AE 5347/MAE 4322

Rocket Propulsion
04(4) - Nozzle Design

 Numerical solution : 2-D, Steady, Irrotational

Method of Characteristics (ZH 16.3)
Basic Equations
Governing Equations
av 2
u - a ux v - a vy 2uvu y - y 0
u y - vx o
2

a a V a u , v (through the flow field)

Characteristic/Compatibility Equations
Characteristic equation

dy
tan (Mach Lines)
dx

 Compatibility equation

2
2
2
2
2

u
a
du

2
uv
u
a

dv

a
v y dx 0

(along Mach line)

Computational Equation for Steady Two-Dimensional Irrotational

Supersonic Flow
y4 - x4 y2 - x2
y4 - - x4 y2 - - x2
Q u4 R v4 T ,
Q-u4 R- v4 T- ,

Q u2 - a2
R 2uv - (u 2 - v 2 )

T S x4 - x2 Q u2 R v2
T- S - x4 - x1 Q-u1 R- v1
V

u 2 v 2
v

tan -1

a V
M

V
a
1

M
; v v2 ; y y2

sin -1
u u2
u- u1

; v- v1 ; y- y1

(predictor)
(predictor)

u2 u4
v v4
y y4
; v 2
; y 2
(corrector)
2
2
2
u u4
v v4
y y4
u- 1
; v- 1
; y- 1
(corrector)
2
2
2
u

Finite Defference Equations for Two-dimensional Irrotational

Supersonic Flow
y x
Q u R v - S x 0

tan

Q u2 - a2
R 2uv - u 2 - a 2
a 2v
S
y
+ or - denotes C and C- characteristic, respectively

 Note For 2-D planar isentropic flow

The Compatibility Equations can be integrated to

C : - K =constant
Reimann invarients
C- : K - =constant
streamline inclination angle
Prandtl-Meyer function

Standard Solution Techniques Available For:

Interior Points
Wall Boundary Points
Pressure Boundary Points
Wave Cancellation Surface
Shock Intersection

 Thus along
C : - 1 1 const K
or
- 1 - 1
C- : 1 1 const K
or

- 1 - - 1
K C
C

IV
line

 Interior point
C- : 3 3 K-3 1 1 K-1
C : 3 - 3 K 3 2 - 2 K-2
add 23 K-3 K 3 K -1 K 2 1 2 1 - 2

1
1
1
3 K-3 K 3 K-1 K 2 1 2 1 - 2
2
2
2
sub. 2 3 K -3 - K 3 K -1 - K 2 1 - 2 1 2

1
1
1
3 K-3 - K 3 K-1 - K 2 1 - 2 1 - 2
2
2
2

 Solid Boundary
1

( A) C Characteristic
(1) K 3 K 1 ; 3 3 1 1
(2) 3 known 3 K 3 3

K
C
K

1 1 - 3
K 3 3 3

( B) C Characteristic

(1) K 3 K 1 ; 3 - 3 1 - 1
(2) 3 known 3 - K 3 3

- 1 1 3
K -3 3 3

C
K

 Wave Cancellation
Set 3 1

K 3 K 1

3 - 3 1 - 1
since 3 1 3 1
K - 3 3 1 - 1
3

K -1
thus right running characteristics are uniform (PM flow)

 Free-Jet Boundary

1
K

(A) C- Characteristic
(1) K -3 K -1 ; 3 3 1 1

M 3
p3
(2)
known
p0
3

3 K - - 3 1 1 - 3
3

K 3 3 - 3
(B) C+ Characteristic
(1) K 3 K 1 ; 3 - 3 1 - 1
M 3
p2
(2)
known
p0
3
3 K 3 3 1 - 1 3
K -3 3 3

3
C

C
K

 Intersection of characteristic & shock wave

Data:M
M 1 , 1 & 1
Iteratiave Procedure
(1) Assume 3
(2) Oblique shock solution:
p
3 , 3 , M 3 , 3 f M , 3
p
(3) calculate K 3 3 - 3
?

(4) Converge K 3 K 1
(5) K 3 3 3

 Minimum length nozzle

@C: K -c c c 0 M M f ( M )
along ac: K -c K -a

M w w
a

since a is origin of PM Exp. Wave

M wa wa
wa wa
or

w
a

M
2

: Max

 Nozzle design: Me=2.4

w
a

M
2

18.375

assume ab -01 0.3750

along a1: 0.375
0.3750 ( PM Exp)
0.3750
PT-1

K - 0.750 K -1
K - 0 K 1
1
K- K
2
1
K- - K
2

1
0.75 0.3750
2
1
0.75 0.3750
2

PT-2
K - 3.3750 3.3750 6.750
K - 3.3750 - 3.3750 0
1
1
K

- 6.750 3.3750
2
2
1
1
K - - K 6.750 3.3750
2
2