Deforestation

- definition permanent removal of trees from the forest

- causing
1.

lost water catchment area

2.
soil erosion
soil erode and land stripped of its vegetation
3.

landslide

- absent of plant root system

- makes the soil structure unstable
- when rains heavily for a long period of time, the top layer of the
soil particles disintegrates easily.
- Soil then carried away by moving water and deposited at bottom
of river.
- River become shallow
4.

flash flood

5.

lost of biodiversity
- lost of habitat of plants and
animals extinction

6.

climate changes

Greenhouse effect
- Solar radiation penetrate earth atmosphere and warm the Earth
surface
- Part of heat energy is reflected back by Earth surface to
atmosphere in the form of infrared radiation (heat)

- infrared radiation that are reflected back is trapped by

greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen, methane and CFC) and radiated back to the
earth.
- Human activities such as combustion of fossil fuel by factories
and vehicles increase the amount of greenhouse gases
- Higher concentration of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere
course more reflected energy being absorbed / trapped
- This will increase the Earth temperature / cause global warming
Effect of greenhouse effect on living things and ecosystem;
- Increase of carbon dioxide in atmosphere / temperature of Earth
will increase the rate of photosynthesis / agriculture yield
- Global warming / increase in earth temperature will accelerate
evaporation of water / reduce soil humidity
- Climatic change / changes in wind direction / changes in
distribution of rainfall bring about storm / drought / flood
- Melting of ice in north and south poles increase sea level and
cause flooding of low level areas
- Yield of crop / domestic animal reduced
Mass destruction of animals habitat result in the animal
emigration
reduces of animal population

Thinning of ozone layer

- the destruction of ozone layer is due to the increasing levels of
CFC.
- CFC are group of chemical compound that contain chlorine,
fluorine and carbon.
- The CFC in the atmosphere are struck by UV light forming
chlorine atom.
- Chlorine atom then breaks the ozone molecule into chlorine
monoxide and oxygen gas.
- Chlorine monoxide then reacts with free oxygen atom in the
atmosphere to form chlorine atom and oxygen molecule.
- Chlorine atom repast the breaking of ozone causing depletion.

Eutrophication
: Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
: Fertilizer/animal waste/sewage which contain nitrate/phosphate
may washed out in water when it rains/leaching/run into the
lake/river.
: Algae/green plant in the lake grow faster (when they are supplied
with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the water and
caused alga bloom.
: block out the light for plants growing beneath them.
:Photosynthesis rate reduced
:Dissolve oxygen also reduced
: Plant on the top of water and beneath water eventually die.
: Their remains are good source of food bacteria //bacteria
decomposed the dead plant rapidly//bacteria breed rapidly
:The large population of decomposer bacteria respires, using up
oxygen ,so there is very little oxygen left for other living organism

: BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) increased

: aquatic organism with low oxygen content will die.