverseoffindingaresultant.There
areaninfinitenumberofcomponentstoanysingleforce.And,thecorrectchoiceofthepairtorepresentaforcedependsuponthemostconvenient
geometry.Forsimplicity,themostconvenientisoftenthecoordinateaxisofastructure.
AforcecanberepresentedasapairofcomponentsthatcorrespondwiththeXandYaxis.Theseareknownastherectangularcomponentsofaforce.
Rectangularcomponentscanbethoughtofasthetwosidesofarightanglewhichareatninetydegreestoeachother.Theresultantofthesecomponentsis
thehypotenuseofthetriangle.Therectangularcomponentsforanyforcecanbefoundwithtrigonometricalrelationships:
componentofaforceFalongXaxisisFx=Fcosand
componentalongYaxisisFy=Fsin.
numericals
EXTRANOTE:Whenforcesarebeingrepresentedasvectors,itisimportanttoshouldshowacleardistinctionbetweenaresultantanditscomponents.
Theresultantcouldbeshownwithcolororasadashedlineandthecomponentsassolidlines,orviceversa.NEVERrepresenttheresultantinthesame
graphicwayasitscomponents.
TheStepstofindaResultantofaforcesystem:(forconcurrentforces)
STEP1:
RESOLVEALLTHECOMPONENTFORCESALONGXAXISANDYAXIS.
IfaforceFactsonanobjectatananglewiththepositiveXaxis,thenitscomponentalongXaxisis Fx=Fcos,andthatalongYaxisisFy=Fsin.
STEP2:
AddalltheXcomponentsorHorizontalcomponentsanditisdenotedbyFx.AddalltheYcomponentsanddenoteitasFy.
STEP3:
MAGNITUDEOFTHERESULTANTRwillbeequaltothesquarerootofthesumofsquareofFxandFy.
STEP4:
DIRECTIONOFTHERESULTANT()
equalstothetaninverseof(Fx/Fy).
EQUILIBRANT:
Anyconcurrentsetofforces,notinequilibrium,canbeputintoastateofequilibriumbyasingleforce.ThisforceiscalledtheEquilibrant.Itisequalin
magnitude,oppositeinsenseandcolinearwiththeresultant.Whenthisforceisaddedtotheforcesystem,thesumofalloftheforcesisequaltozero.A
nonconcurrentoraparallelforcesystemcanactuallybeinequilibriumwithrespecttoalloftheforces,butnotbeinequilibriumwithrespecttomoments.
[EXTRANOTE:GraphicStaticsandgraphicalmethodsofforceresolutionweredevelopedbeforetheturnofthecenturybyKarlCulmann.Theywerethe
onlymethodsofstructuralanalysisformanyyears.Thesemethodscanhelptodevelopanintuitiveunderstandingoftheactionoftheforces.Today,the
AlgebraicMethodisconsideredtobemoreapplicabletostructuraldesign.Despitethis,graphicalmethodsareaveryeasywaytogetaquickanswerfora
structuraldesignproblemandcanaidinthedeterminationofstructuralform.]
QUESTION:WHATISSTATICEQUILIBRIUM?
Whataretheconditionsofstaticequilibriumfor
(i)concurrentforcesystem
(i)coplanarnonconcurrentforcesystem?
Ans:Abodyissaidtobeinequilibriumwhenthereisnochangeinpositionaswellasnorotationexistonthebody.Sotobeinequilibriumprocess,there
mustnotbeanykindofmotionsietheremustnotbeanykindoftranslationalmotionaswellasrotationalmotion.
Wealsoknowthattohavealineartranslationalmotionweneedanetforceactingontheobjecttowardsthedirectionofmotion,againtoinduceanany
kindofrotationalmotion,anetmomentmustexistsactingonthebody.Furtheritcanbesaidthatanykindofcomplexmotioncanberesolvedintoa
translationalmotioncoupledwitharotatingmotion.
Thereforeabodysubjectedtoaforcesystemwouldbeatrestifandonlyifthenetforceaswellasthenetmomentonthebodybezero.Thereforethe
generalconditionofanysystemtobeinstaticequilibriumwehavetosatisfytwoconditions
(i)Netforceonthebodymustbezeroie,Fi=0;
(ii)Netmomentonthebodymustbezeroie,Mo=0.
NowwecanapplythesegeneralconditionstodifferenttypesofForceSystem.
So,forConcurrentforcesystem,theequilibriumconditionsareasfollows
(i)Fx=0;(ii)Fy=0
andforcoplanarnonconcurrentforcesystem,theequilibriumconditionsareasfollows
(i)Fx=0;(ii)Fy=0;(iii)Mi=0
MOMENTONAPLANE:
Foraforcesystemthetotalresultantmomentaboutanyarbitrarypointduetotheindividualforcesareequaltothemomentproducedbytheresultantabout
thesamepoint.Nowifthesystemisatequilibriumcondition,thentheresultantforcewouldbezero.Hence,themomentproducedbytheresultantabout
anyarbitrarypointiszero.Incaseofcoplanar&concurrentforcesystem,astheforcesareconcurrenti.e.eachoftheforcepassesthroughacommonpoint,
hencemomentsproducebythesethreeforcesabouttheconcurrentpointwouldbezero.Butincaseofnonconcurrentforcesthetotalmomentswouldbe
zeroonlywhenthebodyisinequilibrium.
WhatisMomentumofaMass?
Momentumisaphysicalquantity.Itisassociatedwithmotion.Infactanyobjectinmotionissaidtohaveamomentum.Amassatastaticequilibrium
doeshaveazerovalue.Asithasadirectionaswellasmagnitude,itisavectorquantity.Themagnitudeofmomentumofanobjectisequaltothemassof
theobjectmultipliedbythemagnitudeoftheobject'svelocity.Itisdenotedby(P).Hence,P=mV
wherem=massoftheobjectandV=velocityoftheobject.Therefore,thedirectionofmomentumwillbethedirectionofvelocityitself.
3)WHATAREDIFFERENTTYPESOFJOINTS?Discussthemindetails.
Answer:TheConceptsofJoints.InEngineeringterminologyanyforcecarryinglinearmemberiscalledaslinks.Linkscanbeattachedtoeachotherbythe
fastenersorjoints.Hence,wecansaytopreventtherelativemotionbetweentwolinkscompletelyorpartiallyweusefastenersorjoints.
Basicallytherearethreetypesofjointswhichweshalldiscussandtheyarenamedas,
(i)pin/hingedjoints,(ii)rollerjointsand(iii)fixedjoints.
Theyareclassifiedaccordingtothedegreesoffreedomofthelinkstheywouldallow.Likeapinorhingejointisconsistedoftwolinksjoinedbythe
insertionofapinatthepivothole.Apinjointdoesn'tallowverticalorhorizontalrelativevelocitiesbetweenthetwolinks.
Forbetterunderstandingofthemechanismofpinjointwewouldliketomakeasimplesttypeofpinjoints.Supposewewouldtaketwolinksandmake
holesatoneoftheendsofeachlink.Nowifweinsertaboltthroughtheholesofboththelinks,thenwhatwegetisanexampleofpin/hingejoints.
Apinjointalthoughrestrictsanykindofhorizontalorverticaldisplacementbuttheycannotrestrictrotationaboutanaxispassingthroughthehole,in
clockwiseoranticlockwisedirection.Henceitprovidestworeactionsoneverticalandonehorizontaltorestrictanykindofmovementalongthat
direction.
4)WHATISMOMENT?Differentiatebetweenmoment,torqueandcouple.AlsostateandproveVARIGNON'stheoremofmoments.
WheneverweapplyforceonarigidbodyatapointotherthanitsCenterofMass,thebodyexhibitarotationalmotionaboutthecenterofmassotherthana
translationalmotion.Whereasthetranslationalmotionisthereduetotheapplicationofforceontheobject,therotationalmotionisthereduetoeccentric
applicationofforceatapointawayfromthecenterofmass.Butifweapplyforceatthecenterofthemass,thennorotationaltendencyhasbeenobserved.
Itisalsoobservedthatthelongeristhedistancebetweenthecenterofmassandthepointofapplicationofforce,largeristhemagnitudeofrotation.The
physicalquantitythatisresponsibleformotionistermedasMoment.ItisdenotedbyMandMisavectorquantityasithasdirection,eitherclockwiseor
anticlockwise.So,ifaforceFactatapointddistancefromthecenterofmass,thenthetotalmomentproducedaboutthecenterofmassisthevectorcross
productofthepositionvectoroftheforce,andtheforceitself.
M=dXF()
Therefore,sameforcewouldproducedifferentmagnitudesofrevolutionrateandasrateofrevolutiondependsuponMoment,itshouldproducedifferent
magnitudesofMoments.Theaxisaboutwhichaforcetriestorotateanobject,iscalledcenterofrotationaswellasitistheaxisofmomentalso.Tofind
themomentproducedbyaforceaboutapoint(O)intheplane,weneedtomultiplythemagnitudeoftheforceandtheperpendiculardistanceofthelineof
actionoftheforcefromthepoint(O).
WHATISCENTROID?EXPLAINITINYOURWORDS.
ThewordCentroidisusedtodenotethecenterofacertainarea.But,thenonemayquestion,whatdoesitmeanwhenwesayaparticularpoint,sayGisthe
centroidofaspecificarea.Weshallexplaintheconceptsusingfigurestomakethepointcrystalclear!
Supposeina3DcoordinatesystemwetakealaminaonXYplane.
LetthetotalareaAbedividedinto(n)numbersofpartsanddenotethemasA1,A2,A3,.....An.Let'stakeanelementalarea(Ai)isat(Xi)distancefromY
axis,andat(Yi)fromXaxis.
Hence,themomentoftheareaAiaboutXaxisisAiYiandaboutYaxisthemomentwillbeAiXi.So,thetotalmoment(M)ofthetotalarea(A)willbethe
totalsumofthesetinymoments.Now,weshallintroduceanabstractideathatifallthearea(A)isconcentratedatapoint(P)whosecoordinates
are(x,y)sothatitproducethesameeffectonthesurroundingsheretheeffectsaremomentsaboutXaxisandYaxis.
5)Whatarebeams?Classifythemproperly.Whatissupportreactions?
BEAM:Abeamisastructuregenerallyahorizontalstructureonrigidsupportsanditcarriesmainlyverticalloads.Therefore,beamsareakindofload
bearingstructures.
Dependinguponthetypesofsupportsbeamscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.
CANTILEVERBEAMS:
Abeamcanbeatstableequilibriumwithasinglefixedsupportatoneendandtheotherendremainsfree,whichiscalledasthefreeendwhiletheother
endisknownasfixedend.ThiskindofbeamisknownasCantileverbeam.Thefixedjointatthefixedendproducesahorizontal,averticalreactionsand
areactionmomentatthefixedend.
SIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAM:
Abeamsupportedasjustrestingfreelyonthewallsorcolumnsatitsbothendsisknownassimplysupportedbeam.Therewillbetwoverticallyupward
reactionsattheendsofasimplysupportedbeam.Asimplysupportedbeamcannotresistanyhorizontalloadcomponent.
OVERHANGINGBEAM:
Abeamhavingitsendportionorboththeendportionsextendedintheformofacantileverbeyondthesupportorsupportsiscalledasoverhanging
beam.
Abovethosebeamsarestaticallydeterminate.Itmeansthatthosebeamscanbeanalysedapplyingtheconditionsofequilibrium.Wecandeterminethe
valuesoftheunknownreactions.
Therearebeamswhichcannotbeanalysedapplyingtheconditionsofequilibriumofcoplanarforces.Thesebeamsarealsoknownasstatically
indeterminatestructures.
Thosetypesofbeamscanbeclassifiedas,
FixedbeamsandContinuousbeams.
FixedBeam:Abeamhavingtwofixedjointsatthebothendsiscalledfixedbeam.
ContinuousBeam:Thebeamwhichisatrestonmorethantwosupportsiscalledascontinuousbeam.
6)Statecoulomb'slawofdryfriction.Explainthefollowingterms
(i)coefficientsofstaticanddynamicfriction
(ii)angleoffriction
(iii)angleofrepose
(iv)limitingfriction
CONCEPTSOFFRICTION......:
Whenevertwobodiesareincontactwitheachother,theyexertaforceRtoeachother.TheforceRiscalledasContactReaction.Thereexistsanatural
phenomenonassociatedwithtwobodiesincontact.Ithasbeenseenthatwhenthetwobodiesareinstaticconditionrelativetoeachother,everything
remainsasnormalphenomenonasthereexisttwoequalandoppositenormalreactionwillactatthecontactsurface.But,wheneverwetrytomakea
relativemotionbetweenthosetwobodies,anamazingthingoccurs,a"phantomforce"suddenlypopsupbetweenthebodiesactingonthecontactsurface
whosesolepurposeofcreationistoopposeanyrelativemotionbetweenthosetwoobjects.Althoughtheexactreasonsbehindthegenerationofthisforce
isnotknown,butthereexiststwoseparatemodelsoforiginoffriction,noneofthemareconfirmed,althoughbothofthemareusedtoexplainthemost
possiblereasonbehindthesuddengenerationofthisoppositeforceorwemayevencallitResistanceForce.But,onethingissurelyconfirmedfromthe
standardmodelofparticlephysicsandthatisbetweenfourtypesoffundamentalforces,onlyelectromagneticforceisresponsibleforthegenerationof
frictionalforce.
7)(i)WhatisShearForceandBendingMoment?
(ii)WhatdoyouunderstandbySFDandBMD?
Ans:VerticalforcesthatactonahorizontalbeamismainlytermedasShearForce.Whereasmomentsproducedbythoseforcesonthebeamis
statetheworkingproceduretodrawthem.
8)Whatisfreebodydiagram(FBD)?Explainwithanexample.
9)Whatispointofcontraflexure?
10)Whatisthedifferencebetweentrussandframes?
Explaindifferenttypesoftrusswithproperillustration.
11)Whatissimplestressandstrain?Comparethestressstraingraphsforductileandbrittlematerials.
12)Whatisstrainenergyandresilience.explainimpactloading?Provethatforthesameloading,stressinducedduetoimpactloadingistwiceof
thestressinducedduetograduallyappliedload.
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