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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.C.O.-8
dEiuh fof/
(Company Law)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

'u 1- dEiuh dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A bldh D;k fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gaS\ fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fuxeu dk vkoj.k gVk;k tk
ldrk gS] O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjdEiuh dk 'kfCnd vFkZ orZeku dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr vFkok blls iwoZ osQ dEiuh vfkfu;eksa osQ vUrxZr iathr
dEiuh ls gSA
dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr fuer dEiuh ,d fHk oSk lkk gksrh gS] tks mldk xBu djus okys lnL;ksa ls fHk :i esa viuk
futh vfLrRo j[krh gSA ;g ,d ^f=ke O;fDr* gksrh gSA blesa 'kk'or mkjkfkdkj gksrk gS vkSj bldh ,d lkekU; eqgj gksrh gSA
dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1956 dh kkjk 3 esa ^dEiuh* 'kCn dks osQoy kfofkd ,oa lkafofkd <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ
vuqlkj ^dEiuh* dk vFkZ gS] ,d dEiuh tks fd bl vfkfu;e vFkkZr~ 1956 osQ igys osQ vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr cuh ,oa iathr gqbZ
gS] vFkok orZeku vfkfu;e dh kkjk&3 dh mikkjk (2) esa fun"V dksbZ Hkh HkwriwoZ dEiuh fofk;ksa osQ vUrxZr cuh vFkok iathr
gqbZ gSA
^orZeku dEiuh* dk rkRi;Z gS] ,d dEiuh tks igys dh dEiuh&fofk osQ vUrxZr cuh ,oa iathr gqbZ gS ftldk mYys[k bl dkj
gS
(i) dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1866 [Companies Act, 1866 (X of 1866)] osQ iwoZ pfyr dEifu;ksa ls lEcfUkr dksbZ ,d
vfkfu;e ;k dbZ vfkfu;e_
(ii) dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1866 [The Companies Act, 1866 (X of 1866)];
(iii) dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1882 [The Companies Act, 1882 (VI of 1882)];
(iv) dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1913 [The Companies Act, 1913 (VII of 1913)];
(v) vUrfjr dEifu;ksa dk iathdj.k v;kns'k] 1942 [The Registration of Transferred Companies Ordinance, 1942 (VI of
1942)]; vkSj
(vi) mi;qZDr fdlh Hkh vfkfu;e vFkok v;kns'k (Ordinance) osQ vuq:i dksbZ fofk] tks foyf;r jkT;&{ks=k vFkok Hkkx ^c*
(Part B) osQ jkT;ksa esa vFkok muosQ fdlh Hkkx esa] dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1913 [Companies Act, 1913 (VII of 1913) osQ
foLr`r gksus osQ iwoZ ykxw jgh gksA
fofHk fo}kuksa us dEiuh dh fofHk ifjHkk"kk, nh gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa
U;k;kkh'k tsEl osQ vuqlkj] dEiuh O;fDr;ksa dk ,d ,slk la?k gS tks fdlh lkekU; ms'; dh iwr osQ fy, laxfBr gq, gksaA
gsus osQ vuqlkj] TokbaV LVkWd dEiuh ykHk vtr djus osQ ms'; ls fuer ,d ,sfPNd laxBu gS] ftldh iwth vUrj.kh; va'kksa
esa foHkDr gksrh gS rFkk ftlosQ LokfeRo osQ fy, lnL;rk vko';d gSA

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fy.Mys osQ 'kCnksa esa] dEiuh 'kCn dk vk'k; cgqr&ls O;fDr;ksa osQ ,d ,sls la?k ls gS tks la;qDr iwth esa vius ku vFkok fdlh
vU; laifk dk ;ksxnku nsrs gSa vkSj fdlh lkekU; ms'; osQ fy, mldk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
,l-,e- 'kkg us dEiuh dh ifjHkk"kk vfkd Li"V 'kCnksa esa djrs gq, dgk gS fd dEiuh 'kCn ls vk'k; lkekU; ms'; osQ fy,
fuer vusd O;fDr;ksa osQ ,d la?k ls gSA blesa nks egoiw.kZ ro lekfo"V gSa] igyk ;g fd la?k osQ lnL; brus vfkd gksrs gSa fd
bls lgh vFkZ esa iQeZ ;k lk>hnkjh ugha dgk tk ldrk rFkk nwljk] R;sd lnL; la?k esa vius fgr dk vU; lnL;ksa dh lgefr osQ fcuk
vUrj.k dj ldrk gSA ,sls la?k dks fofk osQ vUrxZr fuxfer fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i ;g ,d fuxfer laLFkk gks tkrh
gS ftls lkekU;r% LFkk;h vfLrRo okyk lkoZeqk ;qDr fuxe dgk tkrk gSA blosQ ckn og vius lnL;ksa ls i`Fkd~ ,oa oSkkfud O;fDr
dk Lrj j[krh gS] ysfdu ;fn mldk bl dkj fuxeu ugha gqvk gS rks mldk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk vkSj og fofk osQ vUrxZr vius
lnL;ksa ls i`Fkd~ ugha ekuk tkrkA dEifu;ksa dk lokZfkd egoiw.kZ :i va'kksa (Shares) }kjk lhfer dEiuh gSA
U;k;ewr Jh ih-ch- eq[kthZ us dEiuh fofk ij vk;ksftr ,d laxks"Bh esa dgk Fkk fd orZeku jk"Vh; ifjos'k esa dEifu;ksa dks viuh
ifjorr Hkwfedk le>uh pkfg, D;ksafd dEiuh lEcUkh ifjdYiuk esa dkiQh ifjorZu gqvk gSA dEiuh vc osQoy ykHk dekus okyh
laLFkk u jgdj jk"Vh; ego dh lkekftd ,oa vkFkd laLFkk cu pqdh gSA jk"V dh vkFkd n'kk dh n`f"V ls dEiuh dh vge~ Hkwfedk
gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; osQ iwoZ U;k;kkh'k ih-,u- Hkxorh us ;g vfHkfuf'pr fd;k gS fd uohu lkekftd o vkFkd fopkjkkjk osQ
vuqlkj vc dEiuh ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS] ftlosQ ml leqnk; osQ fr dkZO; ,oa nkf;Ro gSa] ftlesa og dk;Z djrh gSA vkt
vR;fkd fodflr ns'kksa us Hkh bl ckr dks Lohdkj fd;k gS fd dEiuh dk ewy ms'; vfkdre lkekftd dY;k.k gksuk pkfg, rFkk
va'kkkfj;ksa dks dEiuh dk Lokeh ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,] vfirq mUgsa ek=k iwth fuos'kd le>k tkuk pkfg, tks osQoy ;qfDr;qDr friQy
osQ vfkdkjh gSa rFkk dEiuh dks osQoy va'kkkfj;ksa osQ fr mkjnk;h ugha gksuk pkfg, oju~ Jfedksa] miHkksDrkvksa rFkk lekt osQ vU;
lnL;ksa osQ fr Hkh mldk nkf;Ro gksuk pkfg, ,oa jk"Vh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj mfr osQ fy, vxzlj gksuk pkfg,A
mi;qZDr lHkh ifjHkk"kkvksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd osQoy ,sls laxBu dks dEiuh dgsaxs ftldk fuxeu vFkok fuekZ.k Hkkjrh; dEiuh
vfkfu;eksa osQ vUrxZr fd;k x;k gksA
,d fuxfer dEiuh dh eq[k fo'ks"krk, fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) fofk }kjk fuerdEiuh dk fuekZ.k osQoy dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ kokkuksa osQ vUrxZr gh gksrk gSA dEiuh fuekZrk fofkor~
:i ls gh vius O;kikj dk lapkyu djrs gSaA blosQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vfkd vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk djuk iM+rk gSA
(2) fofkd O;fDrRodEiuh vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr fuxfer dEiuh dk viuk i`Fkd~ fofkd O;fDrRo gksrk gS vkSj ;g fofkd
O;fDrRo mlosQ lnL;ksa ls i`Fkd~ gksrk gSA
(3) fpjLFkk;h vfLrRofuxfer dEiuh dh ,d egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gS fd mldk vfLrRo 'kk'or~ gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS
fd dEiuh osQ va'k vUrj.kh; gksus osQ dkj.k pkgs mlosQ lHkh lnL; cny tk;sa] ysfdu dEiuh dk vfLrRo oSlk gh cuk jgsxkA dEiuh
dk 'kk'or mkjkfkdkj gksrk gS blls fdlh dEiuh osQ lnL;ksa dh e`R;q] fnokfy;kiu ;k va'k vUrj.k ls dEiuh dk vfLrRo fu"Hkkoh
jgrk gS rFkk og viuk ewy vfLrRo mlh dkj cuk;s j[krh gSA dEiuh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 34(2) osQ vuqlkj fuxeu dh frfFk ls
dEiuh dks 'kk'or mkjkfkdkj fey tkrk gSA
(4) i`Fkd~ laifkdEiuh laifk dks Lo;a vius uke esa kkj.k djrh gS vkSj mlosQ lnL; dEiuh dh laifk osQ la;qDr Lokeh
ugha ekus tkrsA blfy, dEiuh dh laifk i`Fkd~ :i esa gksrh gSA
(5) lnL; la[;kdEiuh dk xBu djus osQ fy, bldh lnL; la[;k dk fukkZj.k dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
futh dEiuh osQ fy, de ls de nks lnL; gksus vko';d gSa] tcfd lkoZtfud dEiuh osQ fy, lnL;ksa dh la[;k ij ,slk dksbZ frcUk
ugha gksrkA
(6) va'k iwth eas ifjorZudEiuh oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr lkkkj.k fLFkfr esa viuh va'k iwth ifjorr ugha dj ldrhA
(7) izcak esa lgHkkfxrkdEiuh osQ lEcUk esa dEiuh dh izcak O;oLFkk osQoy mlosQ funs'kdksa esa fufgr jgrh gS vkSj dEiuh
osQ R;sd lnL; dks mldh izcak O;oLFkk esa Hkkx ysus dk dksbZ vfkdkj ugha gksrkA
(8) ys[kk ijh{kkdEiuh ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og fro"kZ viuh ys[kk ijh{kk djk;sA
(9) va'kksa dk vUrj.kdEiuh dk dksbZ lnL; ml dEiuh osQ vU; lnL;ksa dh lgefr osQ fcuk vius va'k vUrfjr dj ldrk
gSA futh dEiuh osQ vfrfjDr vU; dEiuh osQ va'kksa dks LorU=krkiwoZd vUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd dEiuh osQ lnL;ksa dk mldh

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okLrfod O;oLFkk ;k dk;ks ls dksbZ lEcUk ugha jgrkA dEiuh dk izcak&dk;Z lapkyu funs'kdksa osQ gkFk esa gksus osQ dkj.k lkekU; turk
dk dEiuh osQ va'kkkfj;ksa dh vkFkd fLFkfr osQ lkFk dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gksrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa dEiuh osQ va'kksa osQ gLrkUrj.k ls dEiuh
osQ izcak vFkok vfLrRo ij dksbZ Hkko ugha iM+rkA
(10) dEiuh dh jk"Vh;rk] vfkokl vkSj fuokl;|fi dEiuh dks ukxfjdrk kIr ugha gks ldrh] rFkkfi dEiuh dh
jk"Vh;rk rFkk mldk vfkokl o fuokl vo'; gksrk gSA fuxfer dEiuh dks ,d okLrfod O;fDr dh rjg fuokl] vfkokl vkSj
jk"Vh;rk osQ xq.k nku fd;s tkrs gSaA
(11) fuos'kdksa dks gkfu ls laj{k.kfuxfer dEiuh osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og vius fuos'kdksa dks ;FkklaHko gj dkj
dh tksf[ke vFkok gkfu ls cpk;sA ;fn dksbZ dEiuh vius nkf;Ro dk Bhd dkj ls fuokZg ugha djrh vFkok vfu;ferrk cjrrh gS
rks dEiuh ij vko';d nkf;Ro vfkjksfir fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls fuos'kdkas dks gkfu osQ fo# i;kZIr laj{k.k kIr gks losQA
(12) lnL;ksa dk nkf;RoHkkjrh; dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr lhfer nkf;Ro okyh dEiuh dk fuxfer fd;k tkuk laHko gS
vkSj tgk ,slh dEiuh dk xBu fd;k x;k gS ogk mlosQ lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro ml dEiuh osQ Kkiu osQ vuqlkj ;k rks lnL;ksa }kjk kkfjr
va'kksa dh u pqdkbZ xbZ jde rd] ;k ,slh jde rd ftlosQ fy, lnL; fo'ks"k ;k lnL;ksa ftUgksaus va'knku dk opu ns j[kk gS] lhfer
gSA
dEiuh vfkfu;eksa osQ rgr ,d dEiuh vius laxBu osQ lkFk gh i`Fkd fofkd vfLrRo xzg.k dj ysrh gSA fofk }kjk dEiuh vkSj
mlosQ lnL;ksa osQ e; fuxeu osQ le; ,d foHkktd js[kk [khaph tkrh gS rkfd dEiuh o lnL;ksa osQ chp mkjkfkdkj o vfkdkjksa
dks ysdj fofkd Li"Vrk cuh jgs] blh dks fuxeu dk vkoj.k dgk tkrk gSA
tc tu dEiuh vius i`Fkd fofkd vfLrRo osQ dkj.k feyus okys ykHkksa dks Ny&diV ;k vuqfpr O;ogkj dks lgh fl djus
dk iz;kl djrh gS rks U;k;ky; }kjk tu dEiuh dh mis{kk dj fuxeu dk vkoj.k gVk fn;k tkrk gSA ,slh oqQN ifjfLFkfr;k fuEufyf[kr
gSa ftuesa fuxeu dk vkoj.k gVk ekuk tkrk gS
(i) dEiuh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 45 osQ vuqlkj] dEiuh osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k fofk }kjk fukkZfjr U;wure lnL; la[;k ls de
gks vkSj dEiuh bl fLFkfr esa viuk O;olk; Ng eghus rd tkjh j[ksA
(ii) kkjk 247 osQ vuqlkj] osQUnzh; ljdkj }kjk fdlh dEiuh dh liQyrk o vliQyrk osQ ihNs #fp ysus okys O;fDr;ksa rFkk
vU; lEc ekeyksa dh tkp osQ fy, fujh{kd dh fu;qfDr djus ijA
(iii) vkikrdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa fo'ks"kdj ;q osQ nkSjku dEiuh dk Lo:i Kkr djus osQ fy, D;ksafd ;fn dksbZ dEiuh 'k=kq ns'k
}kjk fu;af=kr dh tk jgh gS rks lkoZtfud fgr esa U;k;ky; fuxeu osQ vkoj.k dks fu"izHkkoh dj ldrk gSA
(iv) ;fn dEiuh vius fofkd nkf;Roksa ls cpuk pkgs vFkok mldk ms'; ysunkjksa dks kks[kk nsuk gksA
'u 2- varfuZ;e D;k gksrs gaS\ D;k fdlh dEiuh ds fy, varfuZ;eksa dk iathdj.k vko';d gS\ fVIi.kh dhft,] rFkk
varfuZ;eksa esa ifjorZu djus dh lhekvksa dh foospuk dhft,A
mkjdEiuh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 2(3) osQ vuqlkj] vUru;e ls vk'k; dEiuh dh laLFkk osQ mu vUru;eksa ls gS] tks igys dh
fdlh dEiuh fofk ;k bl vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr ewy :i ls fuer gSa] ;k le;&le; ij ifjorr fd;s x;s gSa rFkk fofu;eksa tks fd
fdlh lhek rd dEiuh ij ykxw gksrs gksa] os Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSa rFkk ftudk mYys[k Hkkjrh; dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1882 esa vuqc vuqlwph
dh rkfydk c esa ;k Hkkjrh; dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1913 ls vuqc izFke vuqlwph dh rkfydk v esa ;k bl vfkfu;e ls vuqc izFke
vuqlwph dh rkfydk d esa gSaA
vUru;e dEiuh osQ vkUrfjd fofu;e gSaA lhekfu;e dh vis{kk budk LFkku xkS.k ugha gS rFkk ;s lhekfu;e ls vlaxr] ml ij
vfkHkkoh vFkok ml ij fu;a=k.k djus okys ugha gksus pkfg,A ;g t:jh ugha gS fd izR;sd dEiuh osQ ikl vius vUru;eksa dk laxzg
gks rFkk og vfkfu;e dh izFke vuqlwph dh ^rkfydkvksa* esa fun"V fofu;eksa dks vius vUru;eksa osQ LFkku ij ys ldrh gSA dEiuh
osQ vUru;e] mldh vkUrfjd O;oLFkk osQ fy, fu;e rFkk fofu;e gSaA ^os dEiuh dh vkUrfjd O;oLFkk gaSA* lkkkj.k :i ls os dEiuh
osQ lHkh fo"k;ksa osQ vkUrfjd iz'kklu dh O;oLFkk djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] iwth dh fufk tks mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkus okyh gks] oxhZdj.k
ftlesa mldk foHkktu fd;k x;k gks] izR;sd oxZ osQ vfkdkj] vfHk;kpuk lEcUkh fu;e] dEiuh dk kkj.kkfkdkj] va'kksa dh tCrh] va'kksa
dk gLrkarj.k] cSBosaQ vk;ksftr djuk] x.kiwr] cSBdksa esa ernku] funs'kdksa dh fu;qfDr bR;kfnA
ykWMZ osQ;UlZ osQ 'kCnksa esa] vUru;e dEiuh osQ lhekfu;e osQ vkhuLFk Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSaA os lhekfu;e dks dEiuh dh
iz'kklh fudk; dh] muosQ Lo;a osQ rFkk dEiuh osQ e; dkZO;ksa] vfkdkjksa rFkk 'kfDr;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa rFkk ;g mYys[k djrs

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gSa fd dEiuh dk O;olk; fdl rjhosQ ls fdl :i esa pyk;k tkrk gS rFkk dEiuh osQ vkUrfjd fofu;eksa esa fdl izdkj o fdl :i
esa cnyko fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
dEiuh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 26 osQ vuqlkj] va'k lhfer lkoZtfud dEifu;ksa dks vius vUru;eksa dk iathdj.k djuk vfuok;Z ugha
gS] fdUrq vlhfer dEiuh] xkjaVh }kjk lhfer dEifu;ksa rFkk va'k lhfer izkbosV dEifu;ksa dks vUru;eksa dk iathdj.k djkuk vfuok;Z gSA
futh dEiuh osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og vius vUru;eksa esa fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk mYys[k djs
(i) mlosQ va'kksa osQ vUrj.k ij izfrcUk gSA
(ii) lnL; la[;k 50 ls vfkd ugha gSA
(iii) mlus turk dks iwth ozQ; osQ fy, vkefU=kr ugha fd;k gSA
vUru;eksa }kjk vfko`Qr gksus ij dEiuh }kjk iz;ksx dh tk ldus okyh oqQN 'kfDr;k fuEuor~ gSa
(i) va'kksa rFkk .ki=kksa osQ fuxZeu ij ns; gkehnkjh deh'ku]
(ii) va'kksa ij oqQy jkf'k osQ vuqikr esa Hkqxrku fd;k x;k ykHkka'k]
(iii) ekspuh; izkFkfedrk izkIr va'k tkjh djuk]
(iv) kkjd okjaV tkjh djuk]
(v) fons'k esa iz;ksx osQ fy, dk;kZy; dh eqgj j[kuk]
(vi) va'k iwth lEcUkh lhekfu;e dh 'krks esa ifjorZu djukA
dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1956 osQ vuqlkj] dEiuh osQ vUru;eksa esa bu ckrksa dk fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k gksuk pkfg,
(i) rkfydk ^d* osQ viotZu dk mYys[k]
(ii) iwth dk foHkktu] c<+kus] ?kVkus ;k ifjorZu osQ fu;e vkfn]
(iii) va'k vFkok 'ks;lZ osQ izdkj] la[;k] ewY;] vkosnu] vkcaVu] ;kpu gj.k] vUrj.k] ifjorZu] kkj.kkfkdkj] va'k izek.ki=k vkfn osQ
fu;e]
(iv) izkFkfed lafonkvksa dh vfHkLoho`Qfr]
(v) .k&'kfDr osQ lEcUk esa dEiuh vkSj funs'kdksa dh vfkdkj 'kfDr dk mYys[k]
(vi) ernku osQ vfkdkj rFkk izkWDlh]
(vii) cSBdksa dh lwpuk] dk;Zfofkd erx.kuk] dk;Z fooj.k vkfn dh izfozQ;k]
(viii) funs'kdksa dh fu;qfDr] la[;k] ;ksX;rk,] vfkdkj] nkf;Ro] vodk'k xzg.k] fu;ksZX;rk,] ikfjJfed lEcUkh fu;e]
(ix) izcak funs'kd] izcak lfpo vkfn izcakd oxZ osQ vfkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] 'krs] vfkdkj] dkZO;] nkf;Ro] ikfjJfed] fu"dklu
vkfn lEcUkh fu;e]
(x) ys[ks o iqLrdksa dks j[kus] ys[kk ijh{kk djkus] vaosQ{kdksa vkfn lEcUkh fu;e]
(xi) ykHkka'k] va'k izek.ki=k] 'ks;j okjaV] cksul va'k] .ki=k vkfn lEcUkh fu;e]
(xii) dEiuh osQ ifjlekiu dh fofk rFkk blosQ fu;e o izfozQ;k vkfnA
dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ vuqlkj dEiuh osQ vUru;e i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q vuqPNsnksa esa eqfnzr djkuk vfuok;Z gSA
lhekfu;e osQ lHkh gLrk{kjdkkZvksa dks de ls de ,d vfHkizekf.kr lk{kh osQ lkeus vUru;eksa ij gLrk{kj djus gksrs gSa rFkk vius
uke osQ lkFk irs o O;olk; dk mYys[k Hkh djuk gksrk gSA vUru;eksa ij Hkkjrh; eqnzk vfkfu;e] 1899 osQ vuqlkj ml jkT; esa ykxw
eqnzk nj ls eqnzk (Stamp) yxkuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
gkykfd laLFkk osQ vUru;e dks ifjorr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdUrq vUru;e esa ifjorZu dh oqQN ifjlhek, gSa] tSls
(i) dEiuh osQ vUru;eksa esa ifjorZu dk ms'; dEiuh dk Hkyk gksuk pkfg, u fd mls (dEiuh dk) ck i{kksa osQ izfr lafonk
Hkax djus dh {kerk fnykus osQ ms'; lsA
(ii) dksbZ Hkh lkoZtfud dEiuh osQUnzh; ljdkj dh vuqefr osQ vfrfjDr ,slk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrh] ftlls fdlh izcak
lapkyd ;k lapkyd dh fu;qfDr esa ,slk ifjorZu fd;k x;k gks ftlls ozQekxr fuo`k gksus okys lapkyd dh fuo`fk ckfkr gks
tk;sA
[ kkjk 268 ]
(iii) dksbZ lkoZtfud dEiuh vius vUru;eksa esa osQUnzh; ljdkj dh Loho`Qfr osQ fcuk ,slk dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrh] ftlosQ
}kjk fdlh lapkyd dh ikfjJfed o`f dk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k iz;Ru fd;k x;k gksA
[ kkjk 310]

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vUru;e esa ifjorZu osQ fy, fo'ks"k izLrko dh Loho`Qfr t:jh gksrh gSA
(v) dEiuh vfkfu;e dh fdlh Hkh kkjk dk ifjorZu osQ dkj.k mYya?ku ugha gksuk pkfg,A
(vi) mlosQ }kjk dksbZ ,slk iz;Ru u fd;k x;k gks tks vfkfu;e osQ vUrxZr izfrcfUkr ;k fuf"k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZekko jkepUnz
dkeFk cuke osQukjk cSadx dkWjiksjs'ku fy] osQ okn esa ,d izLrko osQ ek;e ls dEiuh ls lnL; dks cfg"o`Qr dj fn;k
x;k Fkk vkSj lapkydksa dks ;g vfkdkj ns fn;k x;k fd os fcuk fdlh gLrkUrj.k&foys[k osQ ml lnL; osQ va'kksa dks gLrkUrfjr
iatho`Qr dj ysaA fdUrq bl izLrko dks dEiuh vfkfu;e osQ izkokkuksa osQ fo# gksus osQ dkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk voSk ?kksf"kr dj
fn;k x;kA
(vii) vUru;eksa esa ifjorZu ln~HkkoukiwoZd gks rFkk mlesa dksbZ ,slk ms'; u gks ftlosQ }kjk vfkdka'k va'kkkfj;ksa dks vuqfpr ykHk
fnyokus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gksA blh izdkj ifjorZu osQ dkj.k va'kkkfj;ksa dks mudh lgefr osQ fcuk vfkd va'k u [kjhnus
iMsa+ vkSj u gh mudh nsunkjh c<+s (kkjk 38)A ,sls ifjorZu rHkh gks ldrs gSa] tc va'kkkfj;ksa dh fyf[kr Loho`Qfr ys yh xbZ
gksA
'u 3- lhekfu;e osQ fofHkUu [kaMksa dh O;k[;k dhft, vkSj fofHkUu [kaMksa dks ifjofrZr djus dh ifr dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjlaLFkk osQ lhekfu;e esa fuEufyf[kr vUro"k;ksa dk gksuk vR;ko';d gS
1- dEiuh dk uke]
2- ms';]
3- iathr dk;kZy;]
4- va'kksa dk C;kSjk]
5- lhfer nkf;Ro [kaM]
6- fo'ks"k]
7- vuqgLrk{kj okD;] rFkk
8- lekiu osQ i'pkr~ xkjaVh
mijksDr o.kr fo"k;ksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS
(1) dEiuh dk ukedEiuh dk uke rFkk lkoZtfud dEiuh osQ uke osQ vUr esa ^fyfeVsM (Limited) 'kCn dk rFkk
^vlkoZtfud* dEiuh osQ vUr esa ^kbosV fyfeVsM* (Private Limited) 'kCn dk ;ksx gksuk pkfg, tc rd fd kkjk 25(1) osQ vUrxZr
NwV u nh x;h gksA
(2) ms';dEiuh osQ ms'; vkSj osQoy O;kikj fuxeksa osQ vfrfjDr ftl jkT; vFkok ftu jkT;ksa dh lhek esa ms'; dk foLrkj
gS] dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A
fdlh Hkh dEiuh osQ lhekfu;e esa] pkgs og va'kksa }kjk ifjlhfer gks ;k ugha] mlosQ fuexu osQ le; osQ lHkh kku rFkk xkS.k ms';ksa
dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg, ftuosQ ikyu dk og ml le; ms'; j[krh gks rFkk bl kku rFkk xkS.k ms';ksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; lHkh ms';ksa
dk Hkh mYys[k lhekfu;e esa gksuk pkfg,A
(3) iathr dk;kZy;ftlesa dEiuh dk iathr dk;kZy; fLFkr gksus okyk gks ml jkT; dk uke lhekfu;e esa fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
(4) va'kksa dk fooj.kva'kksa }kjk lhfer dEiuh osQ fo"k; esa (v) lhekfu;e va'k iwth dh ml jkf'k dk mYys[k djsxk ftlls
dEiuh dk iathdj.k gksuk gS rFkk fuf'pr jde osQ va'kksa esa foHkktu dk mYys[k djsxkA
(c) lhekfu;e R;sd ;ksxdkkZ osQ uke osQ le{k mlosQ }kjk fy;s gq, va'kksa dh la[;k dk mYys[k djsxkA dksbZ ;ksxdkkZ ,d ls
de va'k ugha ys ldrkA
(5) lhfer nkf;Ro [kaMfdlh Hkh va'k ;k R;kHkwfr }kjk ifjlhfer dEiuh osQ lhekfu;e esa ;g mYys[k Hkh fd;k tk,xk fd
mlosQ lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro lhfer gSA
(6) lekiu osQ i'pkr~ xkjaVhfdlh xkjaVh }kjk ifjlhfer dEiuh dk lhekfu;e ;g Hkh o.kZu djsxk fd R;sd lnL; dEiuh
dk lekiu osQ le; gksus ;k lnL;rk NksM+ nsus osQ ,d o"kZ osQ vUrxZr dEiuh dh ifjlaifk esa ;ksxnku djus dh frKk djrk gSA
(7) fo'ks"kdEiuh vius kku rFkk xkS.k ms'; osQ fo'ks"k {ks=k osQ vUrxZr dksbZ vfrfjDr dk;Z ugha djsxh] tc rd fd lkekU;
cSBd esa dEiuh osQ fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk ,sls dk;ks dk fd;k tkuk ekU; u gksA
(iv)

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(8) vuqgLrk{kj okD;R;sd dEiuh osQ lhekfu;e osQ vUr esa ,d vuqgLrk{kj&okD; Hkh gksrk gS] ftlesa dEiuh dk fuekZ.k
djus okys lHkh lnL; vius gLrk{kjksa lfgr ;g mYys[k djrs gSa fd ge lHkh lnL;] ftuosQ uke o irs uhps fn;s x;s gSa] bl dEiuh
dk fuekZ.k lhekfu;e esa mfYyf[kr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj djus osQ bPNqd gSa rFkk bl ms'; ls geesa ls R;sd vius uke osQ vkxs n'kkZ;h
xbZ ubZ va'kjkf'k ; djus osQ fy, rS;kj gSA
R;sd lkoZtfud dEiuh osQ lhekfu;e osQ vUr esa de&ls&de lkr lnL;ksa osQ uke vkSj muosQ gLrk{kj gksuk vko';d gS tcfd
futh dEiuh osQ lhekfu;e osQ vUr esa de&ls&de nks lnL;ksa osQ gLrk{kj gksuk t:jh gSA R;sd lnL; osQ gLrk{kj osQ vuqek.ku lk{;
esa lhekfu;e ij ,d lk{kh osQ gLrk{kj gksuk Hkh t:jh gS] ijUrq lnL; Lo;a nwljs lnL; osQ gLrk{kjksa dks vuqekf.kr ugha dj losQxkA
lhekfu;e dEiuh dh Hkkfxrk ;k lkafofkd ys[k rFkk ewyHkwr ?kks"k.kki=k gksus osQ dkj.k] dEiuh o mlosQ }kjk nk vfkdkjksa ls
foyx gks ldrk gS vkSj u gh lhekfu;e dh ^'krks* esa dksbZ ifjorZu dj ldrh gSosQoy mu fo"k;ksa dks NksM+dj ftudh ifr rFkk
ftudk foLrkj vfkfu;e esa Li"Vr;k micfUkr gS (kkjk 16)A micak esa ;g vkSj Hkh fun"V gS fd lhekfu;e esa dksbZ O;oLFkk cakd
vFkok cak vfHkdkkZ dh fu;qfDr osQ fo"k; eas rFkk blh fr osQ vU; fo"k; esa tks fd dEiuh osQ eq[k ms'; osQ fy, klafxd
vFkok xkS.k gks] ,slh 'krs ugha le>h tk,xhA blfy, ge ;g ikrs gSa fd lhekfu;e dh ^ewy 'krks* dh vis{kk lhekfu;e osQ [kaM] tSlk
fd vfkfu;e }kjk micfUkr fd;k x;k gS] dEiuh osQ fy, fo'ks"k f;k xzg.k djus osQ fy, vko';d gq, fcuk dEiuh }kjk ifjorr
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
os ifjfLFkfr;k ftuesa lhekfu;e esa ifjorZu Lohr gSfuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dEiuh vfkfu;e] 1956 osQ vUrxZr laLFkk
osQ lhekfu;e esa fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gS
(1) uke dk ifjorZudksbZ dEiuh vius uke ifjorZu osQ iwoZ osQUh; 'kklu ls bl ckr dh vuqefr ysdj fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk
vius uke esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gS (kkjk 21)A fdUrq mu ekeyksa esa ,slh Lohfr t:jh ugha gS tgk lkoZtfud ls futh dEiuh esa
ifjorZu djus osQ fy, ;k futh ls lkoZtfud dEiuh esa ifjorZu djus osQ fy, 'kCn futh dk tksM+k ;k fudkyk tkuk vko';d gksrk
gSA
;fn dksbZ dEiuh fcuk nwljh dEiuh dh vuqefr fy, gq, vKkurko'k vFkok vU;Fkk ,d ,sls uke ls iathr gks tkrh gS ftl
uke ls vFkok mlls feyrh&tqyrh nwljh dEiuh iwjh rjg iathr gks vFkok tks bl uke ls bruh vfkd lekurk j[krh gks fd mlls
kks[kk gksus dk vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gS] rks igyh dEiuh] osQUh; 'kklu dh iwoZ vuqefr rFkk lkkkj.k Lrko }kjk viuk uke ifjorr
dj ldrh gSA
kkjk 22
(2) ms';ksa dk ifjorZudEiuh vfkfu;e] 1956 dh kkjk 17 osQ vUrxZr fukkZfjr lhek rd dEiuh osQ ms';ksa esa fo'ks"k Lrko
}kjk ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfkfu;e osQ varxZr dksbZ Hkh dEiuh fo'ks"k izLrko ikfjr djosQ rFkk dEiuh ykW cksMZ dh vuqefr
izkIr djosQ] ms';ksa esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gS] c'krsZ ;g ifjorZu
(i) dEiuh osQ O;kikj dks vfkd ferO;f;rk rFkk lqpk# :i ls pykus osQ fy, fd;k tk,]
(ii) dEiuh }kjk u;s rFkk fodflr lkkuksa dk iz;ksx vius eq[; ms';ksa dh iwr osQ fy, fd;k tk,]
(iii) dEiuh osQ O;kikj lapkyu osQ LFkkuh; {ks=k esa foLrkj rFkk ifjoorZu djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,]
(iv) orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dEiuh osQ O;kikj osQ lkFk lqxerkiwoZd vFkok ykHknk;d jhfr ls la;qDr fd;s tk ldus okys fdlh O;kikj
osQ lapkyu osQ fy, gks]
(v) lhekfu;e esa fun"V fdlh ms'; dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, vFkok mls R;kx nsus osQ fy, gks]
(vi) dEiuh osQ lEiw.kZ mie rFkk mieksa vFkok muosQ fdlh Hkkx dk fo; vFkok fuiVkjk djus osQ fy;s gks]
(vii) fdlh vU; dEiuh ;k O;fDr;ksa osQ fudk; ls lekesyu (Amalgamation) djus osQ fy, fd;k tk,A
(3) iathr dk;kZy; dk ifjorZu,d dEiuh fo'ks"k Lrko ikfjr dj rFkk U;k;ky; }kjk mldk iq"Vhdj.k kIr djosQ vius
iathr dk;kZy; dks fdlh ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa ys tk ldrh gSA fo'ks"k Lrko ikfjr gks tkus osQ ckn U;k;ky; osQ lkeus ;kfpdk
Lrqr djuk bldh dk;Zfofk gSA U;k;ky; bl ckr dk ijh{k.k djrk gS fd tks yksx bl ifjorZu ls Hkkfor gks ldrs gSa] mUgsa bl ckr
dh lwpuk ns nh xbZ gS ;k ughaA dydkk mPp U;k;ky; osQ vuqlkj] jkT; dks ;g lkafofkd vfkdkj kIr ugha gS ftlls jktLo dh
gkfu osQ vkkkj ij ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa dEiuh osQ iathr dk;kZy; esa ifjorZu osQ fy, dEiuh vfkfu;e dh kkjk 17 osQ vUrxZr
Lrqr fd;s x;s kFkZuki=k esa gLr{ksi djsA iath;d osQ ikl U;k;ky; }kjk ifjorZu dh Lohfr nku djus okyh vkKk dh ekf.kr
frfyfi rFkk lhekfu;e dh ,d frfyfi 3 ekg dh vofk osQ vUrxZr tek dj nsuk vko';d gSA

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dksbZ dEiuh vius lhekfu;e esa dEiuh vfkfu;e esa Lohr fofk vkSj lhek osQ vfrfjDr la'kksku ugha dj losQxhA
lhekfu;e esa 'krs ogh gksaxh ftudk mYys[k vfkfu;e dh kkjk 13 esa ;k fdlh fof'k"V micak esa fd;k x;k gSA
lhekfu;e esa lfEefyr vU; micak ftlesa cak funs'kd] cak vfHkdkkZ] lfpo vkSj dks"kk;{k ;k cakd dh fu;qfDr osQ micak
Hkh lfEefyr gSa mlh jhfr ls ifjorr fd;s tk losaQxs tSls fd dEiuh osQ vUru;e] fdUrq ;fn vfkfu;e esa dksbZ Li"V micak gS tks
lhekfu;e esa ifjorr fd;s tkus osQ fy, vU; jhfr dh vuqefr nsrk gS] rks os Hkh mlh jhfr ls ifjorr fd;s tk losaQxsA
os lHkh funs'Z k tks dEiuh osQ vUru;eksa osQ fy;s gSa os lhekfu;e esa lfEefyr micakksa osQ fy, Hkh le>s tk,xAs
[ kkjk 16 ]
dEiuh fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk dEiuh osQ LFkku dk ifjorZu ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa fd;s tkus osQ fy, dj losQxh vFkok ;g dEiuh
osQ ms'; osQ lEcUk esa fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk ifjorZu dj losQxhA bldk lEcUk fuEufyf[kr ls gS
(i) O;kikj dks de [kpZ esa vkSj vfkd oqQ'kyrk ls djuk gSA
(ii) blosQ O;ogkj osQ LFkkuh; {ks=k esa foLrkj vFkok ifjorZu djuk gSA
(iii) dksbZ O;kikj lapkfyr djuk tks orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ rgr dEiuh osQ O;kikj ls lqfokktud :i esa vkSj ykHknk;d :i ls
tqM+s gSaA
(iv) lhekfu;e esa mfYyf[kr fdlh ms'; dks fu;af=kr djuk rFkk NksM+ nsuk]
(v) dEiuh osQ m|e osQ lEiw.kZ vFkok fdlh Hkkx ;k dEiuh osQ m|eksa dks csp nsuk ;k O;; djukA
(vi) fdlh vU; dEiuh ;k O;fDr;ksa osQ fudk; osQ lkFk lekesyuA
ifjorZu rc rd Hkkodkjh ugha gksxk tc rd fd dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ }kjk bldh iqf"V u gks tk;sA
ifjorZu dh iqf"V djus ls igys dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ dks lekkku gksuk pkfg, fd dEiuh osQ R;sd .ki=kkkjh dks lwpuk nh xbZ
gS rFkk mu lHkh dks lwpuk nh xbZ gS tks ifjorZu ls Hkkfor gS] rFkk R;sd .knkrk osQ fo"k; esa tks dEiuh osQ ms'; esa vfkdkj
j[krk gS vkSj tks dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ }kjk funsZf'kr jhfr ls viuh vkifk dh lkFkZdrk ekf.kr djrk gS tcfd ifjorZu osQ lEcUk esa
mldh lEefr kIr dj yh xbZ gS ;k mlosQ nkos dk mUekspu gks x;k gS ;k vokkj.k gks x;k gS ;k dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ osQ lekkku
osQ fy, lqjf{kr dj fy;k x;k gSA
dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ ;kfpdk dh uksfVl iath;d dks fn[kyk;sxhA iath;d dks ifjorZu dh iqf"V gsrq vkifk djus ;k lq>ko nsus osQ
fy, mfpr volj fn;k tk,xkA dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ ifjorZu dh iqf"V iw.kZ :i ls ;k vkaf'kd :i ls dj losQxh vkSj ,slh 'krks ij
dj losQxh tSlk fd og mfpr le>sA dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk ;ksx djrs le; dEiuh osQ lnL;ksa ;k muosQ fdlh oxZ
osQ vfkdkjksa vkSj fgrksa dh vkSj dEiuh osQ .knkrkvksa ;k muosQ fdlh oxZ osQ vfkdkjksa vkSj fgrksa dk ;ku j[ksxhA
dEiuh fofk ifj"kn~ ;fn mfpr le>s tks ifjorZu dh dk;Zokgh dks rc rd LFkfxr dj ldrk gS tc rd fd mlosQ lekkku osQ
fy, fo# er j[kus okys lnL;ksa osQ va'k u [kjhn fy;s tk;saA ,slh O;oLFkk fd;s tkus osQ fy, og mfpr vkns'k ns ldrk gSA
kkjk 17
dEiuh ykW cksMZ osQ vkns'k ftlosQ }kjk ifjorZu dh iqf"V dh x;h gS] mldh ,d fr rFkk ifjorr Kkiu dh eqfr fr rhu
ekl osQ vUnj iath;d osQ lkeus iath;u osQ fy, is'k dh tk,xh tks mDr ifjorZu dk iath;u djsxk vkSj bl iath;u dks ekf.kr djsxkA
;fn ifjorZu iathr dk;kZy; osQ LFkku dks ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esa ys tkus osQ lEcUk esa gS] rks dEiuh ,sls vU; jkT; esa iath;u
osQ fy, mDr jkT; osQ iath;d osQ lkeus ifjorZu osQ vkns'k dh ekf.kr fr lfgr ,d kFkZuki=k Lrqr djsxh tks rnuqlkj ifjorZu
dk iath;u djsxkA dEiuh dks ;g iath;u Lohr vofk osQ vUnj djkuk gksxk tks dEiuh ykW cksMZ osQ vkns'k ls c<+k;h Hkh tk ldrh
gS fdUrq bl vofk esa pwd gksus ij ifjorZu dh lkjh dk;Zokgh O;FkZ gks tk,xh] fdUrq mfpr dkj.k n'kr djus ij dEiuh ykW cksMZ
,d ekl dk le; vkSj ns ldrk gSA
'u 4- (d) 'ks;j ij ekax dk D;k vFkZ gS\ oS/ ekax osQ vko';d rRo D;k gS\
mkjlkekU;r% va'kksa osQ vkcaVu dh frfFk ij gh va'kksa osQ iwjs ewY; dk Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tkrk vkSj bl izdkj lkkkj.kr% oQEifu;k
va'kkkfj;ksa dks ;g lqfokk nsrh gSa fd va'kksa dk oqQN ewY; os vkcaVu osQ le; ij gh ns nsa vkSj 'ks"k dEiuh }kjk ekaxs tkus ij t:j
ns nsaA dEiuh }kjk va'kksa dh ns; jkf'k osQ Hkqxrku dh ekax fd;s tkus dks va'k ewY; dh ekax dgrs gSaA ;fn ekax oSk gS] rks ;g va'kkkfj;ksa
ij cakudkjh gksrh gSA fuEufyf[kr 'krs iwjh djus osQ ckn tkjh dh xbZ ekax oSk gksrh gS
(1) dEiuh osQ vuqPNsnksa osQ vuqlkj ekaxekax oSk gksus osQ fy, t:jh gS fd og dEiuh osQ vuqPNsnksa osQ vuq:i gksA
lkekU;r% ekax djus dh 'kfDr funs'kdksa dks nh tkrh gS vkSj funs'kdksa dks viuh bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx viuh cSBd esa ladYi ikfjr djosQ

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djuk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ funs'kd eaMy osQ leqfpr ladYi ls ekax dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ladYi ml le; leqfpr ;k mfpr ekuk tk,xk]
tc fuEufyf[kr 'krs iwjh dh tkrh gS
(i) ladYi funs'kd eaMy dh cSBd esa leqfpr :i ls ikfjr fd;k x;k gksA
(ii) funs'kd eaMy dh mDr cSBd leqfpr :i ls cqykbZ xbZ gksA
(iii) CkSBd esa vko';d x.kiwr (dksje) mifLFkr jgh gksA
(iv) ekax dh jkf'k dk ladYi esa mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A ml LFkku vkSj le; dk Hkh mYys[k gksuk pkfg, fd dgk vkSj dc ekax dh
jkf'k dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkuk gSA blosQ lkFk gh mu O;fDr;ksa dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg, ftudks ekax dh jkf'k nh tkuh gSA
(2) lwpukva'kkkjh dks leqfpr ekax dh lwpuk leqfpr :i ls nsuh pkfg,A lwpuk ml fofk ls nh tkuh pkfg, tks bl
vfkfu;e esa micfUkr gS ;k tks dEiuh osQ fofu;eksa esa mfYyf[kr gSA
(3) ekax ln~HkkoukiwoZd dEiuh osQ fgr esa gksaekax dh 'kfDr U;kl izo`Qfr dh gksrh gS rFkk blfy, funs'kdksa ls ;g vis{kk
dh tkrh gS fd os bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ln~HkkoukiwoZd dEiuh osQ ykHk osQ fy, djsaxs u fd vius O;fDrxr ykHk osQ fy;s vFkok
va'kkkfj;ksa osQ fdlh oxZ fo'ks"k osQ ykHk osQ fy,A ;fn os bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dEiuh osQ fgr osQ fy, u djosQ O;fDrxr ykHk vFkok
fdlh va'kkkjh vFkok va'kkkfj;ksa osQ oxZ fo'ks"k osQ ykHk osQ fy, djrs gSa] rks U;kl Hkax osQ fy;s mkjnk;h gks tk,xsA
(4) ,d gh Js.kh osQ vUrxZr vkus okys LkHkh va'kksa ij ,d gh izdkj dh ekaxekax ,d Js.kh eas vkus okys lHkh va'kksa ij
,d izdkj ls dh tkuh pkfg,A
kkjk 91
,slk laHko ugha gS fd oqQN va'kksa ij ekax dh tk;s vkSj oqQN ij ekax u dh tk;s vkSj ;fn ,slk fd;k tkrk gS] rks vlekurk osQ
vkkkj ij ekax voSk gks tk,xhA
dEiuh ;fn vius laxe&vuqPNsnksa }kjk izkfko`Qr gS] rks og fdlh lnL; osQ va'kksa osQ vpqdrk ewY; dks ekax osQ fcuk gh lank;
djus dh vuqefr ns ldrh gSA funs'kd bl izdkj lank; dh jde ij C;kt Hkh ns ldrs gSaA
kkjk 92
([k) os ifjfLFkfr;kWa crkb;s tc fdlh O;fDr dh dEiuh dh lnL;rk lekIr gks tkrh gSA
mkjmkjdEiuh fdlh lnL; dh lnL;rk fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls lekIr dj ldrh gS
1- dEiuh osQ ifjlekiu }kjk
2- va'kksa osQ v;iZ.k }kjk
3- va'kksa osQ foekspu }kjk
4- va'k vUrj.k }kjk
5- e`R;q ;k fnofy;k gksus dh fLFkfr esa
6- vuqcUk fo[kaMu }kjk
7- va'kksa ij kkj.kkfkdkj }kjk
8- va'kksa dh tCrh }kjkA
1- dEiuh osQ ifjlekiu }kjktc fdlh dEiuh dk fofkor~ ifjlekiu gks tkrk gS rks mlosQ lnL;ksa dh lnL;rk lekIr gks
tkrh gSA
2- va'kksa osQ v;iZ.k }kjktc dEiuh dk dksbZ O;fDr dEiuh }kjk v;iZ.k (Surrender) fd;s tkus ij vius va'k ij ns; jkf'k
ugha ns ikrk gS] rks og viuk va'k dEiuh dks okil ykSVk nsrk gS vkSj dEiuh dh lnL;rk ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA
3- va'kksa osQ foekspu }kjk'kks; vfkeku va'kksa dk foekspu djok nsus ls dEiuh esa fdlh O;fDr dh lnL;rk lekIr gks tkrh
gSA
4- va'k vUrj.k }kjk;fn dEiuh dk dksbZ lnL; vius va'kksa dk gLrkarj.k (Transfer) fdlh vU; O;fDr dks nsrk gS] rks mldh
lnL;rk lekIr gks tkrh gS rFkk mldk uke] dEiuh dh iath ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
5- e`R;q ;k fnokfy;k gksus dh fLFkfr esadEiuh osQ lnL; dh e`R;q vFkok fnokfy;k gksus ij mldh lnL;rk lekIr gks tkrh
gSA
6- vuqcUk fo[kaMu }kjkdksbZ Hkh lnL; dEiuh }kjk diV vFkok feF;k fu:i.k ;k Hkwy fd;s tkus ij va'k [kjhnus dh lafonk
dks fo[kafMr dj mldh lnL;rk ls i`Fkd gks ldrk gS] fdUrq laxe&Kkiu ij gLrk{kj djus okys lnL; bl lafonk dks fo[kafMr dj
dEiuh dh lnL;rk ls i`Fkd ughas gks ldrsA

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7- va'kksa ij kkj.kkfkdkj }kjkva'kksa ij dEiuh }kjk kkj.kkfkdkj osQ iz;ksx ls lnL;rk lekIr dj nh tkrh gSA dEiuh vius
bl vfkdkj dk iz;ksx dj fdlh Hkh lnL; osQ va'k dks cspdj ku izkIr dj ldrh gSA ,sls va'k dks [kjhnus okys O;fDr dk uke
dEiuh dh lnL;rk iaftdk esa fy[k fy;k tkrk gSA
8- va'kksa dh tCrh }kjkdEiuh dk dksbZ lnL; dEiuh }kjk ekax fd;s tkus ij va'kksa ij ns; jde dk Hkqxrku ugha djrk gS] rks
dEiuh }kjk mlosQ va'kksa dks tCr dj fy;s tkus ls mldh lnL;rk lekIr gks tkrh gSA
'u 5- (d) dksje ij foLrkjiwoZd fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mkjx.kiwrx.kiwr (Quorum) ls vk'k; lnL;ksa dh ml vYire la[;k ls gS] ftUgsa cSBd xfBr djus osQ lECkUk esa mifLFkr
gksuk vko';d gSA lkkkj.k x.kiwr dh okafNr la[;k dEiuh osQ vuqPNsnksa }kjk fu;r dj nh tkrh gSA tc rd fd vuqPNsnksa esa vis{kko`Qr
vfkd la[;k dh x.kiwr dk mYys[k u fd;k x;k gks] rc rd lkoZtfud dEiuh osQ fo"k; esa (tks ,slh lkoZtfud dEiuh ls fHk
gS tks kkjk 43 osQ vkhu lkoZtfud dEiuh cuh gS) 5 O;fDr ;fn O;fDRkxr :i ls mifLFkr gksa] rks os x.kiwr osQ fy, i;kZIr gksaxs
rFkk fdlh vU; dEiuh osQ fo"k; esa nks lnL;ksa dk O;fDrxr :i ls mifLFkr gksuk x.kiwr osQ fy;s i;kZIr ekuk tk,xkA dEiuh dh
cSBd osQ fy;s ;fn fu;r le; osQ vkks ?k.Vs osQ Hkhrj x.kiwr iwjh ugha gksrh] rks og cSBd fo?kfVr eku yh tk,xh_ ;fn og lnL;ksa
dh ekax ij cqykbZ xbZ gSA fdUrq fdlh vU; fo"k; esa ;g vxys lIrkg esa mlh fnu] mlh le; o mlh LFkku osQ fy, ;k ,sls vU;
fnu] le; o LFkku osQ fy, tSlk fd funs'kd fu;r djs] LFkfxr gks tk,xhA ;fn LFkfxr cSBd esa Hkh x.kiwr mifLFkr u gks] rks ftrus
Hkh lnL; mifLFkr gSa] mUgsa gh i;kZIr x.kiwr eku fy;k tk,xkA fiQj Hkh lkekU; fu;e osQ :i esa LFkfxr cSBd esa ;fn ,d lnL;
mifLFkr gksrk gS] rks mls oSk cSBd ugha ekuk tk ldrk] D;ksafd ^cSBd* 'kCn dk izFke n`"V~;k vFkZ gksrk gS ,d ls vfkd O;fDr;ksa
dk ,df=kr gksukA kkjk 174(5) osQ rgr mifLFkr lnL;ksa }kjk x.kiwr dh tk,xh] dk rkRi;Z Li"V :i ls ;g gS fd cSBd esa vo';
gh ,d ls vfkd lnL; gksus pkfg,] fdUrq bl lkekU; fu;e osQ oqQN viokn Hkh gSa
(i) kkjk 167 osQ rgr osQUnzh; ljdkj dEiuh osQ fdlh lnL; osQ vkosnu ij dEiuh dh lkkkj.k cSBd cqyk ldrh gS vkSj vkns'k
ns ldrh gS fd ;gk ,d lnL; mifLFkr gksus ij Hkh cSBd oSk gksxh] pkgs og Lo;a vk;k gks ;k ijks{kh (izkWDlh) }kjk mifLFkr
gqvk gksA
(ii) kkjk 186 osQ vUrxZr dEiuh fofk eaMy dEiuh dh ok"kd lkkkj.k cSBd osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ vU; cSBd cqyk ldrk gS o bl
ckr osQ fy;s funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd ,d lnL; Hkh] tks Lo;a mifLFkr gS ;k ijks{kh (izkWDlh) }kjk mifLFkr gS] cSBd xfBr djus
osQ fy;s i;kZIr ekuk tk,xkA mYys[kuh; gS fd x.kiwr dh t:jr ml le; iwjh gqbZ eku yh tk,xh] tc cSBd osQ izkjEHk esa
x.kiwr gS vkSj ;fn ckn esa oqQN lnL; cSBd NksM+dj pys tkrs gSa vkSj lnL;ksa dh la[;k ?kVdj x.kiwr osQ fy;s vko';d la[;k
ls de gks xbZ gS] rks mu lnL;ksa osQ ckn esa pys tkus osQ dkj.k og cSBd x.kiwr osQ vHkko esa voSk ugha ekuh tk ldrhA
x.kiwr ml le; vo'; jguh pkfg, tc cSBd dh okLrfod dk;Zokgh izkjEHk gksrh gS] fdUrq ;g t:jr ugha gS fd ml le;
Hkh x.kiwr cuh jgs] tcfd ernku fd;k tk jgk gSA
([k) vfuok;Z lekiu osQ fofHkUu vk/kjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjmkjU;k;ky; kkjk 433 rFkk 434 osQ varxZr fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dEiuh dk lekiu dj ldrk gS
(1) .kksa dh vnk;xh djus dh v;ksX;rk gksus ij]
(2) oSkkfud frosnu esa =kqfV osQ dkj.k]
(3) U;wure lnL; la[;k ls de lnL; gksus ij]
(4) U;k;ky; dks lekiu mfpr rFkk U;k;laxr yxus ij]
(5) fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk]
(6) dEiuh dk O;kikj cUn gksus ijA
(1) .kksa dh vnk;xh u djus ij;fn dEiuh vius .k Hkqxrku djus esa vleFkZ gS rks dEiuh dk lekiu gks losQxkA dEiuh
fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa .k pqdkus esa vleFkZ ekuh tkrh gS
(v) ;fn fdlh .knkrk us ftuosQ fr dEiuh 500 #i;s ls vfkd osQ fy;s .kh gS] dEiuh dks vnk djus osQ fy, fyf[kr lwpuk
nh gS vkSj dEiuh mlosQ i'pkr~ 3 lIrkg osQ vanj Hkqxrku ugha djrh_
(c) ;fn fdlh .knkrk dks fdlh U;k;ky; ls dEiuh osQ fo# dksbZ oqQdhZ kIr gS vkSj og dEiuh ls mldh lUrqf"V ugha djk
ikrk_ vFkok

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(l) ;fn U;k;ky; leLr fLFkfr dks ns[kdj lUrq"V gks x;k gS fd dEiuh vius .k Hkqxrku djus esa vleFkZ gSA
(2) oSkkfud frosnu esa =kqfV osQ dkj.k;fn oSkkfud frosnu lqiqnZ djus ;k oSkkfud lHkk cqykus esa xyrh dh x;h gS] rks
bl vkkkj ij lekiu djus osQ fy, vkosnui=k iath;d }kjk ;k ,d va'knk;h }kjk fn;k tk ldrk gS rFkk lHkk gksus dh vfUre frfFk
osQ ckn ls 14 fnu osQ vUnj Lrqr fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
kkjk 439 (7)
(3) U;wure lnL; la[;k ls de lnL; gksus ijlnL;ksa dh la[;k futh dEiuh dh fLFkfr esa 2 ls de rFkk vU; fdlh
dEiuh dh fLFkfr esa 7 ls de jg tkrh gS] rks bl n'kk esa dEiuh dk lekiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(4) U;k;ky; dks lekiu mfpr rFkk U;k;laxr yxus ;k u yxus ijU;k;ky; dk ;fn ;g er gS fd dEiuh dk lekiu
djuk ^mfpr ,oa U;k;laxr* gS] rks dEiuh dk lekiu laHko gksrk gSA ;gh ,d ,slk lkekU; vkkkj gS ftl ij vDlj dEiuh osQ lekiu
osQ fy, vkosnui=k Lrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA ;s 'kCn O;kid ego osQ gSa rFkk U;k;ky; osQ {ks=k esa fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr rd gh lhfer ugha
djrsA ;g ,d rF; lEcUkh 'u gS vkSj R;sd fo"k; viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA U;k;ky; ml le; rd lekiu dh vkKk
ugha nsxk] tc rd fd blosQ fy;s fo'ks"k dkj.k u gksA
oqQN ifjfLFkfr;k ,slh Hkh gSa] ftuesa U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k gS fd dEiuh dk lekiu fd;k tkuk ^mfpr ,oa U;k;laxr* ugha
gS] tcfd dEiuh esa gkfu gks jgh gS] fdUrq vUr esa ykHk gksus dh lEHkkouk gS vkSj vfkla[;d va'kkkjh lekiu osQ fo# gSa] tcfd
O;kikj esa eUnh vk tkus osQ dkj.k dEiuh dk O;kikj vLFkk;h :i ls jksd fn;k x;k gSA ijUrq ,slk bl vfkfu;e osQ lkFk ln~Hkkouk
ls fd;k x;k gS fd ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ mr gksus ij og fiQj tkjh fd;k tk,xk] tcfd dEiuh osQ fo# lkekU; :i ls diV osQ lEcUk
esa oqQN vkifk;k gSa] tks dEiuh osQ orZu ,oa fuekZ.k ls lEcfUkr ugha gSa rFkk og va'kkkfj;ksa osQ lkFk diV osQ lEcUk esa ugha gSA
(5) fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk;fn dEiuh us fo'ks"k Lrko }kjk ;g Lohdkj dj fy;k gS fd dEiuh dk lekiu U;k;ky; }kjk fd;k
tk;s] rks dEiuh dk lekiu laHko gks losQxkA ;fn bl vk'k; osQ fy, Lrko dks Lohfr fey xbZ gS] rks dEiuh dk lekiu fdlh
Hkh dkj.k ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(6) dEiuh dk O;kikj cUn gksus ijdEiuh ;fn vius lekesyu ls ,d o"kZ osQ Hkhrj viuk O;kikj kjEHk ugha djrh ;k viuk
O;kikj iwjs ,d o"kZ rd osQ fy, jksd nsrh gS] rks dEiuh dk lekiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl vkkkj ij dEiuh dk lekiu djus osQ
fy, U;k;ky; dh LorU=k bPNk gS vkSj bldk ;ksx ml le; rd ugha fd;k tkrk tc rd fd U;k;ky; dks ;g fo'okl u gks tk;s
fd dEiuh dk dksbZ vfHkk; O;olk; pkyw djuk ugha gSA ;fn dEiuh U;k;ky; dks bl ckr ls lUrq"V dj nsrh gS fd dEiuh dk O;kikj
oqQN dfBukb;ksa osQ dkj.k vLFkk;h :i ls jksd fn;k x;k gS rFkk mldk vfHkk; mls ml le; rd kjEHk dj nsus dk gS] tc og
ykHkn :i ls kjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gS] rks dEiuh osQ lekiu dh Lohfr ugha nh tk ldrhA

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