THE NATIONAL EXAMINATION BOARD IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

NATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

PAPER A1: IDENTIFYING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS
Answer ALL questions

MARCH 1998
Time Allowed: 2 hours

Section 1
This section contains ONE question. You are advised to spend approximately HALF
AN HOUR on it. The maximum marks for each part of the question are shown in
brackets.
1

(a)
(b)
(c)

Define the term `manual handling'.

(2)
List THREE types of injury that could be caused by the incorrect manual
handling of loads.
(3)
Outline practical measures designed to reduce the risk of injury from
manual handling activities at work.
(15)

Section 2
This section contains TEN questions. You are advised to spend approximately ONE
AND A HALF HOURS on it. The maximum marks for each question, or part of a
question are shown in brackets.
2

Fires can be categorised into classes A, B, C and D.

Identify:

(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)

(i) the types of material (fuel) within EACH class

(ii) TWO extinguishing agents that could be used for EACH class.

(4)
(4)

Explain the meaning of the term `dilution ventilation'.

Outline the circumstances in which the use of dilution ventilation may
be appropriate.

(2)
(6)

Outline FIVE factors that may contribute to the collapse of an

independent tied scaffold.
(5)
Outline precautions that could be taken to prevent materials falling from
a scaffold whilst work is being carried out.
(3)

(a)
(b)

Outline FOUR hazards associated with the use of photocopying

machines.
(4)
Explain the precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use of
photocopying machines.
(4)

List the items to be included on a checklist for the routine inspection of

a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a work shift.
(8)

In relation to substances used at work:

(i) explain the meaning of the term `toxic'
(2)
(ii) describe, using an example in EACH case, the differences between
acute and chronic health effects.
(6)

8
9

10

(a)
(b)

11

Outline the factors to be considered in the correct selection of

respiratory protection for use at work.

(8)

Outline the precautions to protect against electrical contact when:

(i) excavating near underground cables
(ii) working in the vicinity of overhead power lines.

(4)
(4)

Outline the possible effects on health arising from exposure to ionising (4)
radiation.
Outline means of ensuring that workers are not exposed to
unacceptable levels of ionising radiation.
(4)
List EIGHT non-mechanical hazards associated with machinery.

(8)

NEBOSH Certificate March 1998

Paper A1 Identifying and Controlling Hazards
Outline answers and guidance given in the NEBOSH examiners Report
Section 1
Question 1
Manual handling continues to be one of the main causes of workplace injury. This
question sought to test candidates' knowledge of the health effects and the practical
solutions that might be applied to manual handling activities.
Part (a) of the question, by way of an introduction, allowed candidates to show that they
had a precise understanding of `manual handling'. An answer that included the key
elements of the definition given in the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (ie
the transporting or supporting of a load by hand or bodily force, including lifting, putting
down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving) was considered sufficient in this respect.
For part (b), most candidates were able to list three types of injury caused by incorrect
manual handling but some were let down by referring to specific injuries of the same
general type. A range of injury types is associated with manual handling, which includes
various strains and sprains, dislocations and fractures, cuts and abrasions,
ruptures/hernias and crushing injuries.
Answers to part (c) were generally disappointing in that many candidates approached
the question in the context of a risk assessment. Hence, the factors that may contribute
to the risk were often identified but not the practical measures that may reduce it. For
instance, many candidates referred to the weight or size of a load as an important factor
but with no suggestion of the possibility of the load being broken down into lighter or
smaller pieces. Those candidates who took notice of the phrase `practical measures'
found marks relatively easy to obtain, particularly when their answers were structured
into the four variables of task, load, environment and individual. Therefore, practical
measures might include redesigning the task such that the need for manual handling is
eliminated or reduced (e.g. mechanisation, reducing carrying distances, team lifting, job
rotation), changing the load (eg lightening, reducing in size, provision of handles,
elimination of sharp edges), improving the working environment (eg optimum heights of
surfaces, improving floor conditions, increasing workspace, improving lighting,
avoidance of changes in floor levels) and addressing the individual factors (eg selection,
provision of information and training, provision of appropriate protective equipment and
clothing).
Section 2

Question 2
Part (i) of this question was well answered and many candidates were able to achieve
full marks by correctly identifying the four classes of fire (A to D) as those involving
solids, liquids, gases and metals respectively.
Part (ii) was testing since it required two alternative extinguishing agents for each class
of fire. Whereas many candidates could suggest two agents for Class A and Class B
fires, perhaps helped by the number of suitable agents available, few could identify
appropriate extinguishing media for Class C and Class D fires. Dry powder and foam
were two agents that could have been identified for fires involving gases or liquefied
gases, and dry sand and special powders (eg powdered graphite or soda ash) were
appropriate to mention in relation to metal fires.
Question 3
Dilution ventilation, despite its widespread use as a means of control in workplaces,
appears to receive insufficient attention on courses, borne out by the generally very
poor standard of answer to this question. Many candidates confused dilution ventilation
with local exhaust ventilation and few were able to demonstrate a reasonable
understanding of where the use of dilution ventilation might be appropriate, even though
its role is identified within the COSHH hierarchy. Dilution ventilation has achieved a
rather poor reputation because of its often inappropriate use, which makes it even more
important that its role in improving the workplace environment is properly explained.
For part (a), candidates were expected to explain the principles of dilution ventilation in
terms of a system designed to induce a flow of clean air into a work area, usually by
means of extraction fans in walls or roofs (sometimes supplemented by inlet fans), in
order to dilute the concentration of a contaminant in the workplace air. While few were
able to do this, even fewer were able to identify, for part (b), the circumstances that
might determine the appropriateness of such a system. These include workplace
situations involving airborne contaminants of low toxicity and low vapour density (eg not
dusts), where the rate of evolution is constant and known, where there may be no
discrete point of release and where it is not reasonably practicable to reduce levels by
other means.
Question 4
Although scaffolding is invariably associated with specialist construction work, those
with health and safety responsibilities in many workplace situations will come across
scaffolding being used as a means of access for various maintenance activities. For this
reason, it is considered an important part of the Certificate syllabus.
Part (a) of the question was generally well answered although there was a tendency for
candidates to provide mere lists, which considerably reduced the number of marks that

could be awarded. Factors that might affect scaffold stability include: incorrect design or
assembly; unstable foundations (unconsolidated ground, close proximity to excavations
or inadequate sole boards/base plates); unauthorised alterations (eg removal of ties);
overloading of platforms; adverse weather; or collision by vehicles. For part (b), some
candidates concentrated too heavily on management controls needed to ensure
scaffold safety in general, rather than the specific physical measures required to prevent
falling materials. Such answers would have been more appropriate to Paper A2. The
precautions required here related to such issues as the close boarding of platforms, the
provision of toeboards, brick guards, nets and fans, and housekeeping to prevent the
build-up of materials on the scaffold.
Question 5
Nearly everyone has experience of using photocopiers and this question therefore gave
candidates the opportunity to make use of such experience in order to identify the
possible hazards and to apply appropriate controls from first principles. The term `use'
in this question was generally, and correctly, taken to include the user tasks of copying,
refilling, cleaning and clearing the seemingly inevitable jams.
Most candidates were able to achieve full marks for part (a) by outlining four out of a
range of hazards that includes electricity, sharp edges, manual handling, entanglement
and trapping, hot surfaces and exposure to chemicals (eg ozone, toner, cleaning
solvents). Precautions against these hazards, for part (b), appeared to cause more of a
problem but good answers explained the use of interlocking, adequate ventilation,
warning signs (eg relating to hot surfaces), machine maintenance, protective clothing
(eg gloves when replacing toner) and appropriate training.
Question 5
By the requirement to `list', candidates were able to pick up marks on this question
quickly and relatively easily. However, some candidates took their answers further than
the question required by including aspects relating to the driver, the operation and the
work environment. Others required so many checks that Examiners were left wondering
whether any work would actually be performed by the end of the shift. Good answers
listed the simple checks that should be carried out as a matter of routine, many by a
quick visual inspection. Hence, before work begins drivers should check the general
condition of brakes, steering, warning devices (horns and flashing beacons), tyres,
lifting mechanism (mast, chains and forks) and bodywork. In addition, they should check
for oil leaks and the correct adjustment of seat and mirrors.
Question 7
A mixed response was received to this question and the overall impression was
disappointing. Many candidates did not, for part (i), appear to understand fully the
meaning of `toxic' with respect to the poisonous effect of a substance on body tissues
and organs. Some simply referred to substances causing harm to the body, an

explanation that was insufficient to distinguish toxic from other effects. Many, too, could
not distinguish, in part (ii), between `acute' and `chronic' effects, and others
inappropriately (since the question referred to `substances') used the example of noise
in their answers to try and make the distinction. The Examiners were looking for an
answer that referred to acute effects as those which normally occur rapidly after a single
or short term exposure to a substance, and chronic effects as those which result after
prolonged or repeated exposures and which usually occur gradually to cause
irreversible changes in the body. Examples of acute effects include narcosis, primary
irritation or corrosive action, and chronic effects include cancer, sensitisation and
systemic damage to body organs.
Question 8
In order to provide good answers to this question, candidates needed to imagine a
situation for which respiratory protection has been decided as a means of control. They
were then required to outline the factors that would determine the selection of that
respiratory protection in order that it provides the necessary protection and satisfies
organisational requirements. Many candidates, instead, decided that the question
required a discussion of the limitations of personal protective equipment (PPE) within
the control hierarchy, some arguing at some length that a local exhaust ventilation
system should be installed as a better alternative. While there might have been mention
of the `last resort' aspect of PPE, the question focused on proper selection. Therefore,
factors such as the nature of the contaminant, the amount of protection afforded,
compatibility with other PPE, ergonomic issues (eg bulkiness), maintenance
requirements, storage requirements, cost and conformance with standards should all
have received mention.
Question 9
Answers to this question tended to be either very good or very poor, and it was apparent
that there was a certain amount of guesswork in many of the poorer answers, which
formed the majority. Examiners were genuinely concerned by some of the precautions
against high voltage electricity that were being offered by candidates, in particular the
idea that insulated footwear and tools would afford protection and that residual current
devices might be appropriate in either of the two situations. Equally, the insistence that
there should be a qualified first-aider present did little to gain Examiners' confidence. It
was significant that only about half of all candidates mentioned the possibility of
isolating the power supply in either part of the question.
Part (i) was answered slightly more successfully than part (ii), with better candidates
referring to isolation of the supply, the identification of cable routes from plans and by
the use of cable detectors, marking of cable routes on site, and digging with hand-tools
rather than by mechanical excavator. Precautions against overhead power lines, for part
(ii), include isolation, erection of goal-post barriers to define clearance distances, clear
marking of danger zones (e.g. with signs and bunting), ensuring safe access routes
under lines (e.g. with `tunnels'), the appropriate use of marshals and banksmen when

there is a possibility that cranes, excavators or tipper lorries might approach overhead
lines, and the restricted use of items such as metal ladders and scaffold tubes near live
lines.
Question 10
Radiation, particularly ionising radiation, continues to cause problems for candidates
and, even when relevant points were identified, answers were generally produced in the
form of lists with little indication that there was sufficient depth of knowledge to produce
the required outline.
For part (a), there was a tendency by some candidates to write down every possible
health effect they could think of in the hope that some might be caused by radiation.
Others were more specific and correctly identified such effects as skin reddening,
blistering and ulceration, cataracts, loss of hair, sterility, radiation sickness (typically
nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea), cell damage (including genetic mutation) and cancer
affecting the skin, other body organs and white blood cells (leukaemia). For part (b),
whilst many candidates were able to identify key principles such as isolation,
segregation, shielding, reduced time exposure, personal protective equipment and
monitoring, few could elaborate sufficiently to demonstrate an understanding of what
these meant in practical terms.
Question 11
This was intended to be a straightforward question that could be answered quickly and
easily. The common confusion between mechanical and non-mechanical machine
hazards was apparent in some answers, with some restricting themselves to
mechanical hazards, for which no marks could be given, and others producing a mixture
of the two types, which limited the marks that could be awarded. Some candidates
overcomplicated their answers by attempting to produce detailed explanations when a
simple list was all that was required. Such a list could have included electricity, noise,
vibration, chemicals/dusts, extremes of temperature, ionising and/or non-ionising
radiations, fire/explosion and ergonomic hazards.
THE NATIONAL EXAMINATION BOARD IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
NATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
PAPER A2: THE MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH
Answer ALL questions

MARCH 1998
Time Allowed: 2 hours

Section 1
This section contains ONE question. You are advised to spend approximately HALF
AN HOUR on it. The maximum marks for each part of the question are shown in
brackets.
1

(a)

Outline the legal requirements whereby employers must prepare a (2)

written statement of their health and safety policy.

(b)

Explain the purposes of EACH of the following sections of a health and

safety policy document:
(i) `statement of intent'
(ii) `organisation'

(2)
(2)

(c)

(iii) `arrangements'.

(2)

Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements

section of a health and safety document.

(12)

Section 2
This section contains TEN question. You are advised to spend approximately ONE
AND A HALF HOURS on it. The maximum marks for each question, or part of a
question are shown in brackets.
2

With reference to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous

Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995:
(i) explain, using TWO examples, the meaning of the term `dangerous
occurrence'
(ii) state the requirements for reporting a dangerous occurrence.

(4)

Explain the meaning of the following terms:

(i) common law
(ii) statute law.

(4)
(4)

In relation to the Noise at Work Regulations 1989:

(i) state, in dB(A), the first and second action levels
(ii) outline the measures that should be taken when employees are
exposed to noise levels in excess of the second action level.

(2)
(6)

Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken
following a serious injury accident at work.
(8)
Outline FOUR duties under the Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations 1994 of EACH of the following persons:

(4)

(i) the client

(ii) the planning supervisor.

(4)
(4)

(a)

In relation to risk assessments as required by the Management of

Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992, explain the meaning of
the term `suitable and sufficient'.

(2)

(b)

Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a risk

assessment to be reviewed.

(6)

Outline ways in which employers may motivate their employees to

comply with health and safety procedures.

Outline the issues that should be included in a training programme for

employees on the emergency action to take in the event of fire.

10

Explain how the following may be used to improve safety performance

within an organisation:

11

(8)
(8)

(i) accident data

(ii) safety inspections.

(4)
(4)

Outline the sources of published information that may be consulted

when dealing with a health and safety problem at work.

(8)

NEBOSH Certificate March 1998

Paper A2 Management of Safety and Health
Outline answers and guidance given in the NEBOSH examiners Report
Section 1
Question 1
There was a mixed response to this question, with some candidates obviously
recognising the health and safety policy as the foundation upon which effective safety
management is built, while others appeared to have little idea of the purpose or
structure of a policy document. Overall, the Examiners were disappointed that a better
understanding of such a fundamental issue was not shown.

For part (a), most candidates were able to state that the requirement for a written health
and safety policy is imposed on employers with five or more employees by the Health
and Safety at Work etc Act 1974. A few, however, became confused with requirements
under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 relating to
health and safety arrangements, and, perhaps inevitably, `five or more' became wrongly
translated on numerous occasions as `more than five'.
For the two marks available for explaining the purposes of each of the three sections of
a policy document, in part (b), the Examiners were not expecting a great deal. A
surprisingly large number of candidates, however, did not appreciate the differences in
purpose between the statement of intent and the sections describing the organisation
and arrangements for implementing the policy. Good answers identified that: a
`statement of intent' demonstrates an organisation's commitment to, and sets
organisational objectives for, health and safety; the `organisation' section identifies the
health and safety responsibilities and channels of communication within the
organisation; and the `arrangements' section details the practical means for achieving
the objectives laid down in the policy statement. Answers that elaborated a little on
these, sometimes by use of examples, were able to achieve full marks.
Part (c) attracted many answers that were simply lists of items with little or no indication
of how they would be addressed in a policy document, or of the reasons for their
inclusion. Candidates who understood the purpose of this section were able to identify a
range of general health and safety issues for which arrangements should be in place.
These included: systems of work; health and safety training; provision of protective
equipment; specific types of hazard (eg machinery, hazardous substances, manual
handling, fire, etc); control of contractors; safety of visitors; accident reporting and
investigation procedures; first-aid facilities; emergency procedures; employee
consultation; and monitoring and review procedures. As an example of an outline,
candidates might have, for the last of these, stated that the arrangements could specify
the frequency of inspections and the form that they might take, other data that would be
collected (eg accident data) and the process of review, perhaps by a safety committee.
Question 2
It was clear that many candidates did not understand the significance of the term
`dangerous occurrence' under RIDDOR. A large number did not appear to realise that
dangerous occurrences are events that had the potential to cause death or serious
injury, and many answers included such outcomes as examples of dangerous
occurrences. Of those which did suggest the notion of a dangerous occurrence as a
near miss, most were unable to give examples of the particular events that are identified
in RIDDOR Schedule 2 as reportable such as the collapse, overturning or failure of a
load-bearing part of an item of lifting equipment, the complete or partial collapse of
scaffolding, the unintended collapse of part of a building or structure, an explosion or
fire causing work to stop for more than 24 hours, as well as a number of others
including those specific to mines and railways.

Candidates who were unable to distinguish in part (a) between a reportable injury and a
reportable dangerous occurrence were nevertheless often able to gain marks in part (b)
since the procedures for reporting a dangerous occurrence are identical to those for
reporting a major injury or fatality. Hence, the responsible person must notify the
enforcing authority of a dangerous occurrence by the quickest practicable means,
followed within 10 days by a written report on an approved form (eg Form F2508).
Question 3
The Examiners again expressed concern at the confusion shown over basic legal terms
and concluded that this is an area that is still being given insufficient attention on
courses. In particular, many candidates seemed unable to distinguish types of law (civil
and criminal) from sources of law (common and statute). For the purposes of this
question, it was important for candidates to realise that some laws are written down in a
precise way and some are not. Common law is judge-made law, where decisions are
recorded in law reports to form accumulated case law that develops over time. Courts
are bound by the doctrine of precedent so that lower courts must abide by the earlier
reasoning of higher courts. Although many civil actions are taken under common law,
some crimes - murder, for instance - are common law offences. Statute law, on the
other hand, is primarily drawn up by Parliament and codified in legislation. It comprises
Acts of Parliament, regulations, orders and by-laws. A breach of statute law may give
rise to both criminal and civil liability, unless civil action is specifically excluded. Some
statutes, such as the Occupiers' Liability Acts, have no criminal implications whatsoever
and merely aim to define the civil law duties that one individual owes to another.
Question 4
This was a well-answered question in which many candidates were able to gain full
marks. Part (i) was straightforward and simply required candidates to recognise the first
and second action levels under the Noise at Work Regulations 1989 as 85dB(A) and
90dB(A) respectively. For part (ii), a few candidates placed rather too much emphasis
on the provision of hearing protection whereas the Regulations are quite specific that,
where noise exposures are likely to be at or above the second action level, employers
must reduce exposures so far as is reasonably practicable by other means. Good
answers therefore made reference to the need for a noise assessment in order to
evaluate the possibility of engineering controls. Only where these prove insufficient is
there a need to define and mark hearing protection zones, provide suitable hearing
protection, and inform, instruct and train employees on the risk of hearing damage and
the preventive or protective measures to minimise such risk.
Question 5
Candidates who gained high marks were those who clearly structured their answers into
the actions that are required immediately after an accident - in terms of attending to the
victim, informing the next of kin and securing the scene of the accident - and the

subsequent actions that are required to satisfy statutory requirements and to determine
root causes. Longer term actions will therefore include reporting the accident under
RIDDOR, identifying witnesses, undertaking an investigation and, on the basis of the
findings, reviewing work procedures.
Question 6
While there were a few very good responses to this question, the majority showed a
generally shallow depth of knowledge of duties under the CDM Regulations, with a
certain amount of guesswork evident in a number of these answers. The client's duties
in a CDM project are to appoint a planning supervisor and principal contractor, to ensure
that all duty holders are competent and adequately resourced, to provide relevant
information to the planning supervisor for the purposes of preparing the health and
safety plan, to ensure that work does not start until a health and safety plan has been
prepared, and to make available for inspection the health and safety file after
completion of the work. The planning supervisor's duties relate to ensuring that a health
and safety plan is prepared, co-ordinating the health and safety aspects of project
design and planning, checking the adequacy of design, ensuring co-operation between
designers, being in a position to provide advice to client and contractors, notifying HSE
of the project, and ensuring that a health and safety file is prepared (or amended) and
passed to the client on completion of the work.
Question 7
Examiners found that part (a) of this question generally received a very poor response
and few candidates were able to give an adequate explanation of the term `suitable and
sufficient'. A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should identify all significant risks,
enable priorities to be set, allow the identification of measures needed to comply with
legal requirements, be appropriate to the nature of the work and be valid over time.
Part (b), in contrast, tended to attract some good answers and several that had started
poorly on part (a) managed to redeem themselves on this part of the question.
Unfortunately there were some that were so vague that they said little more than risk
assessments should be reviewed if the risk changes, with no real indication of why the
risk might have changed. A good answer considered such circumstances as: a change
in process, work method or materials; the introduction of new plant or technology; new
information becoming available; a change in legislation; changes in personnel; and
when the results of monitoring (accidents, ill-health effects, environmental) are not as
expected.
Question 8
Motivation is the driving force behind the way in which a person acts in order to achieve
a goal. In this case the Examiners were looking for suggestions of how employees
might be motivated to work safely. Responses tended to be polarised into those that

were extremely limited, going little beyond the introduction of financial incentives and
improved personal protection, and those that took a wide-ranging look at all factors
affecting motivation. Such answers included ways of improving employees' knowledge
of the consequences of not working safely (through training and information), showing
the commitment of the organisation to safety (by providing resources and a safe
working environment), involving employees in health and safety decisions (by
consultation, team meetings, etc), and recognising and rewarding achievement. Better
candidates were able to recognise that positive motivation (ie employees working safely
because that is how they want to work) tends to be more effective than negative
motivation (ie employees working safely for fear of disciplinary action), although both
have a place.
Question 9
This question presented little difficulty for the majority of candidates. Typical issues to be
included in a fire training programme relating to emergency action are: recognition of
fire alarms and the actions to be taken; meanings of emergency signs; location of fire
escape routes and assembly points; requirements for safe evacuation (eg. non-use of
lifts, no running etc); location and operation of call points and other means of raising the
alarm; location and use of fire fighting equipment; consideration of people with special
needs; and the identity and role of fire marshals. A few candidates became distracted by
general fire safety precautions within a workplace, such as the need to keep fire doors
free of obstruction, which fell outside the focus of the question, and others concentrated
on the delivery rather than the content of a training programme. These were, however, a
minority.
Question 10
The response to this question was disappointing and many candidates appeared not to
notice that the question required an explanation of how accident data and safety
inspections can be used to improve safety. Instead, some discussed, in part (i), how
accident data are collected and, in part (ii), how an inspection should be carried out.
The obvious use of accident data is to identify specific problem areas by recording
instances where control measures have failed. However, analysis of the data allows
general trends to be shown in order perhaps to identify common root causes, as well as
comparisons to be made with others in order to learn from successes elsewhere.
Accident data can also help to raise awareness in the minds of both managers and
employees of health and safety in general, and of specific problems in particular. In
addition, the collection of data allows costs to be calculated, which can increase the
likelihood of resources being allocated. Similarly, for part (ii), the obvious purpose of
safety inspections is to identify areas where improvements are needed. Inspections may
also affect the organisational safety culture, particularly where employees' views are
sought as part of the inspection. In this way, management commitment to safety can be
demonstrated, ownership of health and safety can be shared and worker morale can be
improved by simple improvements being implemented at the time of an inspection.

Question 11
This question gave candidates who took note of the key words `published information'
plenty of opportunity to gain marks. Unfortunately, many candidates included sources of
information that could hardly be described as `published', even in the loosest sense of
the word. Examples of information sources that did not attract marks included accident
reports and results of monitoring. Some candidates produced their answers as long
lists, which did not fulfil the requirement for an outline and therefore did not gain all the
marks that were available. At the extreme, a few of these simply produced long lists that
merely contained the names of regulations. While legislation as a whole forms a source
of published information, other sources that should have been considered include HSC
Approved Codes of Practice, HSE guidance documents and leaflets, standards
(international, European and British), safety periodicals, various technical and legal
publications, and materials produced by employer and employee organisations. In
addition, some candidates correctly cited materials published electronically, for instance
on compact disc or on the Internet. This was a question that could best be answered by
putting oneself in the position of someone faced with a problem, and then imagining all
the places where authoritative information on that problem might be found.