Rise of modern democracy

Chapter 3
Changing diplomatic map
- Between the beggining of french revolution (1789) and paris peace conference 1919
- Death of monarchical and aristocratical europe 1914
- Growth in size but even more in geographical scope (only major states)
- GB 446 diplomats all together and fewer than 15o career diplomats; in China by the
end of the century 75 (consular) France around 250 with a small increase
1. Binding Europe to other continents, during 19th century to China, Japan, Persia and a
couple of African states (trade), outside europe manly to secure growth and security
of trade + France ministers in Washington payed less than a seventh than those in
London + Russia nd Britain in Persia mainly to observe and counter each other +
China mostly economic, Chinese in Europe purchase of guns, ships and machinery
2. Differenatiation between small and introverted states and big and extroverted states
(Holland and Denmark drop in numbers) the increase of great powers, not until the
russian-japanese war did a noneuropean country become a subject rther than an object
of the international affairs
3. inflation of titles and upgrading of mission after 1918 and 1945
4. public opinion not really an issue until late in 19th century
5. international organisations rapidly more important from 1860 but on the fringes of
conventional diplomacy
6. economy more and more complex
7. otoman empire firmly incorporated into european diplomacy 15 embassies by the end
of century
- Britain 41 states with diplomatic representation, 22 in Europe, 12 Americas, 4 middle
east, , three far east
- When first world war started diplomatic services still concentrated in europe and on
europe

Foreign offices and their organisation

- Most of the growth in later dacades of the 19th century and first years of the twentieth
- France MFA 1814. 70 employes related to foreign polcy, 90 in 1870. , 170 in 1914.
(1500 ministry of finance)
- GB , recognition of the independance of New Latin America states - increase of
workload by half
- Russia and Turkey overstaffed
- Sweden 19 in 1905 to 88 in 1918
- 1820 despatches 12,000 in 1916 265 000
- Brtish the china department ( east india company monopoly, opium wars), 1880
Eastern, Western and Americas, 1900 Far Eastern Department and African department

1890 German FM colonial department

Often also commercial and consular, internal administration and later legal issues
(naturalisation, extradition, international legal disputes) + personal staff of the foreign
minister (currier, diplomatic bags, codes, appointments, personnel etc)
Ahbsburgs, 1849 five departments but 17 in 1914
Professionalism:
o Guides and yearbooks
o Archives and libraries, MEP vote of censure on Parliament's foreign policy,
Public opinion, privat correspondance opened and read, abolition of secret office
Subterranian aspect of itnernational relations was less important in 19th century then
in the previous 300 years
Methods more businesslike
Not possible that every issue goes to the minister
Female typist
Telegraph greater control od foreign ministries? (five weeks via suez channel
dispaches), no more long and detailed sicpaches with strong instructions
19th century more direct contact between rulers

Recruitment and training

- Nepotism, heriditary, starting as unpaid attaches,
- 23 ambassadors in GB in 1815-60, 20 aristocrats
- 19th century soliders were porminat in diplomacy more than ever before, generals and
aadmirals, later in 19th century military attache
- Old diplomacy, short hours, unpaid, no public scrutany was dead
- 1860 under half attaches in Britain unpaid, licence on droit and belgium, university
degree
- 1850 onwards entrence exam
- Minimum private income and social exclusion based on position in the society
- 1834 british diplomats forbiden to accept presents
- Promotion by seniority
New tasks and widening scope
1. 1850-1870 military, new weapons, mobilisation, balance of military (naval) power,
Nepoleon I, demand for military information, japanese russion war 27 foreign officers
observers, by 1914 300 military attaches in the world, military attache subordinate not
to the head of mission but to the Keiser William II himself
2. Fostering of trade, 1865 Britain a department for trade, rivality, deemed less
important, commercial attache 1880
3. Consular and diplomatic still seperate
4. Begging of cultural diplomacy; France and Italy, schools and church education abroad
5. Public opinion, 1907 following 175 newspapers, translating information, also
literacy, , 1905 russian money to 50 french newspapers, films as propaganda, war
office and ministry of propagnda
- Versailles peace confernce, france delegation only one quater MFA
Democratic diplomacy
-

Diplomacy to important to be left to diplomats

Parliamentary scrutiny
Vienna settelment 1814-1815, very little aprliament scrutiny or public
interest
Blue books on negotiations already concluded, later origined form the
goverment and not on demand from the parliament
Parliamentary standing committee (?)
Russia minister just the highest ranking beurocrat, not a figure of
uthority, empiror makes the policy, minister executes it
Bolshevics publishing traties signed by tsarists and appiling directly to
the people of foreign countries
Par tof the blame for the war on diplomats
For several years red cross, academic and scinetific bodies, communist
international etc rather than classic diplomacy