JUNE/JULY 2011

LONG ESSAY
1.

1X10=20 MARKS

CLASSIFY IMPRESSION MATERIALS. WRITE THE COMPOSITION & MANIPULATION OF IRREVERSIBLE

HYDROCOLLOIDS. ADD A NOTE ON DISINFECTION OF IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS & ITS LATEST
ADVANCES?
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Based on mode of setting & elasticity
A.

B.

Rigid
1.

Reversible (thermoplastic) Impression compound

2.

Irreversible (thermoset) ZOE impression paste, Impression plaster

Elastic
1.

2.

Hydrocolloid
i.

Reversible Agar

ii.

Irreversible Alginate

Elastomeric impression materials Polysulfides, Polyether, Addition silicones, Condensation silicones

Based on type of impression & area of use

A.

B.

Dentulous
1.

Primary Alginate

2.

Secondary Elastomers, Agar

Edentulous
1.

Primary Impression compound, Impression plaster, Alginate

2.

Secondary ZOE impression paste, Elastomers for CD

Based on their use in dentistry

A.

Edentulous (for complete denture prosthesis) Impression compound, ZOE impression paste, Alginate, Elastomers

B.

Dentulous (FPD & RPD) Agar, Alginate, Elastomers

Based on the amount of pressure applied

A.

Mucocompressive

B.

Impression compound

Mucostatic (AIPG-93)

Impression plaster

Based on the manipulation

A.

Hand mixing
1.

2.

3.

Kneading

Impression compound wet kneading

Elastomers Putty consistency

Circular motion (with glass slab & spatula)

ZOE impression paste

Polysulfide

Vigorous mixing

B.

Alginate (figure of 8 motions)

Mechanical mixing

Based on the tray used for impression

A.

Stock tray
1.

Types of tray
i.

Rim locked perforated Alginate, Elastomers

ii.

Water cooled Agar

iii. Plastic Orthodontic tray

2.

B.

Based on type of perforation

i.

Perforated Alginate, Elastomers (Putty wash impression)

ii.

Non perforated Impression compound

Special tray
1.

Base plate wax ZOE impression paste (Medium body)

2.

Resin

COMPOSITION OF IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS

Ingredient

Functions
Main reactive ingredient

Soluble alginate (Na, K, NH4 or tri ethanol amine alginate)

Forms sol with water

Reacts with ca ions to form a gel of calcium alginate

Calcium sulfphate dehydrate

Reactor

Tri sodium phosphate

Retarder

Diatomaceous earth

Filler

Zinc oxide

Filler

Potassium Titanium fluoride

Gypsum hardeners

Flavoring agents (Winter green / peppermint)

Provide pleasant taste

Color pigments

To provide characteristic color

MANIPULATION OF IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS

Place the pre-measured water in a clean rubber bowl

Shift the measured powder into the above rubber bowl.
The powder is incorporated into water by careful spatulation.
Once the powder has been wetted, the material is mixed with a vigorous FIGURE 8 MOTIONS.
The mix should be swiped or stropped between the blade of the spatula and sides of the bowl along with intermittent

rotation of the bowl.

Mixing time is about 45 seconds.
Avoid under spatulation and over spatulation.
The final mix should be a smooth, creamy mixture that does not drip off the spatula when it is raised from the bowl.
The mixed alginate is transferred to a perforated tray by using mixing spatula
Add the mix from posterior portion of the tray and pushed towards anterior portion.
The tray is held gently until the alginate sets (gelation starts from warmer tissue side to the cooler tray side).
After the material sets completely, the tray and impression should be removed with a SINGLE SUDDEN JERK to minimize

permanent deformation
Then wash under running tap water and excess water should be shaken off.
CAST SHOULD BE POURED IMMEDIATELY with a mix of dental stone and water, as they are not dimensionally stable

DISINFECTION OF IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS

Use household bleach (1-10 Dilution), iodophors , or synthetic phenol

Impression is kept in a sealed plastic bag for 10 min in a disinfectant solution

Finally wrapped impression is removed from the bag ,unwrapped ,rinsed & shaken to remove excess water
LATEST ADVANCEMENTS OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION MATERIALS
1.

Dust free / Dust less alginates

Reason for Development

Alginate uses diatomaceous earth as filler. Diatomaceous earth contains finely divided silica particles
These silica particles are found to be a source of health hazard (SILICOSIS & PULMONARY HYPER-SESITIVITY)
if inhaled.

Modification

In an effort to reduce dust encountered after tumbling, manufacturer have introduced dustless alginate

In which manufacturer have incorporated polyethylene glycol or glycerin on the alginate powder to agglomerate the
particles.

2.

This causes the powder to become denser & less able to become airborne.

Chromatic or color indicator alginate

Reason for Development

To indicate different stages of the manipulation & help the operator during recording the impression

Mechanism

Chemical reactions take place by change of color in each stage of manipulation.

The indicator incorporated gives a color change as the setting continues.

Ex:
Violet color during spatulation
Pink color ready to load
White color material has set

3.

Alginates containing disinfectants

Contain disinfectant in the material itself, which destroy the microorganisms.

This eliminates the disinfection of the impression by immersing in or spraying with disinfectant which may lead to
dimensional changes.

Ex: Quaternary ammonium salt or chlorohexamine is added to alginate powder.

SHORT ESSAY
1.

NEWER DEVELOPMENT OF GLASS IONOMER CEMENT

Latest advancements of GIC are

1. Metal modified GIC
i. Miracle mix
ii. Glass Cermet
2. Resin modified
3. Compomer
4. GIC liner
5. Highly viscous conventional GIC
1.

Metal modified GIC

Purpose

Introduced in an attempt to improve mechanical properties of conventional GIC

Low fracture strength, toughness & wear

Cannot with stand high stresses that promote crack propagation

i.

Miracle mix or Silver alloy admix

Simmon mixed spherical amalgam alloy powder into the cement & developed this cement under the name

Miracle mix
Showed increased flexural strength to 40 MPa

Uses
1.
2.

As core build up material

For the treatment of mouth with high caries incidence

Drawbacks
1. Poor aesthetics

2.
3.
4.
5.
ii.

Not burnishable as amalgam

Less resistance to abrasion
Inferior mechanical properties when compared with amalgam
Sensitive to moisture contamination during setting

Glass Cermet (Ketac silver)

Cermet contain metal powder (Au & Ag) & glass powder (ceramic) are made to react with polyacrylic acid to
form Cermet
Advantages
1. Biocompatible
2. Anticariogenic
3. Improved A.R
4. Chemical adhesion
5. Shorter setting time than conventional GIC
6. Low thermal conductivity
7. Co-efficient of thermal expansion is similar to tooth structure
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.

Low fracture resistance

More opaque
Poor aesthetics (grayish)

Uses
1.
2.
3.
2.

Core build up
Restoration of deciduous teeth
As a liner under composite resin

Resin modified (Hybrid ionomer)

Purpose

Introduced in an attempt to overcome the

Moisture sensitivity & low early mechanical strength of conventional GIC

Curing Types
i. Dual cure: acid base + light activated polymerization reaction
ii. Tri cure: acid base + light + chemical activated polymerization
Composition
Powder

Conventional glass powder

Resin (BISGMA)

Coupling agent (Organosilanes)

Initiator
o Light initiator Camphorquinone
o Chemical initiator Benzoyl peroxide
o Both
Liquid

Aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid (30%) with some carboxyl group

Monomer MMA & HEMA
Chemical activator N-N- dimethyl para toluidine
Light accelerator dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate or Camphorquinone

Advantages
1.

Improved properties like fracture toughness, fracture resistance & resistance to wear

2.

Excellent working time

3.

Control on setting

4.

Chemical adhesion

5.

Fluoride resin

6.

Improved aesthetics

7.

Less early contamination by moisture

Disadvantages
1.

Setting shrinkage

2.

Limited depth of cure especially with more opaque lining cement

3.

Reduction in translucency because of difference in refractive index between powder & resin matrix

Uses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.

Liner under composite material

Core build up
Fissure sealant
Bases
Restoratives
Cementation of orthodontic bands

Compomer (Polyacid modified composite resins)

Compomer Combination of composites and glass ionomer.

Composition

Available as one paste, light curable restorative material supplied in moisture proof pouch

Consist of silicate glass particles, sodium fluoride & polyacid- modified monomer without any water
Setting reaction

Setting is initiated by photo polymerization of the acidic monomer.

Once the cement comes in to contact with oral fluids , an acidbase reaction may occur
Uses
1.
2.

4.

One paste system: for restoration of low stress bearing areas

Two component luting system: for cementation of prosthesis fabricated with a metallic substrate

Highly viscous/Condensable/High viscosity Auto cure GIC

Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique introduced by Hunt (1984) and McLean (1987).

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) = prevention and treatment of dental caries based on excavating and

removing caries using hand instruments only and restoring the cavity with glass ionomer.
ART is a preventive and restorative caries management concept developed for dentistry in regions of the world

that do not have an infrastructure with electricity and piped water system.
GIC, because of its adhesiveness & release of fluoride, is the natural choice to material.
This cement has relatively higher viscosity due to the addition of polyacrylic acid to the powder and finer grain

size distribution.
GIC is pressed in to the excavated tooth cavities and pits and fissures.
Fuji VIII-Highly viscous GIC for ART (anterior) having higher flexural strength and better translucency.
Fuji IX-Highly viscous GIC for ART (posterior) having rapid set, less early moisture sensitivity and lower
solubility in oral fluids.

5.

GIC Liner

Used for pulpal protection under composite resin

Supplied as
1 .Conventional P/L system
2 .light curable P/L system
3. Single paste component in disposable syringes

Composition of light cured GIC liner

Powder acid soluble glass + resin matrix+ photo initiator + accelerator

Liquid Aqueous solution of PAA or copolymer with pendant methacrylate group + HEMA

Manipulation :-

P/L are mixed ,coated on the cavity walls , & exposed to resin curing lamps

Undergoes addition polymerization reaction

Bonds chemically with the tooth structure & seals the exposed dentin surface.

SHORT ANSWERS
1.

RESERVOIR
Definition

Reservoir is a small amount of additional wax added to the sprue former 1mm below the wax pattern.
Function

Inserted to prevent the localized shrinkage porosity. When the molten alloy fills the heated casting ring, pattern area
solidifies first & reservoir last. So shrinkage occurs in the reservoir & not in the prosthesis.