Psychology 1000

03/12/13
Next Time: Freud
Scan: pg. 543 550
Stress The Stress Response, Psychosomatic Disorders,
Traumatic Stress
What causes stress?
Are there consequences of prolonged stress?
How can you protect yourself against stress?
Stress Process
- Stressors
o Catastrophes (tsunami, earthquake), life changes (loss of
spouse, divorce, etc.), hassles
o More stressors you have, the more build up, the more you
will get in trouble
- Intervening Factors
o Appraisal (See if you can handle it or not), Perceived
control, Personality, Social Support, Coping
- Stress Reaction
o Physiological
Sense Stressor
Signals Sympathetic, adrenal medulla, dumps
epinephrine
Signal to hypothalamus
o Anterior pituitary, Adrenal cortex,
Glucocorticoids
o Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)
Effects similar to epinephrine
Coverts protein to glucose
Makes fats available for energy
Increased blood flow
Almost every cell in body has
receptor for glucocorticoids
Immune System
Stress can suppress the immune system,
making the person more vulnerable
How? Stress results in release of
glucocorticoids directly suppress the action of
white blood cells
Support
o Rats faced with inescapable shock
showed a decrease in lymphocyte
production

o Husbands show decreased immune

response after wifes death
o People are more likely to get sick a few
days after exposure to stressful event
o Acute infectious disorders increase
during final exams
Reaction depends on appraisal
Do you perceive that situation is a threat and
that you can not cope with
o Distress
Psychosomatic Disorders
Disorders with primarily physical symptoms,
but caused or maintained by psychological
factors
o Hypertension due to psychological
response to tension
o Gastric Ulcers
Painful lesions of stomach lining
Over 500k new cases/year
Linked to living in stressful
environment
Not due to stress alone
Have to perceive that you do
not have control
Control (Weiss)
o Group 1: No shock
o Group 2: Avoidable
shock
o Group 3: Unavoidable
shock
o Groups 2 and 3 are
yoked (Receive
exactly same number
of shocks)
o Group 3 have the most
ulcers
o Group 1: No shock
o Group 2: Signaled
shock
o Group 3: Unsignalled
shock
o Unsignalled shock have
most ulcers, signaled
very low ulcers

o Noise
Closer to airport, more likely to
have a heart attack
Constant stressor
o Emotional
o Behavioral

Anxiety Disorders
- General symptoms
o Subjective distress
o Physiological activation
o Avoidance / escape behaviour
o Interference / restriction in daily routine, occupational or
social functioning
- Types of Anxiety Disorders
o Panic Attack; Panic disorder
o Phobic disorders
o Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
o Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Results from specific traumatic event
Severe anxiety, arousal, distress
Trauma relived in flashbacks
Emotional but numb to the world
Avoid exposure to related stimuli
Dont want to talk, hear, or experience it
anymore
May experience survivor guilt
Often seen following: Torture, rape, horrible accident,
war
Onset can be immediate or happen months later
Post traumatic stress mostly occurs in right
hemisphere
Left hemisphere is positive emotions, right
hemisphere has more negative emotions
Reliving all the negative things
Multiple exposures to events more problematic than
single highly traumatic event
Importance of coping style and social support

Individual may try to self-medicate with drugs or

alcohol
Increased risk for other disorders (e.g. depression)
Give up on the world
Treatment
Remove from traumatic situation
Educate survivors and family
Medication (Zoloft)
o Antidepressant, no real drug to help with
stress
Exposure therapy common
Training in coping
o Vulnerability & Protection
Social support: Ability to rely on and talk to others
Those with weak social ties twice as likely to die
Trauma
Students asked to talk about traumatic or
trivial events
o Trauma situation: higher immune
function, 50% fewer visits to campus
health services
Hardiness, Coping self-efficacy, Optimism
Lower risk for anxiety/depression
Optimists live longer than pessimists
Problem focused coping
Confront & deal directly with demands of
stressor
Works better most the time
Emotion focused coping
Manage the emotional response
Dealing with Stress
o Recognize the symptoms, know what you are dealing with
o Change what you can and learn to live with the rest
o Relax and exercise
o Talk to family, friends, professionals
o Dont self medicate
o Take the time to smile

Psychology 1000
03/14/13
Next Time: Tapping the Unconscious
Scan: pg. 544 550

Freud Protecting Against Stress, A Brief History of Freud,

Psychodynamic theory
How can you protect yourself from stress?
What shaped Freuds thinking?
What is the psychodynamic model?
Psychodynamic Theory
- ID
o Most primitive portion of the mind
Never goes away, will always be here, no moral
constraint, unconscious
At birth, an infant is all ID
o Ego & Superego derived from ID
o Basic biological urges
Eating, drinking, sex
o Libidinal Energy
Motivation based on the Pleasure Principle
Maximum pleasure
Minimum pain
Wants satisfaction now
Not later, regardless of the cost
o Primary Process thinking
Little or no distinction between fantasy and reality
If needs cannot be met in reality, fantasy will do
Needs to have something to convey it whether it is
reality or fantasy
o Soon, reality sets in:
Needs are sometimes delayed
Needs sometimes can not be met
- Ego ( I )
o Developed because ID can not deal with the fact that
needs can not be met
o Derived from and serves ID
o Obeys the Reality Principle
o Satisfy ID in accord with constraints of real world
Secondary process
Has to be concerned with the real world
Partly conscious
o Acts as a manager
Adjusts cognitive and perceptual process
Controls ID
Suggests options
E.g. stealing to keep warm
- Superego (Over I)

o As a child grows older, a new agency forms

o Decides whether ego has been good or bad
Looks at decision ego makes and decides
o Internalized rules of parents and society
What the parents thought, it determines whats good
and bad for the superego
o At first, ego only has to worry about external reality
o Over time, the act is suppressed even when ID can get
away with it
E.g. 3 year old often slaps own hand saying No,
Bad
Superego doesnt have to judge it
o Superego is beginning to control ego by giving rewards for
compliance
Pride
Guilt: punishment for non-compliance
Note
o Difficult position of ego
o ID and Superego are often in conflict
o If Ego obeys Super ego, ID may not be satisfied
o If Ego follows ID, Superego may punish

Psychology 1000
03/19/13
Next Time: Other Approaches & Disorders
Scan: pg. 550 556; 623 628
Freud 2 Model of Mind, Defense Mechanisms, Tapping the
Unconscious
What is Freuds model of the mind and personality?
How does an individual deal with extreme anxiety?
How can you get information about the unconscious mind?
-

Unconscious Conflict
o Interaction of ID, Ego, and Superego results in a constant
struggle which generates anxiety
o Ego
Reality Anxiety
Fear of real world threats
Neurotic Anxiety
Fear of IDs desires
o You have anxiety because you are afraid
of what ID is going to suggest
Moral Anxiety
Fear of guilt

o If you make the wrong decision,

Superego is coming with the guilt trip
thats unavoidable
Anxiety is very unpleasant
o Want to avoid or reduce
o How?
If threat is in real world, flee or avoid the situation
Rational move by Ego
What about the threat from within
o Really want forbidden object or behaviour
Cant stop thinking about it
ID constantly coming back at you for it
Remove from consciousness
o Repression from Ego
Whatever that ID urge is that you
cant handle, simply forget about it.
When you forget about it you can
control it
Problem with Repression
o For ID, thinking and doing are the same
Ego must completely control the thought which takes
mental energy (libidinal energy)
Devote some mental energy to keep thoughts
(memories, feelings, etc.) out of awareness
Ego uses repression as a Defense Mechanism
Other Defense Mechanisms
o Repression is often incomplete
o It takes energy
o Urges re-surface with anxiety
o Ego needs reinforcement
o Displacement
When ID can not achieve primary goal, a secondary
goal is fashioned as outlet
E.g. displaced aggression against another
target
Note: Not always a negative
Sublimation
Urge redirected in line with Superego
o E.g. Art, sports
o Reaction Formation
With displacement, urge rechanneled to safe
route
May have to block urge completely
Unable to channel urge safely

Here, repressed with of ID and ward it off by

engaging in the diametrical opposite
Do the exact opposite thing
E.g. you hate your sister and have been
punished for this jealous behaviour, shower her
with exaggerated love (love her so much she
finds it uncomfortable)
When this is done, someone is going to see
through this
Note: Hostility often shows
Love is stifling and sister probably feels
smothered by it
Note: Negation
I dont hate my sister
Rationalization
Urge reinterpreted in acceptable terms
E.g. harsh punishment is for childs own good
E.g. only doing this to make it better for you
Sour Grapes Effect
Come up with a reason for not doing something
Downgrade the urge so it doesnt have any
viability anymore
Projection
Own urges seen in others
E.g. I hate you becomes you hate me
Note: urge recognized as others hate and not own
Will start blaming everybody
Isolation
Memories allowed back into consciousness but
without motives or emotion
Strip off all the emotional things so it is not
threatening to Ego anymore
Often seen in cases of extreme trauma
E.g. Rape, War, etc.
Regression
Mentally returning to an earlier, safer state
E.g. Thumb sucking (oral stage regression),
bed wetting (anal stage regression)
Regress backwards

o Conversion
Conflict converted into physical symptom

Take anxiety that you are suffering and make it a

physical symptom
E.g. develop Blindness so that you will not
have to see the anxious situation
Note: relation to hysteria
Tapping into the unconscious
- How do we find out about the contents of the unconscious mind?
- Royal Road
o Dreams
Attempt at wish fulfillment
Not constrained by
Reality (Ego)
Morality (Superego)
ID can do whatever it wants in the dreams
But anxiety can be aroused
Needs defense mechanisms in the dream world
Thus, content is censored and disguised
o Latent -> Actual Desire
o Manifest (contains clues) -> Laundered
version
Symbols where one thing stands
for another
- Free Association
o Freud opts for this method over hypnosis
o Patient is to say anything no matter how trivial,
embarrassing or unrelated they might seem
E.g. first word that comes to your mind when I say
word
Therapist trying to get handle of whats going on in
your mind
o Analyst looks for associations and resistance
Looking for words that you dont know what to say or
resist to reply to it
o Note: Rorschach Ink blots to tell what you see
o Note: Thematic Apperception Test Show a picture and
come up with a story to understand what is going on
- Errors of speech and memory
o Freudian slips
Not a slip at all, it is what you are thinking about
o Absent-mindedness
E.g. forgetting to mail a letter to someone is because
you dont want to
o No actual errors
- The Back Door

o Unconscious will be seen in: Myths, art, literature, jokes

o Unconscious is seen in everything the human mind is
associated with
Psychology 1000
03/21/13
Next Time: Mood & Schizophrenia
Scan: pg. 642 650; 654 - 661
Other Approaches and Disorders Humanistic Model, History
of Mental Disorders, Mood Disorders
How does the humanistic perspective differ from Freud?
How do we classify mental disorders?
What are the symptoms of a mood disorder?
Critique and Assessment
Limited Data
- Theory built on select population
Bias
- Analyst hardly an objective observer
Conceptual
- Vague terms
o How do I test the ID, how do I find the ID?
- Testable
Evidence for Freud
Unconscious Processing
- Semantic Priming Effect
Repression
- Memory lapses during therapy
o Just before they repress, they cant remember it
Evidence Against Freud
Dreams
- Thirsty subjects awoken during REM do not dream of drinking
o ID wishes are not expressed there
Anthropological Evidence
- Oedipus complex not universal
o E.g. Trobriand Islanders
Father is not the leader of the household, the uncle is
the leader of the household
Whatever the scientific answer, Freud will remain an important
figure
Notion of internal unconscious conflict
- No matter what you think, you will never completely know
yourself
Scope of theory

Theory of humanity that covers: biology, art, humor, the family,

etc.
o Cultures that appeal to us still have to do with Freudian
culture
Anthropologic Evidence

Humanistic Perspective
Maslow
- Focus on inherent goodness
- Strive for self actualization
o Want to push yourself to be the best, always
o Esteem, Love/belonging, Safety, Physiological
- Freud says that humans are born evil
Carl Rogers
- Have to always look at The Self
o Organized, consistent set of belief & perceptions
o Self-consistency, Congruence
Strive for Self-consistency
No internal conflicts
Strive for Congruence
No internal-external conflicts
E.g. be an environmentalists but drive a
hummer
- A well adjusted person modifies things
o Notices inconsistency or non-congruence and will modify to
bring them into line
- A person who is not well adjusted Denies or ignores the selfconsistency and congruence
o Problems in living
- Need for positive regard
o Unconditional positive regard from parents and self
E.g. People sees you as a good person
Fully functioning person
o Without unconditional positive regard, there will be a
problem
Conditions of worth
Will not function properly
- Is this a useful approach?
o High self-esteem related to positive social life and
happiness
o Support for self-verification & self-enhancement

 Always see how good you are

o Very positive view of human nature
o But, can be subjective, relies on a persons self-report
o Difficult to define or predict what will be a self actualizing
tendency, becomes equal to behaviour
Anything you do is self actualizing otherwise you
would not do it

Other Perspectives
Trait perspective
- Eysenck
- Cattel 16 different traits
- Big Five **Should know what these are**
Social Cognitive Approach People will not only self justify but will do
things so they will get by in life
- Rotter
- Bandura
Mental Disorders
- Mental illness not always considered mental or illness
- 5000 B.C. Egypt
o Evil spirits released by trephining
Punch a hole through the head
- 1140 B.C. China
o Institutions for the insane established
Prison for the individuals
- 500 B.C Greece
o Pythagoras suggests a disease of the mind not the brain
o Suggests that maybe it is treatable
th
- 15 Century Europe
o Insane set adrift on ships of fools
Resulted from insane asylums that were too full
- Followed by a couple hundred years of witch-hunts, jail, burning,
etc.
- Late 1700s
o Medical model
Might be a biological problem in their brain
o Mesmer & Magnetism
Best way to control brain was through magnetism
- 1840 England

o 1st insanity defense for attempted murder

1900s Charcot, Freud
o Notion of psychogenic problem
Treatment can be psychological

Perspectives of Mental Disorders and Treatments

- Medical
o There is a medical or physiological problem therefore the
treatment is medical
o Most likely be a psychiatrist which prescribes drugs
- Psychodynamic
o Need to do some talking therapy to help with the ID, Ego
behaviour
- Humanistic
o Striving to be the best you can be but there is a problem
with you trying to get there
-

Cognitive-Behavioural
o Need to understand how you think, once I understand what
you think I can treat you
Sociocultural
o You have to take into account that the culture the
individual is in, you cant treat the person unless you do
Different etiologies, prognoses, and treatment

Classifying Disorders
- Need a taxonomy (way to classify)
o Scientific
E.g. if I am working on schizophrenia, and other is
working on the same thing, we need to be both be
talking about the same thing
o Practical
- Do symptoms sets to come up with a syndrome
o Determine what is wrong with the person
o E.g. disorganized thinking, withdrawal, and hallucinations
symptoms will make a person diagnose the person as a
Schizophrenia
- Until Mid 1970s classification process looked like this
o Neurosis
Whatever you have, the major cause is anxiety
E.g. phobia still in touch with reality
o Psychosis
Whatever you have, the major cause is thought
disturbance
E.g. schizophrenia lost touch with reality

Note: Early classification by cause

Note: Shift to observable symptoms
Note: DSM IV
o Where you will find the description symptoms to all
syndromes

Psychological Disorders
- Somatoform Disorders
o Suffering from hysteria or conversion disorder
- Dissociative Disorders
o Multiple personality disorder
o Amnesia
o Fugue
o What people usually think of when thinking of mental
patients
- Mood Disorder
o Major Depression
o Bipolar disorder
- Schizophrenia Disorder
o Does not involve multiple personality
- Personality Disorders
o Most difficult to diagnose and treat
Psychology 1000
03/26/13
Next Time:
Scan:
Mood & Schizophrenia
Mood Disorders
- Characterized by a disturbance in mood rather than thought
- Not formal thought disturbances
- Problems in how people feel
o Feel too high Mania
o Feel too low Depression
- Unipolar or Major Depression
o Patient experiences only the despair of depression
Abnormally low for a great deal of time
Thoughts of suicide
- Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive psychosis)
o Patient swings from one extreme to the other
From high to low
o If untreated, each stage could lasts for months even
though you only get about 10 20 of them
o Rapid cycler 4 or more per year

o Mania
Jumps from one thing to another
Thoughts are constantly moving all over the
place
Unable to sit still
Jumps from very happy to very angry
o Acute Form
Endless talking
No inhibition
Grandiose plans
Insomnia
Ceaseless torrent of activity
Sedation only way to control them
Major Depression
o Polar opposite
o Patient feels utterly dejected, hopeless, worthless
o Maybe have hallucinations or delusions in severe case
o Loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, fatigue, suicidal
thought, little interest in sex
o Risk of suicide is low while the patient is in the worst part
of depression
Will not have be troubled to do anything
Risk increases as patient comes out of depression
Rate is highest after being discharged

What causes Depression?

Genetic
- Bipolar Disorder
- Concordance for identical twins 4 times more than fraternal
- Biological parents 3 times more likely to have the disorder than
adoptive parents
Biochemical
- Switch from Bipolar often not related to external circumstances,
probably internal
o You dont just randomly switch to Bipolar
- 1950s people took reserpine
o Reserpine depletes monoamines
NE, Serotonin, Dopamine
NE drops during depression and increases
during mania
o Increase in depression
- Monoamine Theory
o Increase levels of neurotransmitters in a lot of ways
o MAOI inhibits the protein that neutralizes NE

Psychogenic Factors
- Freud Feelings of anger towards parents who abandoned you
- Anger directed inward resulting in guilt and self loathing
- Any significant loss
Learning Perspective
- Loss of reward structure
- Learned helplessness
o Lack of contingency
o Nothing you do makes a difference
Cognitive Perspective
- Patient who is depressed has a negative cognitive triad
o Negative feelings toward self, future, and world
- Interpretations follow schema
- Maximize bad things, minimize good things
o Bad things always happens to me
o It was good cause I got lucky
- Derived from unfortunate experiences from early life
o Rejection from peers, loss of parent, harsh home life
- Schema becomes self-fulfilling
o Everything you do follow this pattern and you will see life
as useless
Cycle of depression
- Stressful experiences
- Negative explanatory style (bad thing always happens to me)
- Depressed mood
- Cognitive and behavioral changes
Attributional Style
- What really matters is how the individual attributes the negative
events
o Style of internal, global, stable causes
Leads to depression
Cant change it, always my fault
Psychology 1000
03/29/13
Schizophrenia Subtypes, causes, symptoms
Are there different types of schizophrenia? Yes
What are the symptoms?
What are the causes?
Schizophrenia
- Schizo Split
- Phrenum Mind
- Splitting of mental processes
o Attention, perception, motivation

Not a splitting of different personalities

DSM Classification
- Cognitive or Perceptual distortion
o Distinct thought patterns and ways they perceive the world
o Hallucinations
- Social or occupational dysfunction
o Start withdrawing from a lot of things
- Duration
o Has to last for at least 6 months
- Not another disorder
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Catatonic
- Excessive, sometimes violent activity or no movement at all
Paranoid
- Delusions of grandeur, persecution or both
o Think they are someone famous, or someone is out to get
them
Disorganized
- Incoherent speech, odd affect, delusions, hallucinations
o Affect they display does not go with what they are doing at
all
Go at a funeral but start to laugh
Undifferentiated
- Can not be classified of one of the three above
Type 1
- Positive symptoms
o Delusions, Hallucinations
o Displaying more things
Type 2
- Negative symptoms
o Flat affect or wrong affect
o Displaying less
Schizophrenia has dissociation from these three aspects
Actions
- Withdrawing from social interactions and poor self care
o Does not take care of self, does not hang with friends,
looks homeless
- Sometimes increased activity
- Rarely adopts strange postures
o Catatonic
Feelings

- Flat affect
- Inappropriate affect
Thoughts
- Delusions
o False beliefs that are held in the face of compelling
evidence to the contrary
They do not believe you even if evidence is right
there, only believe in themselves
o Grandeur or persecution
Famous, or people are out to get them
o Thought broadcasting
Their mind is open to the world, whatever they think,
people know what they are thinking
o Thought insertion
People are putting thoughts into their head
- Hallucinations
o False sensory perception
Hear, see things that arent there
- Formal thought disorders
o Breakdown in the pattern of logical thinking
o Paralogic
o Overinclusion
Somehow they can link things to one another and
they all make sense to them

Causes of Schizophrenia
Predisposition
- Genetics
o Disc 1
Protein that guides new neural connections to
proper locations and tempo
o Pretty strong in genetics
-

Biochemical
o Dopamine theory
Neurotransmitter dopamine is related to attention
Drugs that stimulate dopamine can induce
hallucinations and delusions
Antipsychotic drugs decrease dopamine activity
Neurological
o Brain damage
Decrease in cortical activity
Larger ventricles
Losing brain tissue

Stress
- Trauma
- Social situations
o Environmental factors
o Incidence of schizophrenia is much higher in low social
economic areas even in same city
o People living downtown get more stress
- Expressed emotions
o Discharged patients are more likely to relapse if family
members are critical, hostile, and negative
- Family environment
o More conflict with parents of schizophrenic
o More negative reactions to the child if the child has
schizophrenia
Psychology 1000
DID Dissociative Identity Disorder
- Splitting of the personality
Dissociative Disorders
- To avoid troubling thoughts, feelings or memories
o Way to remove this is to remove from conscious awareness
Patient forgets about the problem
Freud says its repression
Types of Dissociative Disorders
- Psychogenic Amnesia
o Patient is unable to remember specific events, time in life,
and identity
o Only 1 personality
Simply forgets who they are
- Psychogenic Fugue
o Patient wanders from home
o Forget who they are and develops new identity
Still only 1 personality
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
o Patients develops 2 or more separate identities that coexist
o Under stress the patient switches from 1 identity to
another
o Criteria DSM IV
2 or more distinct identities
At least 2 of the identities recurrently take control of
the behaviour
Amnesia for important personal data
Not due to substance abuse

o Characteristics
Mainly female
Max number of personalities of about 60
Many people who have this has depression, mood
swings, hallucinations, conversion disorder
o Etiology
Emotional crisis before age of 6
From extremely physical or sexual abuse
Disorder not typically found until adulthood
Kids may have imaginary friends so people
who not care
Patient becomes curious about blackouts and
memory lapses
Very rare outside of North America
o Is it real?
Involvement of hippocampus
Involved in memory, different area lights up
Hard to role play
Distinct in handedness (may be left handed
while personality is right handed) and acuity
(you may wear glasses while other does not)
Psychology 1000
Treatments
What are the various options for somatic therapy?
Why would you employ Psychosurgery or ECT?
How do psychoactive drugs work?
Why are women more likely to experience mental disorders than men?
- Women are more likely to report the disorder than men
o Reporting bias
- 200 different forms of psychotherapy
- Treatment of emotional or behavioural problems through
psychological techniques
Somatic Therapy
- Used in conjunction with some form of talking therapy
o Patient may be too down to talk
o Patient may be suicidal
-

Psychosurgery
o Brain surgery in the absence of obvious organic damage
o Prefrontal lobotomy
Separate pre-frontal lobes from rest of brain

Patients become more docile but become

detached with everything else
o Decrease in IQ, less emotions, etc.
Refined Procedure
Cingulectomy
o Cut the cingulum bundle
Fibers that connect prefrontal lobe
to cortex system
o Few side effects
Less deaths, can influence choice
o Effective for OCD
o Caution
Treatment of last resort
Make sure you tried every other possible
treatment first
Irreversible
Never use on a patient that did not consent to it
Electroconvulsive Therapy
o Induce epileptic seizure very briefly to the temple area
Get a wild firing of neurons to get convulsion and
give them a seizure
Has some type of therapeutic effect
o Patients now are anesthetized before shock to reduce
convulsion so they dont move around and hurt themselves
o Shock is now only applied to the right hemisphere
Less damage to verbal memory because when it was
applied to both before it affected verbal skills
o Only useful for a couple disorders
Depression
Not useful for schizophrenia at all
o Can cause permanent damage to the brain
o Not sure why inducing seizures has these effects
Increase in monoamines to reduce depression
o Anti depressant drugs take a while to get into effect
May need ECT to respond and treat quickly
o Caution
Treatment of last resort
Need patients consent

Drug Therapy
o Relieves symptoms by altering synaptic communication

o Anti Anxiety Drugs

Tranquilizers
Calming effect
Lower your excitability of nervous system
Heavily prescribed
Benzodiazepine (Valium)
Binds at receptor site, increase sensitivity of
GABA
Drug is very addictive
Occasional use can be beneficial but long term
use not recommended
Can be used for withdrawal symptoms
o Antidepressants
Alter neurotransmitters
NE, serotonin, dopamine
Extremely depressed patients become more
optimistic
Tricyclic
Inhibits re-uptake of serotonin and NE to keep
more in there
Fewer side effects than MAO
MAO inhibitor (Nardil)
Inhibits MAO which leaves serotonin and NE in
synapse
Need daily use
Clomipramine to treat OCD
Atypical Antidepressant (Prozac)
Treats depression in a very strong way
Replaces valium
Inhibits reuptake of only serotonin
o SSRI
Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitor
Few side effects
o Anti Mania
Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith)
Prescribed for Bipolar Disorder
Eliminates manic phase and depression does not
return
Dosage for lithium is very important
Too little Does nothing
Too much will kill you
Need to use second therapy

o Anti Psychotic
Thorazine or Chlorpromazine
Blocks dopamine receptors because people
with schizophrenia have reported high
dopamines
Reduce symptoms of schizophrenia
Two major pathways in dopamine
Brain stem linked with parkinsons
Cerebral cortex and frontal limbic system
want to target this
Thorazine targets both systems so patient will
end up developing temporary movement
disorder
o Does not go away if you are taking this
drug
Prolonged use will give Tardive Dyskinesia
Face distorts
Involuntary movements of mouth and tongue
Breathing is odd
Symptoms of Thorazine can be temporarily relieved
by increasing dosage but will not go away
Clozapine does not seem to produce side effects
Might be because it targets better
o Effectiveness
Double blind studies show good or moderate results
It is most effective when used with some talking
therapy
Psychology 1000
Psychotherapy
What are the essential elements of psychoanalysis?
How does the humanistic approach differ from psychoanalysis?
What is involved in cognitive therapy?
Psychotherapy
- Talking therapy
- Different theories imply different treatments
Psychodynamic Approach
- Classical Psychoanalysis
o Based on Freudian concepts
o Goal is to uncover hidden conflicts and unconscious
impulses
o Insight therapy
Gain insight on who we are and how we got there

o Techniques
Therapist is out of view while patient lies on couch
Free association First word that comes to mind
Tries to get ego out of way to interfere so they
can get directly to unconscious
o Interpretation
Provide interpretation of what you are saying
Therapist has to help person provide information of
himself
o Resistance
Patient avoids topic
Becomes angry at interpretation
Misses appointments
Fails to pay the bills
Want to get to this stage because it is getting close
to the real problem
o Transference
Therapist becomes object of patients emotional
attitudes
E.g. If patient becomes angry at mother,
therapist can take the roll and play out the
conflict
o Insight and working through
Gradual process of interpretation, resistance, and
transference gives patient the insight
o Many versions of psychoanalysis
Neo-Freudian
Ego analysis
Different theories
Focus less on ID and more adaptive problem skills
More brief than classical
o For any of the versions, the patient must be highly
motivated
o More effective for some disorders
Works better for younger people and anxiety rather
than schizophrenia
Humanistic Therapy
- Emphasizes uniqueness of human experience
o Everybody has their own path
- Psychodynamic and Psychoanalysis are too manipulative
o Seen more than just a bunch of impulses
- People are creative, want self actualization
- Carl rogers Client-Centered therapy
o People are good

o Will move toward ideal self

o Problems arise when they are prevented from reaching full
potential
o Therapist helps to discover self
o Empathy
Recognize and accept the clients emotion, cant fake
it
o Unconditional Positive Regard
Belief that the client is worthy and capable and
believe that the problem the client gives is real no
matter how trivial
Therapist acts as sympathetic sounding board
o Client suggests cures and decides when therapy is
successful
Cognitive Therapy
- Concerned with thought patterns
- Concerned more about the present than the past
- Very directive
o Behaviours
-

Rational Emotive Therapy

o Abnormal behaviour results from faulty and irrational
thinking
If you replace irrational thoughts, your behavioural
problems will disappear
o People make unrealistic demands on themselves and
others
E.g. Necessary for person to be loved by everyone
E.g. Patient too tough on self
o Task is to help patient see the irrationality in his/her belief
Continue to ask questions until you get the belief

Psychology 1000
04/04/13
Major points to know for the exam
Room: AH 201 for final exam
Chapter 14
Personality
- Psychodynamic perspective
o Freud & Neo-Freudians
- Rogers Humanistic approach
- Trait perspective
o Cattell, Eysenck

Biological approach
Social cognitive
o Rotter, Bandura
Personality Assessment

Chapter 15
Stress
- Nature of Stress
- Stress Response
o Lazarus
- Selyes GAS
- Relation to health
- Vulnerability factors
- Coping Strategies
- Substance abuse
- Illness prevention
Chapter 16
Disorders
- Perspectives
- Classification
o DSM IV for the perspectives
- Anxiety
o Panic, Phobia, OCD, PTSD
- Mood
o Bipolar, Major depression
- Dissociative
o Amnesia, Fugue, DID
- Schizophrenia
o Different types and subtypes of schizophrenia
- Somatoform & personality
Chapter 17
Treatment
- Perspectives
- Psychoanalysis
o Freudian & Neo-Freudian
- Humanistic
o Rogers
- Cognitive
o Ellis & Beck
- Behaviour
o Exposure & Operant
- Third wave treatments
- Somatic

o Psychosurgery, ECT, Drugs

Does therapy work?