Results

Table 1: Rotational Speed and Flow rate for P1

Speed
(RPM)
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600

Flow rate
(%)
71.5
66.0
60.7
54.9
48.7
42.9
36.4
31.1
26.3
20.9
16.4
11.2

Table 2: Flow rate, speed, Differential Pressure and Power for P1

Flow rate
%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Speed
RPM
2800
2808
2816
2830
2847
2866
2881

Diff.Pressure
%
28.1
38.8
47.6
54.3
59.1
62.7
65.1

Power
kW
0.62
0.61
0.62
0.56
0.53
0.50
0.47

Table 3: Rotational Speed and Differential Pressure for P2

Speed
RPM
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550

Flow rate
%
18.0
17.1
16.1
15.1
14.1
13.2
12.1
11.2
10.2

Table 4:Pressure, Flow rate, Speed and Power for P2

Pressure
%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Flow rate
%
17.5
17.5
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.7
17.9
17.9
17.9

Speed
RPM
9.42
9.44
9.45
9.46
9.47
9.49
9.55
9.57
9.58

Power
kW
0.63
0.63
0.61
0.61
0.59
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.55

Discussion
The objectives of the experiment was to determine the operating characteristic of
different pumps in a contained unit and to understand the types of pumps in principle and
design,and the selection of the appropriate pump for a particular application for optimal
operation.
Under this experiment,there another 4experiment have to running,There were 2 types of
pump.First pump was horizontal single stage pump and the second one was plunger pump.For
first pump,the pump selection switch was P1,the process selection switch was water,hand valve
open were HV2,HV3 and HV4 and the hand valve close was HV1,HV5,HV6,HV7 and HV8.For
the plunger pump,the pump selection switch was P2,the process selection switch was water,the
hand valve open was HV2,HV5 and HV6 and the hand valve close was HV1,HV3,HV4,HV7 and
HV8.Firstly running for the first and follow by second 1.For experiment 1 and 2 used the first
pump and for experiment 2 and 3 used the second pump.
Through obtaining the results needed, the other parameters (Motor Input Power [PMi],
Pump Total Head [H], Volumetric Flow Rate [Q], Pump Power Input [Pi], Pump Power Output
[Po], Pump Efficiency [%], Overall Efficiency [%], and Volumetric Efficiency [%]) were able to
be acquired through calculations using the stated formulae (Refer to Appendix). Trend graphs of
each parameter were plotted to specify each individual relationship.
Theoretically, in the case of the Horizontal Single Stage Centrifugal Pump, this pump has a
higher Flow Rate and Speed if compared to the Positive Displacement Pump, but has a lower
Pressure and Power if compared to the Positive Displacement Pump. Whereas for the Positive
Displacement Plunger Pump, it has a lower Flow Rate and Speed if compared to the Centrifugal
Pump, but has a higher Pressure and Power when compared to that of the Centrifugal Pump.
Through plotting the trend graphs, the operating characteristics were able to be determined. The
trend graphs of the results obtained supported and agreed with the theory stated. Therefore, it can
be deduced that the objectives of this experiment were achieved.

EXPERIMENT 1

Rotational speed, N
( RPM )
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600

Flow rate
(%)
71.5
66.0
60.7
54.9
48.7
42.9
36.4
31.1
26.3
20.9
16.4
11.2

Volume Flow rate

Q (m3/hr)
4.87
4.50
4.14
3.74
3.32
2.90
2.48
2.12
1.79
1.42
1.11
0.76

Rotational speed (N) Vs. Volume Flowrate (Q)

3000
2500
2000
Rotational Speed, N (RPM)

1500
1000
500
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Volumetric Flowrate, Q (m3/hr)

In experiment 1,Rotational Speed Vs Volumetric Flow rate.Performance Curve for a

centrifugal Pump the procedures was,refer to the general start.The button started was pressed and
set the speed about 2800 rpm and HV2 was fully opened.The flowrate were recorded and repeat
the steps with 2600, 2400, 2200, 2000, 1800, 1600, 1400, 1200, 1000, 800 and 600.
The result for table 1,when the speed was 2800 RPM the flow rate was 71.5% and when
the speed was 600 RPM the flow rate was 11.2%.This show that the speed effect percent of flow
rate.The higher the speed,the higher the percent of flow rate.

EXPERIMENT 2

Table 2: Flow rate, speed, differential pressure and power for P1.

Flow
rate
(%)

Speed
(RPM)

Diff.
Pressure
(%)

Power
(kW)

Volume
Flowrate
(Q),
(m3/hr)

Motor
Input
Power
(PMI),
(W)

Pump
Total
Head
(H),
(m)

Pump
Power
Output
(Po),
(W)

Pump
Power
Input
(Pi),
(W)

Pump
Efficiency
(ETA),
(%)

Volumeetric
Efficiency,
ETAV
(%)

Overall
Efficiency
(ETAgr),
(%)

70

2800

28.1

0.62

4.78

620

29.97

389.60

550

70.84

136.14

62.84

60

2808

38.8

0.61

4.09

610

33.31

371.25

540

68.75

116.15

60.86

50

2816

47.6

0.62

3.41

620

36.06

335.08

550

60.92

96.84

54.05

40

2830

54.3

0.56

2.73

560

38.15

283.81

490

57.92

76.93

50.68

30

2847

59.1

0.53

2.04

530

39.65

220.41

460

47.91

57.14

41.59

20

2866

62.7

0.50

1.36

500

40.77

151.09

430

35.14

37.84

30.22

10

2881

65.1

0.47

0.68

470

41.52

76.94

400

19.24

18.82

16.37

By done the experiment 2,the procedure was,the start button was pushed and the motor
speed was set to 2800rpm.HV2 was fully opened and the reading of the flow rate, the differential
pressure,the power and speed was recorded.the step was repeated with floe rate 70%, 60%, 50%,
40%, 30%, 20% and 10% .
The result for table 2, when the flow rate was 70%,the speed was 2800rpm,the
differential pressure was 28.1% and the power was 0.62 Kw.When the flow rate of 10%, the
speed was 2881 rpm,the differential pressure was 65.1 % and the power was o.47 Kw.This
showed that when the pressure increase,the speed will decrease,the differential pressure also
decrease.

Motor Input Power(PMi) Vs Volume Flow Rate (Q)

70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
Motor Input Power (PMI), W 30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0

Volume Flow Rate , Q (m3/hr)

Pump Total Head(H) Vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

50
40
30
Pump total head,H(m)

20
10
0
0

Volume Flow Rate,Q (m3/hr)

Pump Power Output (Po) Vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

500
400
300
Pump power output,PO (W)

200
100
0
0

Volume Flow Rate,Q (m3/hr)

Pump Power Input (Pi) Vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

600
500
400
Pump power input,Pi (W) 300
200
100
0
0

Volume Flow Rate,Q (m3/hr)

Pump Effiency (ETA) Vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

80.00
60.00
Pump effiency,ETA (%) 40.00
20.00
0.00
0

Volume Flow Rate,Q (m3/hr)

Overall Efficiency (ETAgr) Vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
Pump effiency,ETAgr (%) 30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0

Volume Flow Rate,Q (m3/hr)

EXPERIMENT 3

Table 3: Rotational speed and differential pressure for P2

Speed (RPM)

Flow rate (%)

950

18.0

Volume Flow rate

(Q), (m3/hr)
1.23

900

17.1

1.17

850

16.1

1.09

800

15.1

1.03

750

14.1

0.96

700

13.2

0.89

650

12.1

0.82

600

11.2

0.76

550

10.2

0.69

Rotational speed (N) Vs Volume Flow Rate (Q)

1000
800
600
Rotational speed (N),RPM

400
200
0
0.600.700.800.901.001.101.201.30
Volume Flow Rate (Q), m3/hr

For experiment 3, Rotational Speed Vs Output Pressure the procedure was when the start
button was pushed the potentiometer was adjusted and the motor speed was set about 950
rpm.HV2 was adjusted at 90%.After that,the step was repeat with 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%,
30%, 20% and 10%.
The result for experiment 3 was when the speed was 950 rpm the flow rate was 18.0%
and when the speed was 550 rpm the flow rate was 10.2%.This show that when the speed
increase the flow rate also increase.

EXPERIMENT 4

Table 4: Pressure, Flow rate, Speed, and Power for P2.

Pressure
(%),

Flow
rate
(%)

Speed
(RPM)

Power
(kW)

Motor input
power (PMi),
(W)

Volume
Flow (Q),
(m3/hr)

Pump
Power
Output
(Po),
(W)

Pump
Power
Input
(Pi),
(W)

Pump
Efficiency
(ETA),
(%)

Overall
Efficiency
(ETAgr),
(%)

Volumetric
Efficiency
(ETAV),
(%)

Pump
Total
Head
(H),
(m)

90

17.5

942

0.63

630

1.19

159.82

570

28.04

25.37

100.74

49.28

80

17.5

944

0.63

630

1.19

149.70

570

26.26

23.76

100.53

46.17

70

17.6

945

0.61

610

1.20

140.76

550

25.59

23.08

101.26

43.05

60

17.6

946

0.61

610

1.20

130.56

550

23.74

21.40

101.16

39.93

50

17.6

947

0.59

590

1.20

120.36

530

22.71

20.40

101.05

36.81

40

17.7

949

0.57

570

1.21

110.08

510

21.58

19.31

101.67

33.69

30

17.9

955

0.56

560

1.22

101.63

500

20.33

18.15

101.87

30.57

20

17.9

957

0.56

560

1.22

91.26

500

18.25

16.30

101.66

27.45

10

17.9

958

0.55

550

1.22

80.89

490

16.51

14.71

101.55

24.33

For experiment 4,Other Performance Curve for a Positive Displacement Pump the
procedure was the motor speed was adjusted about 950 rpm after the pump was started.HV2 or
HV1 was slowly adjusted until the pressure at 90% and the flow rate, differential pressure, power
and speed was recorded.The steps was repeated with readings of P2 was 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%,
40%, 30%, 20% and 10%.
The result for table 4 was when the pressure was 90%, the flow rate was 17.55,the speed
was 942 rpm and the power was 0.63.When the pressure was 10%,the flow rate was17.9%,the
speed was 958 and the power was 0.55 Kw.Thats mean when the pressure decrease the flow rate
also increase,the speed also the same but the power will decrease.

Motor input power (PMI) Vs Output Pressure (Pr)

640
620
600
580
Motor Input power (PMI), W 560
540
520
500
0

20

40

60

80 100

Output Pressure (Pr),%

Volume Flow (Q) Vs Output Pressure (Pr)

1.23
1.22
1.21
Volume Flow,Q (m3/hr) 1.20
1.19
1.18
1.17
0

20

40

60

80

100

Output Pressure,Pr (%)

Pump Power Output (PO) Vs Output Pressure (Pr)

200.00
150.00
Pump Power Output,Po (W) 100.00
50.00
0.00
0

20 40 60 80 100

Output Pressure,Pr (%)

Pump Power Input (Pi) Vs Output Pressure (Pr)

580
560
540
Pump Power Input (Pi), W 520
500
480
460
0

20

40

60

80

100

Output Pressure,Pr (%)

Pump Efficiency (ETA) Vs Output Pressure (Pr)

30
25
20
Pump Efficiency (ETA), % 15
10
5
0
0

20

40

60

80

Output Pressure,Pr (%)

100

Overall Efficiency (ETAgr) Vs Output Pressure (PR)

30
25
20
Overall efficiency,ETAgr (%) 15
10
5
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Output Pressure,Pr (%)

Volumetric Efficiency (ETAv) Vs Output Pressure (Pr)

102
101.5
101
Volume Efficiency (ETAV),%

100.5
100
99.5
0

20

40

60

80 100

Output Pressure (Pr),%

There are several possibilities that might have contributed to the errors that occurred during
the experiment. Among those errors is physical errors (caused by experimenters). The
experimenters might not have waited for the readings to stabilize first and have recorded down
the wrong readings, which could lead to an abnormal trend of results. Next, the experimenters
may not have followed the correct combination of the flow (The valve needed to be opened
could have been closed) which could lead to abnormal results, not to mention the danger it could
cause. Not just that, the experimenter may not have focused well during the experiment and may
have recorded down the readings of the parameter in the field of another parameter. By doing so,
it will disrupt the results, and the trend graphs will not result as expected.