NAME____________________________________

BIO311C
Worksheet:Biomolecules

1.Draweachofthefollowingchemicalgroups.
a.carbonyl:

b.hydroxyl: c.sulfhydryl:

d.carboxyl:

e.phosphate:

f.amino:

2.Nameofthechemicalreactionthatbreaksapolymerdowntoitsindividualmonomers:_________________________________
3.Nameofthechemicalreactionusedtobuildpolymersbyjoiningindividualmonomerstogether:__________________________
4.Namethemonomersusedtobuildeachofthefollowingmacromolecules:
a.Lipids:_________________________________
b.Carbohydrates:__________________________
c.Proteins:________________________________
d.NucleicAcids:___________________________
5.Listthemajorfunctionsofthecarbohydrates.

6.Drawastraightchainaldohexose.Whichchemicalgroupsarealwaysfoundinastraightchainsugar?

7.Drawastraightchainketohexose,astructuralisomerofthealdohexoseabove.Whatarestructuralisomers?

8.Whatisthenameofthecovalentbondthatlinkscarbohydratemonomers?Betweenwhichchemicalgroupsdoesitform?

9.Usingthefigureshownatrightasareference:
(a)draw2moleculesofglucosejoinedbya1,4linkage

(b)draw2moleculesofglucosejoinedbya1,4linkage

(c)Writethemolecularformulaforeachdisaccharidedrawnabove
glucoseglucose:__________________________________________
glucoseglucose:__________________________________________

(d)Whatisthesignificancetomostanimalsifcarbohydratemonomersareconnectedbyorlinkages?

(e)Whichlinkagesarefoundin:
starch?_______________________________________________

glycogen?_____________________________________________
cellulose?______________________________________________

10.Listthemajorfunctionsofthedifferenttypesoflipids(triglycerides,phospholipidsandsteroids).

11.Whatcharacteristicisusedtocategorizedifferentlipidsinthesameclassofbiomolecules(whyaretriglycerides,phospholipids
andsteroidsgroupedtogether?)?

12a.Inthespacebelow,drawonesaturatedfattyacidmoleculeandoneunsaturatedfattyacidmolecule(bothcontaining12carbon
atoms).

12b.Writethemolecularformulaforeachmoleculeyouhavedrawnbelow:
Saturatedfattyacidmolecularformula:____________________
Unsaturatedfattyacidmolecularformula:__________________
12c.Whatisthedifferencebetweenasaturatedandunsaturatedfattyacid?

12d.Inthespacebelow,drawageometricisomeroftheunsaturatedfattyacidyoudrewin12a.Whataregeometricisomers?Label
eachofyourisomers(cisandtrans).

13.Inthespacebelow,drawglycerol.

14.Whatisthenameofthebondthatlinksfattyacidstoglycerol?Betweenwhichchemicalgroupsdothesebondsform?

15.Whatdetermineswhetheratriglycerideissolidorliquidatroomtemperature?

16a.Howdoesthechemicalcompositionofaphospholipiddifferfromthatofafat?

16b.Howdoesthebehavior(properties)ofaphospholipiddifferfromthatofafat(hint:thinkaboutwhatyoujustansweredabove).

17.Listthemajorfunctionsofproteinsincells/organisms.

18.DrawagenericaminoacidwiththesidechainlabeledR.Drawanenantiomerofyouraminoacid.Whatareenantiomers?

19.Drawtwogenericaminoacidsjoinedbyapeptidebond.Circlethepeptidebond.Betweenwhichchemicalgroupsdidthe
peptidebondform?

20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenapolypeptideandaprotein?

21.Foreachofthefollowingaminoacids,statewhetheritsRgroupispolar,polar&charged,ornonpolar.Wouldeachbe
hydrophobicorhydrophilic?
a.Leucine:________________________________________

b.Cysteine:_______________________________________

c.Glutamicacid:___________________________________

d.Tyrosine:_______________________________________

e.Serine:__________________________________________

f.Histidine:_______________________________________

22.Wouldyouexpectanaminoacidwithanonpolaraminoacidtobefoundontheexternalsurfaceofawatersolubleproteinor
buriedinternally?Explainyouranswer.

23a.Whattypeofbondsareimportantforprimaystructureofproteins?
23b.Whichatomsfromwhichchemicalgroupsareinvolvedintheprimarystructureofproteins?

23c.Listtwoaminoacidsyoumightfindinvolvedinprimarystructure.
24a.Whattypeofbondsareimportantforsecondarystructureofproteins?
24b.Whichatomsfromwhichchemicalgroupsareinvolvedinthesecondarystructureofproteins?

24c.Listtwoaminoacidsyoumightfindinvolvedinsecondarystructure.
24d.Listthetworegularpatternsofsecondarystructureseeninproteins.

25a.Bondsimportantforthetertiarystructureofproteinsoccurbetweenwhichpartsoftheaminoacidsinapolypeptide?

25b.Fillinthechartbelowdescribingthetypesofinteractionsinvolvedinthetertiarystructureofproteins.Inthethirdandfourth
columnsgive2examplesofaminoacidsthatmightbeinvolvedineachtypeofbond.
TYPEOFINTERACTION
STRONGORWEAK?
2AMINOACIDSINVOLVED
1.
2.
3.
4.
26.Whattypesofbondsareimportantindeterminingquaternarystructureofproteins?

27.Whatisdenaturation?Whichlevelsofproteinstructureare(usually)disruptedbydenaturation?

28.Listthemajorfunctionsofthenucleicacids.

29a.Labelthethreecomponentsofthenucleotideshownatright.
29b.Doesthisnucleotidecontainapurineorpyrimidine?
29c.Towhich2othernucleotidesmightthisnucleotidepair?
29d.IsthisaDNAnucleotideoranRNAnucleotide?Howcanyoutell?

30.Nameofthecovalentbondthatjoinsneighboringnucleotidesinapolynucleotidechain?Betweenwhichchemicalgroupsdoesit
form?

31a.WhattypeofbondsholdthetwostrandsofaDNAmoleculetogether?
31b.Betweenwhichcomponentsofthenucleotidesarethesebondsformed?
31c.ThetwostrandsinaDNAmoleculeareantiparallel.Explainwhatthismeans.

32.Whichfunctionalgroupisfoundatthe5endofanRNAmolecule?Atthe3endofanRNAmolecule?

33.ListthreedifferenttypesofRNAusedbythecell.Giveabriefdescriptionofthefunctionofeach.

34.ListtwodifferencesbetweenDNAandRNA.