Composting Toilets - Ecosan-Technology

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technical data sheets for ecosan components

ecosan program - Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
03 Composting Toilets
SOLID
BIOWASTE FAECES
URINE
GREY
WATER
RAIN
WATER
B.1 Single-vault composting toilets

COLLECTION
Waterless toilet systems
Receive mainly faeces, but treatment of urine and

solid biowaste is possible as well
Dry organic bulking material should be added
Produce a valuable soil conditioner with low pathogen

content
Suitable for both industrial and developing countries
B.1
General Description
Detailed information on different types of Composting Toilets

B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.1.1
UTILIZATION
Single-vault composting toilets
TREATMENT
Single-vault composting
toilets
Multiple-vault composting
toilets
Movable bucket / bin
composting toilets
Composting toilets with mixing
devices
is humus-like material, a black, lumpy

substance similar to garden compost.
Depending on the average temperature
and retention time within the vault,
further storage or treatment may be
required for safe use (see chapter A,
box 2).
Functional principles
A
single-vault
composting
toilet
processes faeces and sometimes also
urine and organic household residues
inside one large chamber. The compost
chamber works as a continuous reactor,
with excreta being added to the top, and
the end product (compost) being
removed periodically from the bottom.
Generally, the chamber is located
beneath the toilet seat below the floor.
The large, sloped-floor chamber allows
long retention, prevents compaction and
facilitates aeration.
Excess liquids flow down to a separate

liquid storage chamber. Some humidity
is needed to maintain optimal
composting conditions. Over time,
natural
biological
decomposition
converts human waste into a small
amount of safe, stabilized material.
Most disease-causing organisms die
because of the long retention time and
the heat generated by the composting
process.
During operation, a handful of additive

should be added to the chamber about
every 10th visit. Practically speaking,
most composting vaults function best
when plenty of light-weight bulking
agent (not-too-dense material) is added.
In some cases, the material in the vault
may form compact, impermeable layers,
leading to wet and anaerobic conditions
in some parts of the compost mass.
Breaking the impermeable layers by
using a wooden stick or pitchfork may
be necessary in regular intervals.
Manufacturers and commercially

available composting toilets
The basic process of the toilet is the

decomposition of faeces, urine (if not
diverted) and organic household waste,
together with bulking material.
hemlock, spruce, fir, maple or oak, not

rot resistant wood such as cedar, locust,
teak, mahogany, or any wood treated
with preservatives), peat moss, straw,
woodchips, or rice hulls is introduced
and moistened.
While handling composted excrement, it

is recommended to use rubber gloves
and wash the hands afterwards. Only
mature material that looks and smells
like very rich garden soil or leaf humus
should be harvested. Fresh material
similar to the original waste material
should remain in the vault for further
composting. The end product is
removed at least every year or two
years, depending on the capacities and
number of users.
Figure 1: Single vault composting
(Source: Berger-Biotechnik)
B.1.2
toilet
Handling and
maintenance
Before first use, a thin layer of bark or

woodchips should be filled into the
composter to provide a drainage base.
On top of that, a layer of carbon-rich
additives such as sawdust (easily
biodegradable wood, such as pine,
In most composting toilets, liquids will

accumulate on the bottom of the
composting chamber. This happens
particularely in toilets where urine is not
diverted. Leachate has to be evacuated
regularly to avoid anaerobic conditions
in the material to be composted.
Evacuation of leachate can be done
manually by scooping the leachate into
a separate container or by drains
connected to the composting chamber.
The mature material is removed from

the vault after it is nearly filled and can
be further used as a soil conditioner.
The product obtained from this process
11/10/2006
version for discussion: please send your comments to ecosan@gtz.de
Page 1

Figure 2: View of composting toilet (Source: Reed and Shaw)
Leachate has to be handled with care

as it has high concentrations of
nutrients and organic carbon and also
contains pathogen organisms. Leachate
can be evaporated by heating devices
(high energy consumption!) or better by
planted evapotranspiration beds.
It
also can be applied to plants when
sufficient protection measures are in
place, such as subsurface application.
Handling of leachate should not be
neglected in the planning phase of a
composting toilet, as poor handling of
leachate can cause health risks and
environmental pollution.
B.1.3
Extent of application
Single-vault composting toilets are the

most common design of composting
toilets and have been applied in many
places worldwide.
Typical applications of single-vault
systems in industrialised countries
include
locations
where
sewer
connections are unavailable such as
mountain huts, nature reserves or
remote settlements. Eco-settlements
are a common situation where single
vault composting toilets are being
applied in urban surroundings.
Clivus Multrum is a popular single-vault
system. Many similar systems are
available and together with owner build
copies testify to its popularity.
Single-vault composting toilets are also
being applied in developing countries
with warm climates. Self-constructed
systems similar to the version of the
Clivus Multrum are more common in
these locations.
However, dehydration toilets are at
present far more popular in developing
countries than composting toilets.
11/10/2006
B.1.4
Strengths and
weaknesses
Health impact
If the composting process works efficiently and the retention period is long
enough (in systems without insulation or
heating, a min. time of 1 year is recommended, see chapter A, box 2), the system poses no negative impact to human
health. Nevertheless, care while handling the material is important to minimize health risks.
In a single chamber system, there is a
certain risk that mature, sanitised material is mixed with fresh material, and
thus re-contaminated with pathogen organisms. Correct system design and
careful maintenance is crucial to exclude that risk.
Systems without urine diversion produce leachate that needs to be handled
with care to avoid spreading of pathogens in leachate.
Environmental impact
A composting toilet is a sealed system
that has no leakage of pollutants into
the environment (unlike pit toilets). The
final compost product poses a positive
impact due to conditioning and fertilizing
effect in the soil.
Systems without urin diversion produce
leachate that may pollute the groundwater if not properly handled.
Costs and benefits
Construction cost is low if the system is
self-constructed. Manufactured systems
are more expensive, but still cheap
compared to waterborne systems and
good performance can usually be guaranteed. Benefits arise from the compost
product to improve soil conditions.
Figure 3: Composting toilets in Puerto

Morelos, Mexico. Above the toilet
seat and the bucket for storing
wood chips, which are added to
the pile on a daily basis. Below the
composting tank attached to a
house, the bathroom is inside the
house. (Source: The ReSource
Institute,
http://www.riles.org/photos.htm)
Biodegradable household wastes can

be treated as well in this system.
Socio-cultural suitability
For composting toilets in general, a
strong commitment of users to maintain
the system and willingness to handle
faeces is necessary.
The handling of the end-product is less
frequently necessary in a single vault
composting toilet comparing to the multiple-vault and bucket/bin toilet.
Technical suitability
Regular maintenance is very important
to guarantee good system performance.
The systems are simple (one fixed
chamber) and allow long-term retention.
However, in single vault systems, contamination of composted material with
fresh faeces may occur.
The weight of the large mass can cause
the contents of the composter to compact, which requires more maintenance
to keep good aeration of the mass than
in multiple-vault toilets.
Single vault systems dont allow bypassing a vault in case of technical
problems.
Urine diversion is recommended to
minimise production of leachate and
Page 2

anaerobic conditions caused by too

high water content. For details on urine
diversion see technical data sheet 01
urine diversion.
B.1.5
Economical data
The
costs
for
pre-manufactured
systems such as Clivus Multrum
composting toilets range from 2000
Euro for a seasonal-use model to more
than 10000 Euro for institutional units.
sources and the Environment, Sida,

Stockholm, Sweden.
Montgomery, T., 1990, On-Site wastewater treatment systems, Technical Bulletin No. 6, The New Alchemy Institute.
Peasey, A., 2000, Health aspects of dry
sanitation with waste reuse. Task No.
324, WELL.
Reed, B. and Shaw, R. Using human
waste, technical brief no. 63, WELL.
The cost for self-constructed systems

can be considerably lower. E.g. the cost
for the on-site-built clivus multrum-style
system in Puerto Morelos, Mexico was
800 to 2500 Euro (compost chamber
and superstructure, labour included).
B.1.6
Manufacturers
A list of manufacturers of composting

toilet systems is given in part C.
B.1.7
Good practice examples
In Hamburg, Germany, around 35 composting toilets have been installed

within the eco-settlement Allermhe.
For more information read the GTZ data
sheet on ecosan projects Hamburg Allermhe, Germany, available as
download from
http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/enecosan-pds-003-germany-hamburgallermoehe-2005.pdf ..
An on-site-built Clivus Multrum-style organized by The Resource Institute in
Puerto Morelos community, Mexico is a
good example of a single-vault composting toilet, in which beauty and function are incorporated by the design.
This project is called Nahi Xix. For more
information, contact:
Laura Orlando, The ReSource Institute,
179 Boylston Street, 4th Floor, Jamaica
Plain, Boston, MA 02130 USA , phone:
617 524 7258, fax 617 522 0690, email:
orlando@riles.org
http://www.riles.org/projmex.htm
B.1.8
References
Crennan, L., waterless toilets, Home,

Technical Manual: design for lifestyle
and the future, www.greenhouse.gov.au
Davison, L. and Schwizer, B., 2001,
Waterless composting toilets, septic
safe, Environment & Health Protection
Guidelines: On-site Sewage Management for Single Households.
Del Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C., 2000,
The composting toilet system book. The
Center for Ecological Pollution Prevenst
tion (CEPP), 1 ed. with additions.
2006, GTZ
technical data sheets for ecosan
components
authors: GTZ ecosan team (Christine
Werner, Nathasith Chiarawatchai,
Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken)
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
ecosan program
Dag-Hammarskjld-Weg 1-5
65760 Eschborn, Germany
T +49 6196 79-4220
F +49 6196 79-7458
E ecosan@gtz.de
I www.gtz.de/ecosan
Esrey, St. A., et. al., 1998, Ecological

sanitation. Department for Natural Re-
11/10/2006
Page 3

SOLID
BIOWASTE FAECES
URINE
GREY
WATER
RAIN
WATER
B.2 Multiple-vault composting toilets

COLLECTION


content
B.2
General Description

B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.2.1
UTILIZATION
Multiple-vault composting toilets
TREATMENT

toilets
composting toilets
devices

Multiple-vault composting toilets consist

of
two
or
more
watertight,
interchangeable chambers to collect the
excreta. One is filled at a time, then
allowed to mature while another
chamber fills. Urine can be diverted, but
not necessarily. Generally this toilet
does not recieve household solid waste
due to its smaller size.
chamber is filled, the inner tank is

rotated so that the next chamber is
positioned below the toilet. In this way
each chamber is filled in sequence.
After reaching the point when a
chamber is filled, the material in the
oldest one is removed through an
access door in order to make room for
fresh material. Liquid drains through
holes at the bottom of the inner tank
into the outer one, where it may be
evaporated or discharged into an
evapotranspiration bed.
Lids may face the sun to collect a
maximum of solar heat. This increases
the evaporation from the vaults as well
as the temperature of the surface of the
compost pile.
Multiple-vault toilets, such as the

carousel toilet in figure 3 feature a
below-the-floor
processing
vault
consisting of a cylindrical outer tank in
which a slightly smaller inner tank is
able to rotate on a pivot. The inner tank
is divided into four chambers (six on
some models). The one in use is
positioned directly below the drop chute
from the toilet in the bathroom. When a
11/10/2006
Handling and maintenance
Bulking agents such as coconut husks,

small wood chips, leaves or vegetable
food scraps are added via the seat-riser
or drop hole periodically, both to provide
a source of carbon and to increase the
porosity of the pile so air can penetrate
all the way through. A handful of
additive should be added to the
chamber about every 10th visit or more
if the system is relatively small.
When a composting chamber is full,
another chamber has to be emptied and
the toilet seat to be moved to the other
chamber, resp. the chamber be moved.
While handling composted excreta, it is
recommended to use rubber (nonpermeable) gloves and wash the hands
afterwards. Harvested compost should
be further stored or treated before safe
reuse.
If urine is collected separetly, it has to
be handled, stored and reused. For
more details on urine handling see the
technical data sheet 01 on urine
separation.
Double-vault toilets function in the

following way: There are two vaults and
people use the first open vault. When
this first vault is filled, the opening is
sealed and the second vault is used for
defecation. When the second vault fills
up as well, mature compost can be
harvested from the first vault, which can
be put in use again after emptying. In
the case of multiple-vault toilet, the main
function is similar.
In toilets where urine is not diverted
liquids are separated in the chamber by
means of filtration or drainage.
B.2.2
Accumulating leachate has to be

evacuated regularly to avoid anaerobic
conditions in the material to be
composted. Leachate has to be handled
with care to avoid pollution and health
risks.
B.2.3
Figure 1: Schematic of carousel toilet (US

EPA)
Extent of application
One low-tech system that is being

applied in the south pacific islands uses
the concept of double-vaults with liquid
separation. The so-called CCD toilet as
can be seen in figure 2 consists of two
watertight chambers built above ground
Page 1/3

A prototype double-vault, solar-heated

composting toilet tested in Tanzania in
the mid-1970s has been further
developed in
Mexico
where
a
prefabricated fibreglass unit has been in
production for more than 15 years: the
SirdoSeco system.
The
multi-chamber
Carousel,
manufactured by Vera Milj A/S of
Norway, has long been one of that
countrys most popular composting
toilets, and reportedly over 30,000 units
have been manufactured there and in
the US since 1972. A similar type is also
manufactured in Sweden. Outside
Scandinavia the carousel-type toilet is
manufactured in Australia under the
name of Rota-Loo.
Several multiple-vault systems are
located in outbuildings, separate from
homes. However, it can easily be
incorporated in homes, as they are in
Mexico, Australia, and even the UK.
B.2.4
leachate that may pollute the groundwater if not properly handled.
The environmental impact is similar to
the one of a single-vault system: As a
sealed
system,
multiple-vault
composting
toilets
pose
no
environmental health risks when
leachate is properly handled.
Health impact
The composting process reduces
pathogens. The multiple chamber
system avoids contamination of mature
compost with fresh faeces; this system
is therefore safer as the single vault
system. Careful handling of the compost
is however still recommended
Applying the system reduces significantly the introduction of pathogens into
the water bodies due to the elimination
of discharge of faecal material into the
environment. It also helps in nutrient recycling since the resulting compost can
be used as fertilizer.
Systems without urin diversion produce
Costs and benefits

Costs for multiple-vault systems usually
are lower than costs of single-vault
systems. The benefit obtained from the
product is similar to other forms of
composting toilets.
Mixing and raking of the material is

rarely required since aeration is better in
the smaller chambers and during
emptying of the chambers no fresh
material has to be handled. Maintaining
multiple-chamber toilets is therefore
more comfortable than with singlechamber systems and acceptance may
be higher.
By not continually adding fresh excreta
to older, more processed material, the
material composts more thoroughly.
Moreover, by dividing the material to
several vaults, it will have more surface
area,
and
hence
better
aeration.
Maintenance requirements are
low,
however emptying
frequency is higher than in the
single-vault systems. On the
other hand problems with
compacting of composting
mass, anaerobic conditions
etc. are less frequent with
multiple vault systems.
A lack of training can cause
malfunction of the system, e.g.
when no bulking agents are
added or both chambers are
used at the same time, etc.
B.2.5
Figure 2: CCD composting toilet with attached
greenhouse and evapo-transpiration bed
(Esrey, 1998)
11/10/2006
The cost of a prefabricated Sirdo Seco

toilet substructure of fibreglass was in
1994 the equivalent of 400 Euro. The
cost of a prefabricated superstructure
was 90 Euro.
The compost product will have a

positive impact to the environment due
to the soil conditioning effect.
The toilet requires careful maintenance

from the users and regular monitoring of
the level of the chamber to determine
whether a chamber is filled.
Strengths and
weaknesses
1600 and 2100 Euro.
Economical data
Carousel composting toilet

systems are available in
different size units of varying
capacity at prices between
Figure 3: Sirdo Seco double-vault toilet in

Mexico (Esrey, 1998)
B.2.6
Design information
The double-vault system can be selfconstructed by using cement blocks,

and coated inside for sealing and on the
exterior if groundwater intrusion could
be a problem. Vault size typically is
about 1.2 meter by 1.2 meter by 1.2
meter for a total of 1.8 cubic meter
each.
In the Sirdo Seco toilet system, each
vault has a volume of 1.2 cubic metres.
This means that people need to empty
the toilet only once a year at the most (if
6-8 people use it regularly). It has a
receptacle divided into two vaults.
Above the dividing wall there is a baffle
(see Figure 2). The baffle directs the
excreta into one vault. When the vault is
full, the person looking after the toilet
turns a handle which makes the baffle
direct the excreta into the other vault.
A ventilation pipe, which goes from the
receptacle to above the roof, takes
away odours. As there is a screen on
top of the ventpipe, it also acts as a fly
trap. The two vaults have lids made of
black painted aluminium sheets to
increase the evaporation from the vaults
as well as the temperature of the
surface of the compost pile.
The Pacific Island CCD toilet consists of
two watertight chambers built above
ground. Excreta falls on a mat woven
from coconut palm fronds resting on top
of a nylon fishing net suspended inside
the composting vault, separating the
solids from the liquids. This false floor
Page 2/3

allows air to penetrate the compost pile

from all sides.
A large diameter vent pipe draws air up
through the pile from an intake opening
located below the net along the rear
wall of the vault. This airflow also helps
to evaporate the liquids that accumulate
on the floor of the digestion vault.
Evaporation is further enhanced by
wicks made from strips of polyester or
rayon fibre (from old clothing), which are
hung from the net to draw up the liquid
from below, increasing the surface area
exposed to the air stream. Another
solution is to drain the liquid to an
evapotranspiration bed. Experience has
been shown that it takes a family of up
to 10 people over a year to fill one
composting vault.
B.2.7
324, WELL.
Further reading
Construction detail of carousel toilet

http://biorealis.com/composter/carousel/
carousel.html
B.2.8
Manufacturers

B.2.9
The CCD toilets on the island of

Pohnpei,
Federated
States
of
Micronesia, showed satisfactory results,
both from the users and the system
perspectives. The solids in the vault
undergone biodegradation and all
excess liquids had been evaporated.
The Sirdo Seco has been used with
good results in Mexico for over 15
years. One particular advantage with
this lightweight, prefabricated model is
that it is mobile. People living in squatter
settlements can be evicted at short
notice. If this happens they can arrange
to have the toilet emptied and take it
with them like a piece of furniture.
B.2.10 References
2006, GTZ
components
Werner, Nathasith Chiarawatchai,
Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken)
ecosan program
T +49 6196 79-4220
F +49 6196 79-7458
E ecosan@gtz.de
I www.gtz.de/ecosan

sanitation. Department for Natural Resources and the Environment, Sida,
Stockholm, Sweden.
11/10/2006
Page 3/3

SOLID
BIOWASTE FAECES
URINE
GREY
WATER
RAIN
WATER
B.3 Movable bucket/bin composting toilets

COLLECTION

Need a dry organic bulking material

content
B.3
General Description

B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.3.1
UTILIZATION
Movable bucket/bin composting toilets
TREATMENT

toilets
composting toilets
devices

Movable bucket or bin composting

toilets can be as simple as alternating
removable buckets or as sophisticated
as powered roll-away containers with
quick-disconnect couplings for toilet,
exhaust and leachate drain connection.
Some systems employ roll-away trash
bins, which come with built-on wheels.
In principle, one bin is placed under the
toilet to receive excreta, and is replaced
with another one when full. The content
in the old bin is then further stored for
substantial period or treated off site.
External treatment is usually done in
composting plants, but anaerobic
treatment is also an option. Soil
conditioner can be obtained eventually.
Some systems use urine diversion
toilets, others collect both urine and
faeces in bins that usually have a
drainage system for leachate.
The bin system is particularly suitable
for large-scale systems where a
collection service empties the bins and
transports the content to a central or
semi-central treatment facility.
Such systems are commercialised by

various companies and typically applied
for non-permanent use like in holiday
residences. Receptacles may be small
bins or even simple plastic or
biodegradable bags.
B.3.2
Handling and
maintenance
The collection bins need to be replaced

or emptied in regular intervals and
feaces be further treated.
Several advanced handling options are
offered by the industrial drum industry,
including special wheeled handtrucks
for moving drums, wheeled dollies,
liquid transfer pumps, add-on drain
spigots, plastic bag liners etc.
Figure 1: Compact dry toilet with collection

bag inside (Berger Biotechnik)
Urine or leachate needs also to be

handled, stored, treated and reused.
Urine is usually easier to handle, store
and reuse than leachate (for urine
handling see technical data sheet 01
urine diversion).
The Finnish company PikkuVihre
provides a detailed maintenance
instruction for its model of a collection
bin on its website:
http://www.pikkuvihrea.fi/greentoileteng2.php
Maintenance of the compact systems is
similar to larger bin systems: bins or
bags need to be emptied when full and
transported to a treatment site. Due to
the small size, emptying frequency is
higher than in larger systems.
Treatment is usually done as heap
composting in gardens nearby.
Figure 2: Schematic
of
movable
bin
composting toilet (Esrey, 1998)
Other systems that can also be

classified as movable bin systems are
compact dry toilets that receive faeces
and sometimes also urine in small
receptacles integrated in the toilet unit.
11/10/2006
Page 1/3

B.3.3
Strengths and
weaknesses
Health impact
Properly sealed collection bins and
adequate protection measures during
handling of content guarantee that no
health risks arise to users and
collectors. However, simple bucket
systems or careless handling of
collected excreta may pose a certain
health risk.
Composting and pathogen inactivation
within the bins will normally be
incomplete. However, if the content of
the bins is collected and centrally
treated in a well run composting plant, a
perfectly pathogen free compost can be
obtained.
Applying
the
system
reduces
significantly
the
introduction
of
pathogens into the water bodies due to
the elimination of discharge of faecal
material into the environment. As a
sealed system it poses no negative
impact to the environment.
Some threats may arise from improper
handling of leachate from collection
bins.
The toilet requires no flushing water.
The compost product has a positive
impact due to soil conditioning effect of
compost.
Costs and benefits
B.3.6
The system is more simple and cheaper

than other composting toilets. Cost
savings can be obtained especially in
larger schemes with a collection system
and central treatment.

For low-cost systems, normal plastic

bins can be modified to use as a
collection chamber.
One of the largest projects worldwide

with composting toilets uses the bin
system: the China-Sweden Erdos Ecotown Project, Dong Sheng, Inner
Mongolia, China. The project covers
more than 800 households in multistorey buildings. Toilets are modern
porcelain made dry toilets with urinediversion. They are even equipped with
a flushing device for ashes. Faeces
drop through shafts and are collected in
bins in the basement of the buildings.
The eco-town has a ecosan team
responsible for collection of faeces and
treatment in the local eco-station
(composting of faeces, greywater
treatment and solid waste sorting).
Benefits obtained from product are

similar to other forms of composting
toilets.
The system is simple since locally
available bins can be modified to a
composting chamber.
Systems with urine diversion have the
advantage that no they produce n or
very little leachate that is generally
difficult to handle.
Treatment of excreta is not provided
inside the toilet, unlike other composting
toilets. Treatment of collected excreta in
larger external treatment units has the
advantage that the process can more
easily controlled and better treatment
result be achieved as in on-site
treatment units.
Compact systems are very easy to
install as they can be simply placed
inside a room, but they are in general
only suitable for non-permanent use.
B.3.4
Economical data
B.3.7
Manufacturers
Erdos Eco-Town, China
More information can be found at

www.ecosanres.org.
Figure 4: Apartment buildings in Don Sheng

Eco-Town (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet
11)
Collection bins can be very cheap if

normal plastic or metal bins, buckets,
etc. are being used.
Specially
manufactured collection bins with
connections for ventilation and leachate
drainage are more expensive, but still
much cheaper than single- or multichamber composters.
B.3.5
Figure 3: Collection bin produced by the
Finnish company
PikkuVihre
(Source: PikkuVihre)
Socio-cultural acceptance
If users are responsible themselves for
emptying of collection bins and
subsequent
treatment,
a
certain
commitment of users is required. This
may hinder acceptance similarely as
with other composting systems.
However, the bin system is particularly
suitable for larger schemes involving
external services for emptying bins,
collection and treatment of excreta.
Such systems require no more user
involvement as conventional flush toilets
and may therefore quite easy to accept.
11/10/2006
Design information
Generally, one person will fill one 200 l

bin, with urine diversion system or a
grate and a leachate drain, in about 200
days.
The system in Kiribati as can be seen
in figure 2 uses two 240 litre standard
wheeled plastic refuse bins as
composting chambers. Near the base of
each bin is a false floor of mesh which
allows liquid to drain through to the
base and from there through a tube to a
sealed evapo-transpiration bed. Air is
drawn into the bin through a cut-out
near the base and comes into contact
with the bottom of the compost pile
through the mesh-floor. In addition,
perforated ventilation pipes running
vertically along the inside walls of the
bin help to aerate the pile.
Figure 5: Porcelain made dry urine diverting

toilet (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11)
Figure 6: Drop shafts, collection bins and

ventilation system (EcoSanRes
Fact Sheet 11)
Page 2/3

Figure 7: Dry toilets in multi-storey building:

location of toilets, drop shafts and
collection bins (EcoSanRes Fact
Sheet 11).
Figure 9: Gebers system scetch (source:
SEI)
For more information see project data

sheet:
http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/enecosan-pds-008-sweden-gebers2005.pdf
B.3.8
References

Figure 8: Ventilation system
Fact Sheet 11)
(EcoSanRes
Gebers, Sweden
The Gebers collective housing project
consist of apartment buildings for 80 inhabitants. Urine is collected separately
in a tank in the basement and is reused
in agriculture after further external storage. The faeces are collected without
flushing water and fall straight down
through pipes into individual ordinary
plastic bins of 140 l in the basement.
The bins are removed when full and
transported to a nearby composting site.

EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11. ChinaSweden Erdos Eco-town Project, EcoSanRes, Stockholm, Sweden.
sanitation. Department for Natural Resources and the Environment, Sida,
Stockholm, Sweden.
324, WELL.
2006, GTZ
components
Werner, Aileen Huelgas, Florian
Klingel, Patrick Bracken)
ecosan program
T +49 6196 79-4220
F +49 6196 79-7458
E ecosan@gtz.de
I www.gtz.de/ecosan

11/10/2006
Page 3/3

SOLID
BIOWASTE FAECES
URINE
GREY
WATER
RAIN
WATER
B.4 Composting toilets with mixing devices

COLLECTION


content
B.4
UTILIZATION
Automated composting toilets
General Description

B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
TREATMENT
The Biolet system

toilets
composting toilets
Composting toilets with
mixing devices

Figure 1: The Biolet composting toilet (source: www.biolet.com)
B.4.1 Functional Principles

Several composting toilet manufacturers
have developed improved designs to
optimize user comfort and composting
process.
thermostats to guarantee a constant

temperature above 50 to 60C produce
pathogen free compost that can directly
be used without further precaution
measures.
The basic principle of those toilets is

that the composting vaults are equipped
with a device that allows mixing of the
content. The composting vault is usually
pre-filled with a large amount of sawdust or a similar organic material. Fresh
faeces are mixed thoroughly into the
sawdust matrix, good aeration and intensive contact with the micro organisms in the matrix allow for very fast
composting of the faeces.
Ventilation is always necessary to prevent odours and to improve aeration.
The mixing device can be mechanically

driven and activated by hand or foot after each use, or electrically driven and
activated by pushing a button or automatically by sensors.
B.4.2 Handling and Maintenance
Systems can also receive urine; however a larger volume of absorbing material and heating is then needed for
evaporating excess liquids. Urine diversion allows building smaller systems.
In batch systems composting vaults are

filled before use with sawdust or similar
organic and absorbing materials. During
System sizes vary from small individual

systems that can be installed within the
bathroom to large systems for public toilets. Even very large systems that receive organic waste from industries are
being produced.
Systems may use batch or continuous
processing.
Handling and maintenance requirements depend on whether batch or continuous systems are being used.
operation, no further sawdust or other

materials need to be added. The condition of the sawdust should be checked
regularly to make sure that it does not
dry up or gets too wet. The compost has
to be withdrawn semi-annually or annually, depending on usage frequency of
the toilet system. The system is then
emptied completely and a new load of
sawdust is being filled into the chamber
for starting a new batch.
Continuous systems are also being prefilled with organic absorbent (sawdust or
other) before first use. However, small
amounts of organic absorbent need to
be added regularly during operation.
The system allows extracting a small
amount of mature compost, while fresh
material remains into the composting
chamber for processing. Small amounts
of compost need to be emptied in frequent intervals, e.g. once a month.
The resulting compost can be used directly as soil conditioner or undergo fur-
Some systems are equipped with heating systems to evaporate urine and/or to
maintain optimum conditions for composting and pathogen destruction. Systems that have heating controlled by
11/10/2006
Page 1/4

The BioLux system

Photos from left to right:
System sketch
Mixing device inside the reactor with sawdust
matrix
Mixing device without sawdust matrix
Toilet seat above composting chamber
Toilet seat and buttons to activate mixing
Handdriven mixing device
Verious models for use in nursing care
Large composting unit for industrial use
Public toilet building, toilet and composting
chamber
Figure 2: The Bio-Lux composting toilet (source: GTZ)
ther processing.
Power supply is needed in most systems for heating, mixing device and
ventilation.
B.4.3 Extent of Application

Scandinavian designs such as the
Biolan Naturum or the Biolet have been
produced in large numbers and are
commercialised in Europe, North America, Australia and Japan. Those sys11/10/2006
tems are small units that can be simply

installed in bathrooms of individual
houses. They use continuous processing and come with mechanical or electrical mixing devices, and both with or
without heating systems. Urine is diverted and collected separately.
The Japanese manufacturer Seiwa
Denko Co has developed the BioLux
system. This system processes both
urine and faeces in batch mode; it usually has an electric mixing device and
heating system. The BioLux is being

produced in a wide range of sizes. Units
have been installed for example in zoos,
mountain areas (Mt Fuji), skiing
grounds, private houses or public buildings in Japan, or are being used as mobile toilets for construction sites. BioLux
systems are also available for areas
without power supply; power is then
generated using wind mills or solar
panels or a mechanical system with bicycle pedals is used for mixing.
Page 2/4

The Biolan Naturum composting toilet
Function
Evacuation of mature compost
System sketch
Figure 3: The Biolan Naturum composting toilet (source: www.natrurum.fi)
B.4.4 Design Information
B.4.5 Economic Data
Small systems for installation in individual houses usually come in standardised sizes designed for an average
number of users. Emptying frequency
depends on the number of actual users.
Mature compost typically has to be extracted once a month. Those systems
are very compact and can be installed
in any usual bathroom. Connections for
ventilation and urine diversion are required.
Prices for the Naturum and Biolet Systes range from 1.000 to 1.500 Euros.
The prices for the Japanese BioLux
range from 3.000 to 35.000 euro, depending on the size.
Large systems such as the larger versions of the Japanese BioLux are usually detached from the toilet and located
beneath bathrooms or toilet cabins. A
volume of 1 m of sawdust is required
for 150 to 200 users per day.
BioLux systems that process urine together with faeces require much more
energy for evaporation of excess liquid
than the Scandinavian systems with
urine diversion that use heating only for
maintaining optimal temperature of the
compost.
11/10/2006
Systems that evaporate urine have very

high electricity consumption. Urine diversion allows avoiding this negative
aspect.
Costs and benefits
As the described systems optimize

composting process by mixing and
heating devices, a perfectly safe product is usually obtained. Systems without
permanent heating may require further
treatment of compost or other safety
measure for safe reuse.
Composting toilets with mixing devices

have similar costs as other types of
manufactured composting toilets. Cost
for electricity is higher, required time for
maintenance is lower than of the other
types of composting toilets. Costs for
post-treatment or other safety measure
before reuse of compost are lower than
in many other types of composting toilets, as the hygienic quality is generally
better.
Applying the system reduces significantly the introduction of pathogens into

the water bodies due to the elimination
of discharge of faecal material into the
environment. It also helps in nutrient recycling since the resulting compost can
be used as fertilizer. The toilet requires
no flushing water.

reduce requirement of manual maintenance, which makes them more comfortable to users than most other types
of composting toilets. User comfort is as
good as in any other modern toilet. The
available products have consequently
proven to be very popular.
B.4.6 Strengths and weaknesses

Health impact
Page 3/4

The systems optimize the composting
process and minimize maintenance and
user involvement. They are reliable and
can be used many different situations.
However, application is so far limited to
industrialised countries due to their relatively high prize and because the systems cannot be easily reproduced locally.
B.4.7 Manufacturer
Treatment System (OWDTS). Unpublished paper.

Nakagawa, N., Otaki, M., and Ishizaki,
K. Technical trends in low environmental load type toilets in Japan.
www.watermagazine.com/secure/jc/Japan.pdf
Nakata, S., Lopez Zavala, M. A.,
Funamizu, N., Otaki, M., and Takakuwa,
T., 2003, Temperature Effect on
Pathogens decline in the Bio-toilet
st
System,
Presented
at
the
1
International Dry Toilet Conference in
Tampere.
B.4.8 Good practice examples
Website of Biolan Naturum:

http://www.naturum.fi
Asahiyama Zoo located in the northern

part of Japan caters for thousands of
visitors every month. Since 1997, a total
of 12 BioLux units have been installed.
Almost all reactors treat both feces and
urine together and few treat only urine.
Website of Biolet USA

http://www.biolet.com/
and Biolet Germany:
http://www.humustoiletten.de/2Funkt2.p
df#search=%22biolet%22
Survey results showed that the bio-toilet

system have had great acceptability not
just with the staff of the zoo but especially with the users.
In relation to this good result, the management is planning to use bio-toilet to
treat animal wastes as well.
Address: Asahiyama Zoo, Kuranuma,

Higashi Asahikawa-cho, Asahikawa
City, Japan
See also project data sheet at
http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umweltinfrastruktur/wasser/9399.htm .
B.4.9 References
Bio-lux: Environmentally friendly Ecobio-toilet. http://www.seiwadenko.co.jp/biolux/top.html
Funamizu, N. Development of Sustainable Sanitation Sytem and its Implementation to Asian Countries: an interdisciplinary research project in Japan
Science and Technology Agency.
www.xauat.edu.cn/FUWWSXIAN2005/keynote-pdf/Naoyuki.pdf
Funamizu, N. Onsite Differentiable
Treatment System: the System for
achieving Sustainability in the Sanitation
System.
www.scj.go.jp/en/sca/pdf/5thposter8.pdf
Lopez Zavala, M. A., Funamizu, N. And
Takakuwa, T., 2002, Characterization of
Feces for Describing the aerobic Biodegradation of Feces, J. Environ. Syst.
And Eng., JSCE, No 720/VII-25, 95-105
2006, GTZ
components
Werner, Aileen Huelgas, Florian
Klingel, Patrick Bracken)
ecosan program
T +49 6196 79-4220
F +49 6196 79-7458
E ecosan@gtz.de
I www.gtz.de/ecosan
Lopez Zavala, M. A., Funamizu, N. and

Takakuwa, T., 2005. Bio-toilet: A key
unit element for achieving sustainability
in the Onsite Wastewater Differentiable
11/10/2006
Page 4/4

C
SOLID
BIOWASTE FAECES



content
General Description
Detailed information on
different types of Composting
Toilets
B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
C.1
C.1.1
RAIN
WATER
TREATMENT
UTILIZATION
Manufacturers and commercially available composting toilets
GREY
WATER
COLLECTION
URINE

toilets
composting toilets
devices
Manufacturers and
commercially available
composting toilets

Single-vault composting toilets -toilet seat and composter in separate units
Clivus Multrum
Diverse models
Composting chamber detached

from toilet
Urine and faeces mixed
Waterless system
Material:
Possible addition of worms
Possible addition of organics
Price: 2.000 5.000 EUR
Clivus Multurm worldwide

www.clivus.com/
Clivus Multrum - USA
15 Union Street
Lawrence, MA 01840
Phone: 978-725-5591
Fax: 978-557-9658
Email:
forinfo@clivusmultrum.com
www.clivusmultrum.com
Clivus Multrum -Australian
Head Office
PO Box 126
Strathpine Qld 4500
Email:
info@clivusmultrum.com.au
Sales: 1300 138 182 (within
Australia)
Telephone: +61 7 3889 6144
www.clivusmultrum.com.au
11/10/2006
Page 1/7

Berger
Biotechnik
TerraNova
Envirolet
Waterless remote
and low-water
remote
Phoenix
Residential: R199 to R-201
model Public: PF199 to PF-201
model
11/10/2006

from toilet, toilet not included
Waterless system
Urine diversion recommended,
urine and faeces mixed also
possible
Possible addition of organic
waste
Installable in multistorey
buildings
Material: glass-fibre reinforced
plastics
Price: 4.000 EUR
Berger Biotechnik GmbH

Juliusstrasse 27
D-22769 Hamburg
Germany
Tel.: +49 40 439 78 75
Fax.: + 49 40 43 78 48
info@berger-biotechnik.de
www.berger-biotechnik.de

from toilet, toilet not included
Material: HDPE plastic
High capacitiy system
Electricity required for fan,
heating and controls (also non
electirc and battery powered
version available)
Possible to add organics
Equipped with control devices
Price: 1.400 1.700 EUR
(accessories + Toilet included)
Envirolet
Tel.: USA 1-800-387-5126
Tel : Canada 1-800-387-5245
Fax.: 416-299-3124
www.envirolet.com

from toilet
No urine diversion
Waterless system
Capacity: 1.703 l (compost
volume), 152 l (liquid volume)
Necessity of power
supply/photovoltaic system and
ventillation by low power fan
Composter material: vandalresistant polyethylene and ABS
Price: 3.500 6.000 EUR (all
accessories and toilet
included) (residential to public
utilisation)
Phoenix Composting toilets

195 Meadows RD
Whitefish, MT 59937
Tel.: 406 862 3854
phoenix@compostingtoilet.com
www.compostingtoilet.com
Page 2/7

C.1.2
Single-vault composting toilets - toilet seat and composter in one unit
Biolan
Biolan composting
toilet
C.2
Toilet and composting

chamber integrated in one unit
Waterless toilet
Leachate drainage
Possible addition of kitchen
waste
No electricity
Insulated composter
Material: polythene plastic,
polyurethane as insulation
Capacity: 200 l
Price: 600 Euro
Biolan
P.O Box 2, FIN-27501 Kauttua
Finland
Tel.: +358 2 549 1600
Fax.: +358 2 549 1660
www.biolan.com

from toilet
4-compartment ratatable
composter
No urine diversion
Leachate drainage
Heater for evaporation of
diverted liquids
Needed accessories of 2
exhaust blowers, fan-speed
controller, radiant heat tubing
Installable with various Toilets
(low flush, vacuum toilet)
Multiple Toilet installable
Price: 3.000 4.000 Euro
(accessories included)
EcoTech, Inc.
50 Beharrell Street
Concord, MA 01742
Tel.: (978) 369-3951
Fax.: (978) 369-2484
ecotech@ecologicalengineering.com
www.ecologicalengineering.com/ecotech.html
Composting chamber (rotating

chamber with 4 divisions)
detached from toilet
Urine and faeces mixed /
Addition of kitchen waste
Waterless device
No power supply for the
outside model
Electric fan for composter
Material: polyethylene plastic
reinforced by steel
Price: 800 - 1400 Euro
Ekolet LtD.
Estetie 3
00430 Helsinki
Findland
Fax.: +358 9 5635056
Tel.: +358 40 5464775
info@ekolet.com
www.ekolet.com
Multiple-vault composting toilets
EcoTech
Carousel
Ekolet
VS model
11/10/2006
Page 3/7

Rota-Loo
101
Sirdo Seco
C.3
C.3.1
Rota-Loo
41A Jarrah Drive
Breaside Victoria 3195
Australia
P.O. Box 988
Tel.: 03 9587 2447
Fax.: 03 9587 5622
www.rotaloo.com

from toilet
Waterless composter
Receptable divided into 2
vaults
Lightweight composter
Fixed Toilet equipped with a
baffle
Material: substructure of
fibreglass
Price: 500 EUR (1994)
(substructure and
superstructure)
Sirdo Seco
Josefina Mena Abraham, Grupo
de Tecnologia Alternativa S.C,
Alamo #8-16, Col Los Alamos,
San Mateo Naucalpan, Edo de
Mex., 53230, Mexico
Movable bin composting toilets

Movable bin composting toilets large collection bins detached from toilet
Pikkuvihrea
Green toilet 330
tropic
C.3.2

from toilet
Waterless toilet
With or without urine diversion
Leachate drainage
Rotating composting wheel
with 6 bins, spare bins can be
used to increase capacity
Various sizes
Mobile systems available
Price: from 500 Euro
Movable bin toilet

Waterless device
Leachate diversion
Conection for ventilation
High capacity: 330 l
Material: plastic
PikkuVihre Ltd
Taalintehtaankatu, 20750 Turku,
Finland
P.O Box : PL 19, 20741 Turku,
Tel.: +358-02- 242 1089
Fax.: +358-02-242 5641
jukka.lindroos@pikkuvihrea.fi
www.pikkuvihrea.fi
Movable bin composting toilets compact systems with receptacle integtrated in the toilet
Wost Man
Ecology AB
WM Privvy
11/10/2006
Collection bin detached from

toilet
Waterless urine diversion toilet
Capactiy of collection bin: 80 l
Equipped with connection for
ventilation
Wost Man Ecology AB

Sprngarvgen 18 132 38
Saltsj-Boo
Sweden
Tel.: +46 8 715 1320
Fax.: +46 8 715 1321
info@ wost-man-ecology.se
www.wost-man-ecology.se
Page 4/7

Separett
Berger
Biotechnik
The TOA mobile
toilet
Berger
Biotechnik
Sawi Biocom
Barck Chip
Malk Oy
Eko-Makki
Nature-Loo
Compact
11/10/2006
Toilet and collection bin

integrated in one unit
Urine diversion
Available also without urine
diversion (then electricity
rerquired for evaopration of
liquids)
Waterless device
Connection for ventilation
Carbon filter for urine odour
removal
Children seat available
Separett AB
Skinnebo, SE-330 10 Bredaryd
Sweden
Tel.: +46 371-712 20
Fax.: +46 371-712 60
info@separett.com
www.separett.com
Collection bin equipped with a

toilet seat
No urine diversion
Waterless device
Necessity of bedding material
(bark chips) for odour control
No electricity required
Material: polyethylene plastic,
also PVC
Capacity: 30 l
Price: 100 Euro

Juliusstrasse 27
D-22769 Hamburg
Germany
Tel.: +49 40 439 78 75
Fax.:+ 49 40 43 78 48

toilet seat
Urine diversion
Waterless toilet
Available in various colours
Necessity of dried bark chips
for odour control
No electricity required
Price: 400 Euro

Juliusstrasse 27
D-22769 Hamburg
Germany
Tel.: +49 40 439 78 75
fax. :+ 49 40 43 78 48

No urine diversion
Waterless device
Material: durable ABS-plastic
Capacity: 160 l
Need of absorbing material
No power supply
Malk Oy,
Konalantie 47 F, 00390
HELSINKI
Tel. +358 9 540 4640,
Fax. +358 9 547 2644
malk@malk.fi
www.malk.fi

toilet seat
Waterless device
Suitable for temporary
accomodation
Vent pipeials installable
AAddition of adsorbents
required
Price: 500 Euro
Nature Loo
PO Box 2157
Toowong (Brisbane) QLD 4066
Australia
Tel.: +61 (07) 3870 5037
Fax.: +61 (07) 3870 5088
www.nature-loo.com.au/
info@nature-loo.com.au
Page 5/7

C.4
Seiwa Denko
Bio-Lux
BioLet
BioLet Standard
Naturum
11/10/2006

from toilet or integrated in one
unit
Waterless device
Necessity of sawdust
Power supply
Heating system
Agitator for oxygen supply
Material: stainless steel
Price: 5.111 20.893 EUR
Seiwa Denko Co., Ltd.

3-2, 1-chome, 1-jo, Kogyodanchi,
Asahikawa, Hokkaido Japan
Tel.: 0166-39-7611
www.seiwa-denko.co.jp

Liquids evaporation
Waterless device
Material: ABS plastic
Electricity required for heating,
ventilation and mixing device
Equipped with heater,
thermostat, fan and mixing
device
Addition of organic material
required
Prices: 800 1.400 EUR
BioLet USA, Inc.

150 East State Street
P.O. Box 548
Newcomerstown, OH 43832
USA
Tel.: (800) 524-6538
Fax.: (740) 498-4073
info@biolet.com
http://www.biolet.com/

Urine diversion
Insulated composter (rotating
drum)
Rotating drum for mixing,
driven by foot pedal
Drop hole can be cloesd by
shutter seal
Emptying period: once a month
(4 users)
Composting space: 30 l
Ext. material: fibreglass, Int.
mat.: polyethylene and
stainless steel
Organic adsorbent required
Connection for ventilation
Price: 1.500 Euro
Biolan Oy
P.O. Box 2
FIN-27501 KAUTTUA
Finland
Tel.: +358 2 549 1600
Fax.: +358 2 549 1660
www.naturum.fi
export@biolan.fi
Distributor for USA, Canada and
Japan
MONTAKI CANADA INC.
Michio Takikawa
10422 Belmont, Pierrefonds
Quebec, Canada H8Y 2J2
Tel.: 1-514-684-1187
Fax.: 1-514-684-7272
montakicanada@videotron.ca
Page 6/7

Sun-Mar
Self-contained
Central-flush
Central dry

from toilet or compact system
with toilet and composter
integrated in one unit.
Available for low flush or dry
toilets
A drum is rotated manually to
mix and aerate the compost.
Electric (fan, heating) or nonelectric versions available
Toilet: very low flush toilet, with
foot pedal for flushing
Price: 1.200 - 1.900 Euro
(including toilet)
Sun-Mar Corp.
600 Main St.
Tonawanda, NY 14150
USA
Tel.: 1-888-341-0782 or
905-332-1314
Fax.: 905-332-1315
www.sun-mar.com/
2006, GTZ
components
Werner, Florian Klingel, Jean Ndzana)
ecosan program
T +49 6196 79-4220
F +49 6196 79-7458
E ecosan@gtz.de
I www.gtz.de/ecosan
11/10/2006
Page 7/7
collection
organic solid waste
Technology components
faeces
urine
Urine-diversion
(UD) toilets
Waterless urinals,
UD toilets
treatment
Greywater
separation
Vacuum toilets and vacuum sewerage
rainwater
Rainwater
harvesting
Gravity Sewerage (conventional or small-bore, central or decentral)

Composting toilet
utilisation
greywater
Dehydration Toilet
Constructed
wetlands,
ponds, trickling
Anaerobic Digesters
Urine
processing filters, septic tanks,
Composting
soil filters,
Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentralised)
Prolonged storage
Soil conditioning with treated

excreta and solid biowaste
Storage
Fertilizing
with urine
Reuse:
irrigation,
toilet flushing
Reuse of wastewater e.g. in agriculture, aquaculture
Disinfection
(if required)
Reuse:
irrigation,
cleaning,
toilet flushing

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technical data sheets for ecosan components

B.1 Single-vault composting toilets

Waterless toilet systems

Receive mainly faeces, but treatment of urine and

Dry organic bulking material should be added

Produce a valuable soil conditioner with low pathogen

Suitable for both industrial and developing countries

Detailed information on different types of Composting Toilets

Single-vault composting toilets

is humus-like material, a black, lumpy

Excess liquids flow down to a separate

During operation, a handful of additive

Manufacturers and commercially

The basic process of the toilet is the

hemlock, spruce, fir, maple or oak, not

While handling composted excrement, it

Before first use, a thin layer of bark or

In most composting toilets, liquids will

The mature material is removed from

version for discussion: please send your comments to ecosan@gtz.de

technical data sheets for ecosan components

Figure 2: View of composting toilet (Source: Reed and Shaw)

Leachate has to be handled with care

Single-vault composting toilets are the

Figure 3: Composting toilets in Puerto

Biodegradable household wastes can

version for discussion: please send your comments to ecosan@gtz.de

technical data sheets for ecosan components

anaerobic conditions caused by too

sources and the Environment, Sida,

The cost for self-constructed systems

A list of manufacturers of composting

Good practice examples

In Hamburg, Germany, around 35 composting toilets have been installed

Crennan, L., waterless toilets, Home,

Esrey, St. A., et. al., 1998, Ecological

version for discussion: please send your comments to ecosan@gtz.de

technical data sheets for ecosan components

B.2 Multiple-vault composting toilets

Waterless toilet systems

Receive mainly faeces, but treatment of urine and

Dry organic bulking material should be added

Produce a valuable soil conditioner with low pathogen

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