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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.C.O.-5
O;kikfjd lf;e
( Mercantile Law )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

lHkh iz'uksa osQ mkj nhft,

iz'u 1- (d) fuEufyf[kr esa varj Li"V dhft,
(v) O;FkZ ,oa O;FkZuh; vuqcak
(c) O;FkZ ,oa voSk vuqcak
([k) ^izLrko* 'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A izLrko osQ vko';d roksa dk foospu dhft,A
mkj(v) O;FkZ ,oa O;FkZuh; vuqcakO;FkZ vuqcUk rFkk O;FkZuh; vuqcUk esa vUrj bl izdkj gSaS
(1) O;FkZ vuqcUk jktfu;e }kjk ugha gksrk] tcfd O;FkZuh; vuqcUk esa ihfM+r i{k djkj dks izofrZr djok ldrk gSA
(2) O;FkZ vuqcUk 'kq: ls gh O;FkZ jgrs gSa vFkkZr~ mudk dksbZ oSkkfud vfLrRo ugha gksrkA nwljh vksj O;FkZuh; vuqcUk izkjEHk
ls rks oSkkfud gksrs gSa] ijUrq ihfM+r i{k osQ mUgsa O;FkZ ?kkf"kr djrs gh mudk oSkkfud vfLrRo lekIr gks tkrk gSA
(3) O;FkZ dh mRifk dbZ dkj.kksa ls gks ldrh gS] tSls
(i) izfriQy dk vHkko]
(ii) xyr vkkkj]
(iii) vuqcUk djus dh v;ksX;rk]
(iv) vuSfrdrk] rFkk
(v) yksduhfr osQ fo# bR;kfnA
(4) O;FkZ vuqcUk osQ vUrxZr gLrkarj.kdkkZ vius vfkdkj fdlh vU; dks ugha ns ldrk] tcfd O;FkZuh; vuqcUk esa izkIr oLrq
dk gLrkarj.k rhljs i{k dks ml le; rd fd;k tk ldrk gS tc rd fd ihfM+r i{k mls O;FkZ ?kksf"kr u dj nsA
mkj(v) O;FkZ vuqcUk,d vuqcUk] tks lkkkj.kr% oSkkfud n`f"V ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq fdlh fo'ks"k ?kVuk
osQ ?kVus ls izorZuh; ugha gksrk] ^O;FkZ vuqcUk* dgykrk gSA
O;FkZuh; vuqcUkO;FkZuh; vuqcUk ls gekjk vk'k; ,sls djkj ls gS tks muosQ i{kdkjksa esa ls ,d ;k vfkd dh bPNk ij
jktfu;e }kjk izorZuh; gks] fdUrq nwljk i{kdkj ;k nwljs i{kdkjksa dh bPNk ij jktfu;e }kjk izorZuh; u gks] O;FkZuh; vuqcUk dgykrk
gSA
O;FkZ vuqcUk rFkk O;FkZuh; vuqcUk esa vUrj bl izdkj gSaS
(1) O;FkZ vuqcUk jktfu;e }kjk ugha gksrk] tcfd O;FkZuh; vuqcUk esa ihfM+r i{k djkj dks izofrZr djok ldrk gSA
(2) O;FkZ vuqcUk 'kq: ls gh O;FkZ jgrs gSa vFkkZr~ mudk dksbZ oSkkfud vfLrRo ugha gksrkA nwljh vksj O;FkZuh; vuqcUk izkjEHk
ls rks oSkkfud gksrs gSa] ijUrq ihfM+r i{k osQ mUgsa O;FkZ ?kkf"kr djrs gh mudk oSkkfud vfLrRo lekIr gks tkrk gSA

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(3) O;FkZ dh mRifk dbZ dkj.kksa ls gks ldrh gS] tSls

(i) izfriQy dk vHkko]
(ii) xyr vkkkj]
(iii) vuqcUk djus dh v;ksX;rk]
(iv) vuSfrdrk] rFkk
(v) yksduhfr osQ fo# bR;kfnA
(4) O;FkZ vuqcUk osQ vUrxZr gLrkarj.kdkkZ vius vfkdkj fdlh vU; dks ugha ns ldrk] tcfd O;FkZuh; vuqcUk esa izkIr oLrq
dk gLrkarj.k rhljs i{k dks ml le; rd fd;k tk ldrk gS tc rd fd ihfM+r i{k mls O;FkZ ?kksf"kr u dj nsA
(c) O;FkZ ,oa voSk vuqcakO;FkZ rFkk voSkkfud vuqcUk esa varj bl izdkj gSa
(1) O;FkZ vuqcUk dh rqyuk esa voS/kfud vuqcak dk {ks=k vfkd cM+k gksrk gSA D;ksafd gjsd voSkkfud vuqcUk O;FkZ vuqcUk
gksrk gS] ysfdu gjsd O;FkZ vuqcUk voS/kfud ugha gksrkA
(2) O;FkZ vuqcUk esa i{kdkj n.M osQ Hkkxh ugha gksrs] ysfdu voSkkfud vuqcUk osQ i{kdkj ges'kk n.M osQ Hkkxh gkssaxsA
(3) O;FkZ vuqcUk 'kq:vkr esa ekU; gksrk gS] ysfdu ckn esa fdUgha dkj.kksa ls O;FkZ gksrk gS] fdUrq voSkkfud vuqcUk 'kq: ls
gh O;FkZ ;k izHkkoghu gksrs gSaA
(4) O;FkZ vuqcUk osQ leikf'Zod lekukUrj O;ogkj (Collateral Transactions) ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk] ysfdu voSkkfud
vuqcUk osQ leikf'Zod O;ogkjksa ij izHkko iM+rk gS rFkk os Hkh O;FkZ gks tkrs gSaA
([k) izLrko 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn Offer ;k Proposal dk vuqokn gS] ftldk vFkZ gS,d O;fDr dk nwljs O;fDr
osQ fdlh dk;Z dks djus osQ fy, viuh bPNk izdV djukA fcuk izLrko osQ dksbZ vuqcUk gks gh ugha ldrkA
Hkkjrh; vuqcUk vfkfu;e dh kkjk 2(a) osQ vUrxZr] ^tc ,d O;fDr fdlh vU; O;fDr osQ lkeus fdlh dk;Z dks djus ;k
u djus osQ lEcUk esa viuh bPNk bl ms'; ls izdV djrk gS fd ml O;fDr dh ml dk;Z dks djus vFkok u djus osQ lEcUk
esa lgefr izkIr gks] rks bldk vFkZ igys O;fDr }kjk nwljs O;fDr osQ lkeus izLrko dk j[kk tkuk ekuk tkrk gSA*
vfkfu;e dh kkjk 2(c) osQ vUrxZr] izLrko j[kus okys O;fDr dks izLrkod (proproser or offerer) ;k opunkrk (promisor) dgk
tkrk gS rFkk ftl O;fDr osQ le{k izLrko j[kk tkrk gS] mls opuxzghrk (promisee) dgk tkrk gSA
izLrko osQ izeq[k y{k.k bl izdkj gSa
1- nks i{kksa dk gksuk (Two Parties)izLrko osQ fy, de&ls&de nks i{kksa dk gksuk furkUr vko';d gSA D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
Lo;a vius vkidks izLrkfor ugha dj ldrkA izLrko ges'kk fdlh vU; O;fDr osQ lkeus gh j[kk tk ldrk gSA
2. fdlh dk;Z dks djus vFkok u djus dh bPNk ;k rRijrkizLrko fdlh dk;Z dks djus ;k fdlh dk;Z dks u djus
dh bPNk izdV djrk gSA
3. izLrko dk ms'; nwljs O;fDr dh lgefr izkIr djuk gksuk pkfg,,d O;fDr tc nwljs i{k osQ lkeus dksbZ izLrko
is'k djrk gS] rks mldk ms'; ;gh gksrk gS fd nwljk i{k mlosQ izLrko ij viuh lgefr ns ns ysfdu ;fn izzLrko nwljs i{k dh
lgefr izkIr djus osQ ms'; ls ugha j[kk tkrk] rc mls ^izLrko* ugha dgk tk ldrk blfy, mls Lohdkj djosQ ^vuqcUk* esa ugha
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk blhfy, osQoy bPNk izdV djuk gh izLrko ugha gSA
iz'u 2- vuqcak Hkax D;k gksrk gS\ vuqcak Hkax gksus ij ihfM+r i{k dks feyus okys fofHk mipkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjvuqcUk osQ izfr mipkj (Remedies against breach of contract)vuqcUk dks lekIr djus osQ fofHkUu rjhdksa esa ls ,d
rjhdk vuqcUk&Hkax Hkh gSA vuqcak dk tc dksbZ ,d i{kdkj fdlh mfpr vkSj oSk dkj.k osQ fcuk vuqcUk osQ fu"iknu ls badkj
dj nsrk gS] rks vuqcUk [k.Mu vFkok Hkax }kjk lekIr gks tkrk gSA tc vuqcUk dk ,d i{k vuqcUk dks Hkax djrk gS rks nwljs i{kdkj
(ihfM+r i{kdkj) dks mlosQ fuEufyf[kr oqQN mipkj (remedies) izkIr gks tkrs gSa
1- fu"iknu ls eqfDr (Exoneration),
2- mfpr ikfjJfed dk vfkdkj (Claim for Quantum Meruit),
3- {kfriwfrZ izkfIr dk vfkdkj (Claim for Damages),
4- fufnZ"V fu"iknu dk vfkdkj (Claim for Specific Performance),
5- fu"kskkKk dk vfkdkj (Claim for Injunction)

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1- fu"iknu ls eqfDr (Exoneration)vuqcUk Hkax dh n'kk esa ihfM+r i{kdkj vuqcUk osQ fu"iknu ls eqDr gks tkrk gS ;kuh
mls vuqcUk osQ vkhu mRiUu vius nkf;Roksa ls eqfDr fey tkrh gSA ;fn opunkrk }kjk vuqcUk dk [k.Mu fd;k tkrk gS] rks
opuxzghrk Hkh vuqcUk osQ fu"iknu ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA vkSj ;fn opuxzghrk }kjk vuqcUk dk [k.Mu fd;k x;k gS] rks opunkrk
dks vuqcUk osQ fu"iknu ls eqfDr fey tkrh gSA
2- mfpr ikfjJfed dk vfkdkj (Claim for Quantum Meruit)mfpr ikfjJfed ls rkRi;Z izR;sd O;fDr dks mruk ku
nsuk gS ftruk fd mlus vftZr fd;k gSA U;kf;d n`f"Vdks.k ls izR;sd dk;Z djus okys dks] ;fn dksbZ ikfjJfed fu;r ugha gS] mfpr
ikfjJfed feyuk pkfg,A ;g mfpr ikfjJfed gh vftZr ifj.kke (Quantum Meruit) dgykrk gSA vuqcUk Hkax dh fLFkfr esa ihfM+r
i{kdkj dks mlosQ }kjk nh xbZ lsokvksa vFkok oLrqvksa osQ cnys mfpr ikfjJfed] ;fn dksbZ ewY; fu;r ugha gS] izkIr djus dk vfkdkj
gSA ,slk vfkdkj osQoy rHkh izkIr gksrk gS] tcfd (d) vuqcUk Hkax gks pqdk gS_ vFkok ([k) vuqcUk fdlh rduhdh =kqfV osQ
dkj.k vizorZuh; ik;k tk;s_ vFkok (x) fdlh ,sls dk;Z dk ykHk mBk;k x;k gS] ftlosQ fcuk ikfjJfed osQ djus dk nwljs i{kdkj
dk dksbZ vfHkizk; ugha FkkA mfpr ikfjJfed dk flkUr fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa esa ykxw ugha gksrk
(i) tc fd, x, dk;Z vFkok lsok osQ cnys ikfjJfed fn, tkus dk dksbZ Li"V ;k xfHkZr vuqcUk u gks_
(ii) tc vuqcUk vfoHkkT; gks_ vkSj
(iii) nks"kh i{kdkj }kjk dk;Z dks vkwjk NksM+ fn;k x;k gksA
3- {kfriwfrZ izkfIr dk vfkdkj (Claim for Damages)ihfM+r i{kdkj {kfriwfrZ (gtkZuk) ikus osQ fy, okn izLrqr djus dk
vfkdkjh gSA og i{kdkj] ftls vuqcUk osQ [k.Mu ls gkfu igqph gS] vuqcUk [k.Mu djus okys i{kdkj ls {kfriwfrZ osQ :i esa gtkZuk
izkIr djus dk vfkdkj izkIr gksrk gSA gtkZuk {kfriwfrZ osQ :i esa gksrk gS] n.M osQ :i esa ughaA
4- fufnZ"V fu"iknu dk vfkdkj (Claim for Specific Performance);fn vuqcUk Hkax dh n'kk esa gtkZuk i;kZIr mipkj
ugha le>k tkrk gS] rks ihfM+r i{kdkj (Specific Relief Act) osQ vkhu fufnZ"V fu"iknu dh ekx dj ldrk gSA fufnZ"V fu"iknu ls
rkRi;Z fdlh i{kdkj dks mlosQ opu osQ fu"iknu osQ fy, ck; djuk gSA blfy, ihfM+r i{kdkj nks"kh i{kdkj dks vuqcUk osQ
okLrfod fu"iknu osQ fy, ck; dj ldrk gSA fufnZ"V fu"iknu izR;sd ekeys esa ugha djok;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd fufnZ"V fu"iknu
U;k;ky; dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lkekU;r% ftu n'kkvksa esa fufnZ"V fu"iknu dh vkKk ugha feyrh gS] os fuEufyf[kr gSa
(d)vuqcUk osQ O;fDrxr lsokvksa ls lEcfUkr gksus dh fLFkfr esa_
([k)vuqcUk djus okyk dksbZ i{kdkj o;Ld gks_
(x) tc ekSfnzd {kfriwfrZ i;kZIr le>h tk;s_
(?k)U;k;ky; }kjk fu"iknu dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk tc lEHko u gksA
5- fu"kskkKk dk vfkdkj (Claim for Injunction)ihfM+r i{kdkj U;k;ky; ls nks"kh i{kdkj osQ fo# fu"kskkKk izkIr dj
ldrk gSA fu"kskkKk dk vFkZ U;k;ky; dh ml vkKk ls gS] ftlosQ }kjk vuqcUk Hkax osQ nks"kh i{kdkj ij fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z dks djus
ij izfrcUk yxk;k tkrk gSA fu"kskkKk ,d izdkj ls U;k;ky; }kjk ihfM+r i{kdkj dks fn;k x;k og laj{k.k gS] ftlosQ }kjk og nks"kh
i{kdkj dks fufnZ"V fu"iknu osQ fy, ck; dj ldrk gSA
iz'u 3- (d) mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk foospu dhft, ftuosQ vUrxZr fcuk izfriQy osQ ,d vuqcak oSk gks ldrk gSA
mkjHkkjrh; vuqcUk vfkfu;e dh kkjk 23 osQ vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh djkj dk ms'; o izfriQy oSkkfud
ugha ekuk tkrk gS] ftlosQ iQyLo:i og O;FkZ gksrk gS
1- jktfu;e }kjk fuf"k izfriQy (Consideration forbidden by law)lkkkj.k rkSj ij oqQN dk;Z ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudk fd;k
tkuk dkuwu }kjk fuf"k gksrk gSA fdlh fuf"k dk;Z dks djus osQ fy, fd;k x;k vuqcUk voSkkfud dgykrk gSA
2- vuSfrd izfriQy (Immoral Consideration),slk dksbZ djkj ftldk ms'; vuSfrdrk dks c<+kok nsuk gksrk gS] O;FkZ gksrk gSA
3- diViw.kZ izfriQy (Fraudulent Consideration) ;fn fdlh vuqcUk dk ms'; fdlh osQ lkFk diV djuk gS] rks ;g
voSkkfud gS o O;FkZ gSA og vuqcUk O;FkZ gksrk gS] tks kks[kk nsus osQ ms'; ls fd;k x;k gksA
4- dkuwu dh O;oLFkkvksa dks fu"iQy djus okyk izfriQy (Consideration defeating the provisions of law);fn fdlh djkj
dk ms'; o izfriQy bl rjg dk gS fd ;fn bldh vuqefr ns nh tk;s] rks ;g fdlh izpfyr dkuwu dh O;oLFkkvksa dks fu"iQy
dj nsxk] rks ;g voSkkfud gSA

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5- gkfudkjd izfriQy (Injurious Consideration) og izR;sd djkj ftldk ms'; nwljs O;fDr osQ 'kjhj vFkok lEifk dks
gkfu igqpkuk gksrk gSA
6- yksduhfr osQ fo# izfriQy,slk djkj ftldk ms'; vuSfrdrk dks c<+kok nsuk gksrk gS] O;FkZ gksrk gSA
([k) vfuy vius ,tsaV clar dks pUnj ls mkkj eky [kjhnus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA bl vfkdkj dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
clar vius futh mi;ksx osQ fy, pUnj ls oqQN eky mkkj [kjhn ysrk gSA D;k izkku vfuy] pUnj osQ izfr mkjnk;h gS\
dkj.k lfgr mkj nsaA
mkjoLrq vuqcak osQ izeq[k y{k.k bl izdkj gSa
1- oszQrk rFkk foozsQrk (Buyer and Seller)nks i{kksa dk gksuk izR;sd vuqcUk osQ fy, t:jh gSA oLrq foozQ; vuqcUk osQ fy,
Hkh nks i{kdkjksaozsQrk (Buyer) o foozsQrk Sellerdk gksuk t:jh gSA fdlh ,d i{k osQ u gksus dh fLFkfr esa oLrq foozQ; vuqcUk
lEHko ugha gSA lkFk gh nksuksa i{kdkjksa esa vuqcUk djus dh {kerk gksuh vko';d gSA
2- fo; dh fo"k;&oLrq eky (Goods)foozQ; vuqcUk dh fo"k;&oLrq eky gksrk gS] eky ls vfHkizk; izR;sd rjg dh py
lEifk (Movable Property) ls gSA bl eky osQ LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k fd;k tkrk gSA eky fuf'pr vFkok vfuf'pr fdlh Hkh izfr
dk gks ldrk gSA vpy lEifk ^eky* dh ifjHkk"kk osQ vUrxZr ugha vkrhA
3- dher (Price)eky osQ LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k r; dher osQ cnys gksrk gSA dher ls vk'k; izfriQy ls gS o dher ges'kk
eqnzk osQ :i esa gh gksuh pkfg,A ;fn dher eqnzk osQ :i esa ugha] vfirq fdlh vU; oLrq osQ :i esa nh tk,] rks ;g ^foozQ;* (Sale)
ugha vfirq ^oLrq&fofu;e* (Barter) dgykrk gSA
4- LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k (Transfer of Ownership) foozQ; vuqcUk esa eky dk LokfeRo gLrkarfjr gksuk t:jh gSA eky osQ
LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k vuqcUk djrs le; vFkok fdlh Hkkoh rkjh[k ij gks ldrk gSA ;fn eky dk LokfeRo rqjUr ;k vuqcUk djrs
le; gh gLrkarfjr gks tkrk gS] rks bls ^fo;* (Sale) dgrs gSaA ;fn eky osQ LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k Hkkoh gks] rks bls ^fo; djkj*
dgrs gSaA
5- oSk vuqcUk osQ ro (Elements of a Valid Contract)fo; vuqcUk ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk vuqcUk gksrk gSA ,d oSk
vuqcUk esa lHkh vfuok;Z roksa dk gksuk t:jh gSA
izkku vfuy] panj osQ izfr mkjnk;h ugha gS] D;ksafd oLrq fo; vuqcak osQ vuq:i O;ogkj ugha fd;k x;k gSA
iz'u 4- fo; vuqcak osQ eky osQ vFkZ rFkk mlosQ fofHk izdkjksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjizR;sd izdkj dh py oLrq dks ^eky* dgk tkrk gSA foozQ; vuqcUk dh fo"k;&oLrq eky gksrk gSA kkjk 2(7) osQ vuqlkj]
^eky dk vFkZ] okns ;ksX; rFkk eqnzk osQ vfrfjDr] izR;sd izdkj dh py lEifk ls gS] ^eky* osQ fofHkUu izdkj bl izdkj gSa
1- fo|eku eky (Existing Goods),slk eky tks foozQ; osQ vuqcUk osQ le; foozsQrk osQ vfkdkj o LokfeRo esa gS] fo|eku
eky dgykrk gSA foozQ; vuqcUk fliZQ fo|eku oLrqvksa dk gh gks ldrk gSA fo|eku eky osQ fuEufyf[kr izdkj gksrs gSa
(v) fof'k"V eky (Specific Goods);fn fo; vuqcUk djrs le;] eky igpkuk o Lohr dj fy;k x;k gks] rks mls
fof'k"V eky dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] eksuw jkt dk Vh-oh- [kjhnus dk vuqcUk djrk gSA bl n'kk esa vuqcUk djrs le; Vh-oh- dh igpku dh xbZ
Fkh] blfy, ;g fof'k"V eky gSA
(c) fuf'pr eky (Ascertained Goods)lkekU;r% fof'k"V eky rFkk fuf'pr eky esa vUrj ugha fd;k tkrkA fo; vuqcUk
djus osQ ckn tc eky igpkuk tkrk gS] rks mls fuf'pr eky dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k] ".k vius dbZ ?kksM+ksa esa ls ,d ?kksM+s dks lqnkek
dks cpsus dk vuqcUk djrk gS] vkSj vuqcUk djrs le; ?kksM+s dks fuf'pr vFkok igpku dj ysrk gS] rks ;g ?kksM+k fuf'pr eky
dgyk,xkA
(l) vfuf'pr eky (Unascertained Goods)fo; vuqcUk osQ le; tc eky dks igpkuk vFkok fuf'pr fd;k tk,] rks
og vfuf'pr eky dgykrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa eky dk osQoy o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k] fouk;d vius xksnke esa j[ks nky osQ
cksjh esa ls 15 cksjh nky jes'k dks cspus dk vuqcUk djrk gSA tc rd csph tkus okyh nky osQ 15 cksjs vyx u dj fn, tk,]
eky vfuf'pr gSA tc 15 cksjs vyx dj fn, tkrs gSa] rc og fuf'pr eky gks tkrk gS vkSj mudk LokfeRo Hkh rHkh gLrkarfjr gks
ldrk gSA

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2- Hkkoh eky (Future Goods);fn fo; vuqcUk djrs le; eky foozsQrk osQ vfkdkj vFkok LokfeRo esa ugha gS o foozQ;
vuqcUk osQ ckn ;fn eky fufeZr vFkok mRikfnr gksuk gS vFkok fooszQrk dks eky dgha ls ; djuk gS] rks ,sls eky dks Hkkoh eky
dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i] ';ke vius [ksr esa mxus okyh iQly dks eksgu dks cspus dk vuqcUk djrk gS] ysfdu iQly vHkh rS;kj
ugha gS] rks bls Hkkoh eky dgk tk,xkA Hkkoh eky esa LokfeRo dk gLrkarj.k ugha gks ldrk] blfy, Hkkoh eky dks cspuk fo;
(Sale) ugha dgykrk] vfirq foozQ; dk djkj (Agreement to Sale) dgykrk gSA
3- izklafxd eky (Contingent Goods)tc foozsQrk }kjk Hkfo"; esa eky izkIr djuk fdlh fo'ks"k ?kVuk osQ ?kfVr gksus vFkok
u gksus ij fuHkZj djrk gS] rks og izklafxd eky dgykrk gSA
iz'u 5- (d) D;k vo;Ld dks lk>snkjh esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ;fn gka rks mldh vo;Ldrk dh vofk
osQ nkSjku rFkk mlosQ o;Ld gks tkus osQ ckn mlosQ vfkdkj vkSj nkf;Ro D;k gSa\
mkjlk>snkjh vuqcUk ls curh gSA vuqcUk vfkfu;e dh kkjk 10 osQ vUrxZr vuqcUk dh oSkrk osQ fy, i{kdkj vuqcUk
djus osQ ;ksX; gksus pkfg, o kkjk 11 osQ vUrxZr fliZQ o;Ld O;fDr] LoLFk efLr"d okys O;fDr vkSj os O;fDr tks fdlh dkuwu
}kjk vuqcUk djus osQ ;ksX; ?kksf"kr dj fn, x, gksa] vuqcUk djus gsrq ;ksX; ekus tkrs gSaA
pwfd lk>snkjh Hkh vuqcUk ls mRiUu gksrh gS] blfy, fliZQ vuqcUk djus osQ ;ksX; O;fDr gh lk>snkj gks ldrs gSa ;kuh ,d
vo;Ld O;fDr dks lk>snkj ugha ekuk tk ldrkA lk>snkjh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 30(1) osQ vUrxZr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks lEcfUkr
vfkfu;e osQ vuqlkj o;Ld ugha gS] fdlh Hkh iQeZ esa lk>snkj ugha cu ldrk] ysfdu lHkh lk>snkjksa dh lgefr ls og iQeZ osQ
ykHkksa esa fgLlsnkj cu ldrk gSA bl izdkj fdlh Hkh lk>snkjh dks vo;Ld osQ lkFk 'kq: ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;fn ,d iQeZ lk>snkjh
iQeZ gS] rks lHkh lk>snkjksa dh lgefr ls ,d vo;Ld dks iQeZ osQ ykHkksa esa fgLlsnkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
,d lk>snkjh iQeZ esa vo;Ld lk>snkj osQ vfkdkj bl izdkj gSa
1- ,d vo;Ld lk>snkj] iQeZ dh lEifk o ykHk ls igys ls fukkZfjr fgLls dks izkIr djus dk vfkdkjh gSA
2- vo;Ld lk>snkj dks iQeZ osQ fglkc dh iqLrdksa dks ns[kus] fujh{k.k djus o mudh izfrfyfi izkIr djus dk vfkdkj gS]
ysfdu og iQeZ dh xksiuh; iqLrdksa dks ns[kus] fujh{k.k djus dk vfkdkjh ugha gSA
3- vo;Ld lk>snkj }kjk iQeZ dh lEifk vFkok ykHk esa ls vius Hkkx osQ fy, iQeZ osQ f[kykiQ okn izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
ysfdu ;fn iQeZ ls vyx gksus dh fLFkfr esa og okn izLrqr djus dk vfkdkjh gSA
4- vo;Ld lk>snkj] vius vo;Ld gksus dh frfFk ls ;k bl ckr dk Kku gksus dh frfFk ls fd og lk>snkjh esa ykHk osQ fy,
lfEefyr fd;k tk pqdk gS] tks Hkh frfFk ckn esa gks] ml frfFk osQ N% eghus osQ vUnj lkoZtfud lwpuk nsdj lk>snkj cuus vFkok
u cuus dk vfkdkjh gSA
tgk rd ,d iQeZ esa vo;Ld lk>snkj osQ nkf;Ro dh ckr gS] rks og osQoy iQeZ esa mlosQ Hkkx rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA vo;Ld
O;fDrxr :i ls iQeZ osQ nkf;Roksa osQ fy, mkjnk;h ugha gksrkA
;gk ;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd o;Ld gksus osQ 6 eghus osQ Hkhrj og bl ckr dh lwpuk iQeZ dks nsrk gS fd og iQeZ esa
lk>snkj cus jguk pkgrk gS fd ughaA ;fn 6 eghus osQ Hkhrj og dksbZ lwpuk ugha nsrk] rks mls iQeZ esa lk>snkj eku fy;k tkrk gS
vkSj mls ,d lk>snkj osQ iw.kZ nkf;Ro fuHkkus iM+rs gSaA
([k) X vkSj Y ,d dkj osQ la;qDr Lokeh gSaA jfookj rFkk vU; vodk'k osQ fnuksa esa os bldk mi;ksx futh dk;ks
osQ fy, djrs gSa rFkk dHkh&dHkh dkj dks fdjk;s ij Hkh ns nsrs gSa vkSj izkI; vk; dks cjkcj&cjkcj ckaV ysrs gSaA D;k og
lk>snkj gSa\ dkj.k lfgr mkj nsaA
mkjX vkSj Y lk>snkj ugha gSa] D;ksafd lk>snkjh osQ ro fuEufyf[kr gSa
lk>snkjh dk vuqcUk ,d fo'ks"k vuqcUk gksrk gSA ;g dguk fd lk>snkjh vuqcUk ls mRiUu gksrh gS] i{kksa dh fLFkfr ls ugha]
fcYoqQy lR; gSA bl dFku dks Li"V djus gsrq lcls igys lk>snkjh dh ifjHkk"kk dks Li"V djuk vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; lk>snkjh
vfkfu;e] 1932 dh kkjk 4 osQ vuqlkj lk>snkjh mu O;fDr;ksa dk lEcUk gS] ftUgksaus fdlh ,sls O;kikj osQ ykHk dks ckVus dk djkj
fd;k gS] tks lHkh osQ }kjk lc dh vksj vFkok fdlh osQ }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA O;fDr tks ,d nwljs osQ lkFk lk>snkjh esa 'kkfey
gq, gSa] futh :i ls ^lk>snkj* (Partner) lkewfgd :i ls ^iQeZ* (Firm) dgykrs gSa o ftl uke ls pyk;k tkrk gS] mls iQeZ dk
uke (Firms name) dgrs gSaA
lk>snkjh osQ vko';d y{k.k bl izdkj gSa

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1- nks ;k vfkd O;fDr;ksa dk gksuk (Two or More Persons)lk>snkjh gsrq de&ls&de nks O;fDr;ksa dk gksuk t:jh gS] D;ksafd
vosQyk O;fDr fdlh dk lk>snkj ugha gks ldrkA lk>snkjh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 41 osQ vuqlkj laLFkk esa fdlh lk>snkj dh e`R;q ;k
fnokfy;k gksus osQ dkj.k lk>snkjksa dh la[;k osQoy ,d jg tkrh gS] rks ml fLFkfr esa lk>snkjh lekIr ekuh tk,xhA Hkkjrh; vfkfu;e
bl lEcUk esa ekSu gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1956 dh kkjk 11 osQ vkhu fdlh cSafdax O;olk; djus okyh iQeZ esa
vfkd&ls&vfkd 11 o xSj&cSadx O;olk; djus okyh iQeZ esa vfkd&ls&vfkd 20 lk>snkj gks ldrs gSaA mijksDr of.kZr la[;k
vfkd lk>snkj okyh iQeZ voSk illegal ekuh tkrh gSA
2- djkj ;k vuqcUk gksuklk>snkjh dh mRifk lk>snkjksa osQ e; fdlh Li"V ;k xHkr (implied) djkj ;k vuqcUk osQ vkkkj
ij gksrh gSA lk>snkjh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 5 osQ vuqlkj lk>snkjh dk lEcUk vuqcUk ls mRiUu gksrk gS] fLFkfr ls ughaA (The relation
of partnership arises from contract and not from status.) blfy, Li"V gS fd lk>snkjksa osQ e; ,d djkj gksrk gS] tks ekSf[kd vFkok
fyf[kr fdlh Hkh izdkj dk gks ldrk gSA djkj osQ fcuk lk>snkjh ugha gks ldrhA
3- O;olk; (Business)lk>snkjh dh mRifk fdlh O;olk; (Business) djus osQ fy, gksrh gSA lk>snkjh O;olk; dk gksuk
xHkr (implied) gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh O;olk; osQ cxSj nks ;k nks ls T;knk O;fDr vkil esa djkj djrs gSa] rks ,slk djkj lk>snkjh ugha
dgykrkA
4- ykHkksiktZu ,oa cVokjk (Earning and Sharing of Profits)lk>snkjh dk ,d egoiw.kZ o t:jh xq.k lk>snkjksa osQ fy, ykHk
dekuk o mldk lk>snkjksa osQ cVokjk djuk gSA lk>snkjksa osQ e; gksus okyk djkj ykHk dekus o mls ckVus osQ fy, gksrk gSA fdUrq
bl n`f"Vdks.k ls kkfeZd laLFkk ;k Dyc osQ lnL; lk>snkj ugha ekus tkrs] D;ksafd muosQ e; ykHk osQ cVokjs osQ fy, djkj ugha
gksrk gSA ^ykHk* 'kCn dh bl vfkfu;e esa dksbZ ifjHkk"kk ugha nh x;h gSA ^ykHk* dk vFkZ 'kq ykHk gS] tks fd O;; esa ls ykxr
O;; ?kVkus osQ ckn cprk gSA gkfu osQ cVokjs osQ fy;s lk>snkj oqQN Hkh O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSaA ;fn os bl lEcUk esa oqQN r; ugha
djrs gSa rks ykHk dks ckVus osQ vuqcUk dk xfHkZr rkRi;Z gkfu dks ckVuk Hkh gksrk gSA
5- O;olk; dk lapkyu (Conducting of Business) lk>snkjh osQ O;olk; dk lapkyu lHkh lk>snkjksa }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ysfdu ;fn lHkh lk>snkjksa us feydj fdlh ,d lk>snkj dks pykus osQ fy, vfko`Qr (authorise) fd;k gS] rks og vosQyk lk>snkj
Hkh lHkh lk>snkjksa dh vksj ls O;olk; dk lapkyu dj ldrk gSA mlosQ dk;ks ls lHkh lk>snkj ck; gksrs gSaA
lk>snkjh esa izR;sd lk>snkj viuh iQeZ dk ,tsUV Hkh gksrk gS o Lokeh Hkh gksrk gSA og vius dk;ks ls iQeZ dks ckkrk gS] D;ksafd
fdlh Hkh lk>snkj }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z dks iQeZ dk dk;Z dgk tkrk gS rFkk lHkh lk>snkj mlls cks gksrs gSaA pwfd izR;sd lk>snkj
nwljs lk>snkjksa osQ dk;ks ls ckk gksrk gS] blfy, lk>snkj iQeZ dk ekfyd Hkh gksrk gSA oLrqr% lk>snkjh vfkfu;e ,tsUlh vfkfu;e
dh gh ,d 'kk[kk gSA

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