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Mazen Abualtayef
Surveying
Chapter 7
Coordinate Geometry &
Traverse Surveying
Content
7.1
7.2
7.3
Introduction
Coordinate Geometry
Traverse Surveying
7.1 Introduction
The engineering planning and design made the use of
coordinates to define geographic positions of survey points a
necessity.
This book uses the coordinate system utilized by the
Palestinian survey department where x-axis is taken to
coincide with the north direction, while the y-axis coincides
with the east direction.
x
j( y j ,x j )
ij
i( y i ,x i )
j( y j ,x j )
ij
4th quadrant
3rd quadrant
i( y i ,x i )
1st quadrant
2nd quadrant
Example 7.1
Given the following horizontal coordinates for points i & j
Xi = 181680.76 m.
Yi = 174410.56 m.
Xj = 181810.22 m.
Yj = 174205.31 m.
Compute the horizontal distance (dij) and azimuth (ij)
Solution
xj xi = 181810.22 181680.76 = 129.46 m
yj yi = 174205.31 174410.56 = -205.25 m
dij = (-205.25) + (129.46)
= 242.67 m.
ij = tan-1 (-205.25 / 129.46)
= 21 33' 42" + 360 = 302 14' 29" (4th quadrant, C=360)
j
ij ik
k
dik
y
Example 7.2
n
o1
m
j
o2
k
i
y
If the point lie to the left of line ij, then the coordinates of point p
can be calculated from the following equations:
Yp = Yi + dim sin ij + o1 sin (ij 90) = Yi + dim sin ij - o1 cos ij
Xp = Xi + dim cos ij + o1 cos (ij 90) = Xi + dim cos ij + o1 sin ij
If the point lie to the right of line ij, then the coordinates of point
k calculated from the following equations:
Yk = Yi + din sin ij + o2 sin (ij + 90) = Yi + din sin ij + o2 cos ij
Xk = Xi + din cos ij + o2 cos (ij + 90) = Xi + din cos ij - o2 sin ij
Example 7.3
Given the following horizontal coordinates for points i & j
Xi = 1000.00 m
Yi = 1000.00 m
Xj = 975.00 m
Yj = 1050.00 m
An edge of a building k is located at a distance of 30.00 m
and an offset of 10.00 m to the right of line ij. Compute the
coordinate of point k.
Solution
1050.00 1000.00
ij tan
180 11633'54"
975.00 1000.00
1
x
jk
ij ik
djk
k
dik
x
jk
ij ik
djk
k
dik
Solution
Xj - Xi = 6321.75 5329.41 = 992.34 ft
Yj Yi = 5188.24 4672.66 = 515.58 ft
dij = (922.34) + (515.58) = 1118.29 ft
ij = tan-1 (992.34 / 515.58) = 62 32' 44"
ik = ij + = 62 32' 44" + 31 26' 30" = 93 59' 14"
180 - = 180 31 26' 30" 42 33' 41" = 105 59' 49"
dik = 1118.29 sin (42 33' 41) / sin (105 59' 49) = 786.86 ft
Xk = 5329.41 + 786.86 sin (93 59' 14" ) = 6114.37 ft
Yk = 4672.66 + 786.86 cos (93 59' 14" ) = 4617.95 ft
ij ik
djk
k
dik
7.2.7 Resection
As in the following figure, the horizontal position of a new
point like (P) can be determined by measuring the horizontal
angles to three points of known coordinates like: A & B & C
Let J = + then J = 360 ( M+N+R )
Let H = sin / sin
A
c
B
N
P
Xp = XA + AP sin AP
Yp = YA + AP cos AP
Example 7.7
Example 7.7
i = 1.50 m,
t = 1.60 m
Example 7.7
Example 7.8
Example 7.8
b- Closed Traverse:
approximately equal.
3- Stations should be chosen on firm ground .
4- When standing on one station, it should be easy to
see the BS and FS stations.
In order to meet the previous two conditions, the following corrections are performed:
1- Angle correction:
a- Closed loop traverse:
For a closed traverse of n sides,
sum of internal angles = (n 2) 180
error = sum of measured angles ((n 2) 180)
correction = - error / no of internal angles
b- For both loop and connecting closed traverse: If the azimuth of the last line
in the traverse is known, then the error = c (calculated azimuth) - n (known azimuth)
correction / angle = - / n
2- Position correction:
IF the calculated and known coordinates of last point are:
(Xc,Yc) and (Xn,Yn) respectively, then
Closure error in x-direction (x) = Xc Xn
Closure error in y-direction (y) = Yc Yn
Closure error in the position of the last points = (x + y)
How to correct and distribute this error?
Compass (Bowditch ) Rule: used for position correction as follow:
Correction to departure of line ij (x) = -(length of line ij / total length of traverse)( x)
Correction to departure of line ij (y) = -(length of line ij / total length of traverse)( y)
Correction can be done directly to coordinates:
Cxi = - (Li / D) ( x )
&
Cyi = - (Li / D) ( y )
Where:
Li = the cumulative traverse distance up to station i
D = total length of the traverse
The corrected coordinates of station i ( x'i , y'i ) are:
X'i = Xi + Cxi
&
Y'i = Yi + Cyi
Example 7.9
the following figure:
Preliminary coordinates
x
y
x
Corrected coordinates
Final results
Example 7.10
x
y
x
y
x