D.

G Subramanya BE (CS)
Param infotech
Savalanga road
Shimoga
Information Technology I
Definition: Computer is an electronic device used for information processing. It accepts data and
instructions, stores in its memory, processes and gives the results to the user. The term computer derived
from the Latin word compute, which means to calculate or manipulate. Therefore computer is a
calculating machine.
Characteristics of Computer:
High speed: A computer is a fast information-processing device. It carries out all sorts of
computations within a fraction of seconds. The speed of computer is measure in millions of
instruction per seconds.

Accuracy: Computers operate at a very high degree of accuracy. It gives accurate results for correct
input data. Here accuracy means the correctness of processed data.

Reliability: It gives consistent result, even though it is running on electrical connections and
electronic circuits.

Versatility: It is used for different fields of human endeavor ranging from business, education,
technology, engineering, law, commerce, agriculture, medicine, sports.etc it can perform different
types of tasks provided such tasks can be stated in logical way for the computer to execute.

Memory: Secondary storage devices are the key for the data storage. They store the data for which
the user wants to retrieve these data for future use. The examples for various secondary devices are
Floppy disk, Optical disks.

Diligence: Computers never get tired as the humans do. If there are surplus amount of executions to
be made then each and every execution will be executed at the same time. They can perform their
assigned task without taking any refreshment. (It does not feel tired. It can be used for number of
days without stop.)

Automation: Computer can calculate the results automatically once the formula given. It may
execute the process without any intervention of user once they are assigned to a work.

Programmability: The computer can be programmed to do all forms of activities of man.

Limitation: A computer cannot think and find the results its own as a human being. It cannot make
the decision of its own. It needs a guidance to enhance the process.

Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha

Mob: 94488 11278

Applications of Computers in various fields

Computers have a large number of applications in variety of fields. Computers have great
applications in the field of Information Technology, Physics, Medical sciences, Artificial intelligence,
Robotics, Information Systems, Economics, Statistics, Financial Management, Nuclear Physics,
Businesses, Human Resource Management etc. Computers are widely used by the businesses and
organizations for effective management of information and resources in almost all
departments. Computers are used in networks which help individuals in the organizations to
communicate with each other by sharing files and important documents.
Some of the important areas of computer applications are:
Science: One of the most important advantages of computers is in the field of science for research and
development. The satellites, the telescopes and almost all the research tools make use of computers in
some or the other way. The huge calculations required for space science, storage of all the gathered
information are some of the computer uses in science and technology.
Medical: The important use of computers in the medical field is for research and development. The high
end machines used for diagnosis and cure of many diseases. Even many surgical procedures need the
help of computers. Web conferencing helps doctors treat people remotely.
Education: Computer uses in the field of education are infinite. The Internet is a huge source of
information. There are online universities that deliver online degrees and distance learning is spreading
far and wide. Many schools and colleges have started making use of audio-visual ways of imparting
knowledge.
Banking: The banking sector has improved with the help of computers. Most of the banking operations
can be done online, known as Internet banking. We can withdraw money from ATMs and deposit money
in any branch
Crime Investigation: High end computer devices have ensured that justice is more effective. CCTV
cameras and other computer operated security systems have reduced the amount of crime.
Entertainment: The field of entertainment has been revolutionized by computers. Animation, graphic
image manipulation etc has made the entertainment experience hundred times better. Movie making,
editing, music composition etc everything needs computers.
Industry: Computers are finding their greatest use in factories and industries of all kinds. They have
taken risky jobs like welding to highly complex jobs such as process control. Moreover, quality control
tests and the manufacturing of products, which require a lot of refinement, are done with the help of
computers. Not only this, Thermal Power Plants, Oil refineries and chemical industries fully depend on
computerized control systems.
Transaction: Transaction processes in important for accurate accounting and for immediate availability
on line information. Indian railways have introduced computerized ticket reservation. The computer
stores all necessary details such as train number, distance, number of seats available on each train, fare
etc. Computer are also used for reservation tickets for airlines and transportation.
Remote sensing applications: Super computers in satellites are used for remote sensing to locate crude
oil and other natural resources inside rocks, sea and desert inside and also weather forecasting
applications, Military application, Agriculture application
Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha
Mob: 94488 11278

Generations of Computer
Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more
powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
The generations of computers are broadly classified into two types:
Non-electronic generation
Electronic generations
Non-Electronic Generation
These are also referred to as zero generation computers. They are developed before
semiconductor revolution took place in 1946. They were made up of wooden or mechanical
components. Examples: Abacus, Napiers bones, Differential engine etc.
Electronic Generation
Computers developed after 1946 are categorized into five generations. Since they are mainly
built with electronic circuitry, they are called electronic generation computers.
First Generation Computer (1946-56)
These are developed during 1946-56, and were built with Vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using more
electricity and generated a lot of heat.
First generation computers used on machine language they could solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC
(Universal Accounting Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) are
examples of first-generation computing devices.
Advantages
These computers were fastest of their time
They were programmed using machine language
Disadvantages
Larger in size
Consumed large amount of energy
More hear generated and air conditioning was required
Non portable
Very slow in speed
It was difficult to programming
Limited commercial use

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Mob: 94488 11278

Second Generation computer (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was far
superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energyefficient and more reliable than first generation. Transistor still generated heat that subjected the
computer to damage. Punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second generation computers moved from machine language to assembly language. High-level
programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their
memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this
generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Advantages:
Smaller in size
Less heat generated
Consume low power
Fast in speed
Used for commercial purpose
Assembly language was introduced
Disadvantages:
Air conditioning required
Commercial production was difficult and these were very costly
Only used for special purpose
Third Generation computer (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the Integrated Circuit was the main components of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
This generation computers use keyboards, mouse and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system, which allowed the device to run many different applications. The concept of operating system,
multi-programming, parallel processing were introduced. They are used in weather forecasting, airline
reservations and banking services.
Advantages:
Smaller in size
Less heat generated
Consume low power
More reliable
Hardware failure was very low
Easy to operate
Easily portable
Magnetic disk used for external storage
More storage capacity
Very fast in computational power
Widely Used for commercial purpose
High level language was introduced
Disadvantages:
Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha
Mob: 94488 11278

Air conditioning required

Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of chips

Fourth Generation (1971-80) Microprocessors

The Microprocessor used in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. It reduced the size and price of the computers at the same
time increasing power, efficiency and reliability. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of a computer.
(Very Large Scale (VLSI) and Ultra Large scale(ULSI) ensured that millions of components
could be fit into a small chip.)
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user. As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks and development of the Internet. This
generation also development of GUIs, the mouse and keyboard.
Advantages:
Smaller in size
Air conditioning is not compulsory
Consume low power
More reliable
Hardware failure is negligible
Easy to operate
Easily portable
More storage capacity
Very high processing speed
Very large internal and external storage capacity
Widely Used for commercial purpose
Used advanced input and output devices such optical reader, laser printers, CD-ROM/DVD
drives etc
Disadvantages:
Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of Microprocessor chips.
Fifth Generation (1980-since) (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
These computers will be under Artificial Intelligence (AI). They will be able to take commands
in a audio visual way and carry out instructions. Parallel Processing is coming and showing the
possibility that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more
powerful.
Supercomputers are fastest type of computer, very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense (huge) amounts of mathematical calculations. For
example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include
animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration
(searching).
Features:
Having their own thinking power
Making decisions themselves
Having capability of learning
Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha
Mob: 94488 11278

Large capacity of internal storage

Very high processing speed
Capabilities of parallel processing

Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha

Mob: 94488 11278

Block diagram of Digital Computer

System Unit
CPU

Arithmetic and Logic

Unit
Data and
Instruction

Input
Device

Control Unit

Output
Device

Memory unit
Main memory

Secondary memory

Input Device: Input device is an external device that is connected to the CPU. It is used to transfer data
and instructions for solving the problem. The control unit sends signal to this unit to receive data and
instructions from the user and communicated to the CPU. The most commonly used input devices are
keyboard, mouse, joystick, disks, light pen, microphone etc.
Output Device: It is used to display the result after execution of a program. The control unit sends the
signal to this unit to be ready to accept processed data from memory and display it. The most commonly
used display unit is monitor, printer, plotter, disks, voice output (speaker) etc.
System Unit: Once the data and instructions are received from input unit they are stored and processed
in the system unit. The system unit further consists of two sub units. They are Central Processing Unit
(CPU) and Memory Unit (MU).
Central Processing Unit: It is generally called CPU. Once the data and instructions are received from
the input unit, they are to be processed in this unit. So, it can be considered as heart and brain of the
computer system. Further, the CPU consists of two important functional units. They are Control unit and
Arithmetic logic unit.
Control Unit: It is an important unit in a computer. It controls and coordinates the activities of all the
units of a computer system. It sends control and timing signals to various units to coordinate for the
specific operation. The following some function performed by the control unit.
Fetching a data and instructions from main memory.
Interpreting these instructions.
Controlling the transfer of date and instructions to and from main memory.
Controlling input and output devices.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit: All calculations are carried out in Arithmetic and logic unit. An ALU
consists of electronic circuitry, which performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It also consists of logic circuitry, which performs logical operations either
true or false. ALU receives signals from the control unit to coordinate for the above operations.
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Mob: 94488 11278

Memory Unit: It is a storage device. The memory of computer is measured in terms of bits, bytes and
words. Computer memory classified into main memory and secondary memory.
Main Memory: This is a temporary memory. This is also referred to as primary memory. It is made up
of semiconductor material. It consists of RAM and ROM main memories.
Secondary Memory: Secondary memory is a permanent memory it is also called as Auxiliary memory.
It can be used for storing system program, application program, assembler, compilers, large data files
and other programs. It is made up of magnetic materials. Magnetic tape, magnetic drums and magnetic
disk are the secondary storage devices.
Computers Memories
Random Access Memory (RAM): It is read and write memory. The data and instructions are stored in
this memory. Any memory location is accessed randomly for reading and writing. That is information
stored in any memory location can be accessed directly without scanning it sequentially. Therefore it is
called as Random Access Memory. It is a temporary memory because during power failure, the
information stored in this memory will be erased. Some time it is called volatile memory.
Read Only Memory (ROM): It is a permanent memory. That is, the information stored in this memory
can not be erased even if the power goes off. It stores mainly monitor program and basic input output
system (BIOS) programs. The information stored in it can only be read. Hence the name Read Only
Memory. The contents of ROM cannot be changed. It is a manufacturer programmed memory.
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM): It is a Programmable Read Only Memory. It is a
variation of ROM. The user decides the contents of this memory. It is initially empty. Later, the user can
store programs, data or any other information permanently in this memory. However, these programs
cannot be erased once they are written to it.
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM): It is an Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory. It is a modification to PROM. Exposing it to high intensity ultra violet light source can erase
the contents stored in this memory. Then it is programmed.
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM): It is an Electrically Erasable
programmable Read Only Memory. The contents stored in this can be erased electrically. Later new
information is stored in it.

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Secondary Memory
The Secondary memory or the Auxiliary memory are the memories which are used to store the
data permanently for a longer duration. The information which are needed for the future use will be
transferred from the Main memory to the Secondary memory for permanent storage. Hard Disk is the
secondary memory which is present within the CPU which is the collection of disks, which are placed
together within a shield box. The capacity of hard disk varies from Mega Bytes to Giga Bytes inside the
disks are mounted one over the other with a little gap, and each media can be accessed using read/write
heads. There are two types, movable arm heads and non-movable heads, in movable type only head
moves between tracks, where as in non movable for each track separate head is present for
reading/writing.
Floppy disk or Magnetic disk: It is a secondary storage device, which is used to transfer the data from
one computer to another computer along with permanent data storage. It is a small device which can be
carried easily from one place to another place. Widely used floppy disk is 3.5 whose capacity is 1.44
MB.
Floppy Disk

Track
Sector
Spindle
Hole
Index
hole
Floppy disk is a very thin and flexible disk. Disk is made up of vinyl plastic material and coated
with a magnetic material. The data is stored on the disk in terms of magnetized spots. The particular spot
is magnetized due to magnetic flux induced when the current is passed through the read/write head.
This disk is divided into tracks and tracks are divided into sectors. Index hole identifies the
starting sector.
Hard Disk:
It is a fixed disk, which is fixed in the computer. Capacity of the hard disk depends on the
number of disk or plates used in the hard disk. It is mass storage magnetic medium for storing large
volumes of information. A hard disk is group of round flat metal plates, which are coated with magnetic
material. The data is recorded on both surfaces of disk. The read/write head mechanism consists of one
magnetic head/surface that are mounted on a common arm that is driven by a servo controlled motor.
CD-ROM
CD-ROM is made of polycarbonate material with highly reflective material such as aluminum.
These are divided into tracks and sectors as in floppy disk, where as data stored in each sector varies in
CD-ROMs so data in outer sector will be more compared to data stored in inner sectors.
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Mob: 94488 11278

Data is recorded in the CD-ROM as a series of minute pits on the reflective surface, this is done
using high intensity laser bean. In the drive laser is passed on the reflective surface, the intensity of
reflected light is measured. Then it is converted into digital signals and passed to system for further
processing.
Types of computers
On the basis of principles of working
Computers are classified on the principles of working as digital computer, analog computer and
hybrid computer
Digital Computer
Computer, which is in use today, is digital computers. Digital computers operate essentially by
counting. All quantities are expressed as digits or numbers digital computer are for evaluating arithmetic
expression and manipulations of data. It used to process alphanumeric and graphic data.
Analog Computer
The computer operates data, which is in the form of continuously variable physical quantity is
called an analog computer. An analog computer measures physical values. Such as temperature pressure
voltage or current that can be read from a continues scale.
Hybrid computer
It is a combination of analog and digital computers. Such a computer system utilizes the measuring
capabilities of analog computers and counting ability of a digital computer.
Computers based on the size and capability
Digital computers are classified according to their size and capability into following categories.
Micro computer, Mini computer, Mainframe computer and Super computer
Micro computer
Microcomputers are small, low-cost computers. These are general-purpose computers. The name
microcomputer is due to the use of a microprocessor as its CPU. Microcomputers are often referred to as
personal computers (PCs) because they are used by only one person at a time. Basically these are 8 bit or
16 bit computers. Now a day, microcomputers of 32 bit or 64 bit are available. Their processing speed is
1-5 MIPS.
There is another classification to microcomputers. It is based on the configuration of the personal
computers. PC, PC/XT and PC/AT. The comparison of these three models is,
Mini computer
Mini computers word faster and have more powerful than microcomputers. Their work length is 32
bit. Some mine computer are uni-processor systems where as some are multiprocessor system. The
processing speed lies in the range 10 to 30 MIPS memory capacity is 8 to 96 MB. In some systems it can
be extend up to 128 to 256 MB, hard disk capacity range is 380 MB to 3 GB. Ex: VAX 8842 (HCL
virtual address extension), WIPRO-S etc.,.
Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are very powerful, large general-purpose computers. Their word length may
be 64 bit. Memory capacity 64 to 256 MB. Hard disk capacity 1 GB to 10GB or more and processing
speed 30 to 100 MIPLS.

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It can be used for storing large amount of data and very complex calculations are to be made. They
are used in research organizations large industries large business and Government organizations Banks
and Airlines reservations etc., Ex: IBM 4300 series. HP 9000 Mode etc.,
Super computer:
Super computer contains a number of CPUs. Which operates in parallel to make it faster. They are
used for massive data processing and solving very sophisticated (complicated) problems. The processing
speed of super computer lies in the range of 400-10,000 MIPS (Mega Instruction Per Second) word
length 64 to 96 bits memory capacity 256 MB, and more (Mega Bytes). Hard disk capacity 100 GB and
more.
They are used for weather forecasting, weapons research and development, rocketing,
aerodynamics, seismology, atomic nuclear etc., Super computers have limited market uses because of
their high prices. They are being used at some research centers and government agencies and
engineering tasks. Ex. PARAM ( India ), CAAY 3, HIIAC S-300 ( IBM )
Input and Output Devices
Input Device:
The device that accepts data from the user and communicates it to the CPU is called an input
device. Since the CPU understands only binary information, the input devices and circuitry must
eventually communicate with the CPU in binary from only. There is a variety of input devices discussed
bellow.
Keyboard:
It is the most common device. It is used to enter both numerical and character type data. It is like a
mechanical typewriter with alphanumeric and special keys. There are different types of keyboards
available in the market, with different sizes and price.
The keyboards are classified into two categories based on the mode of communication of data. They
are serial and parallel keyboard.
A serial keyboard is one, which communicates the data to the central processing unit one bit at a
time. This means that the bit pattern that forms a particular character is sent on a single wire. So bit by
bit transmission is made. A parallel keyboard carries one byte (8 bits) at a time to the CPU. This means
that the bit pattern that forms a character is sent on 8 different wires. Each wire carries one bit.
Scanner
It is an input device. It is used to scan both character and graphics required for image processing or
character recognition. It scans the image of a photograph or written information and communicates it to
the CPU. A complex picture or a photograph can be fed into the computer through a scanner. Sensors are
used in scanners. Flat bed scanner is the most commonly used scanner. The scanner is connected to the
CPU from outside. Advanced versions of scanners are used to transfer photographs taken through video
camera to the computer.
Mouse:
It is a small hand-pointing device connected to CPU through a cable. It has a rotating ball at the
bottom and has two click buttons on the top. As the mouse is moved across a rubber pad or a flat
surface, the ball rolls and its movement is converted into electrical signal and communicated to CPU.
These movements are interpreted and displayed on the screen as an arrow. Moving the mouse in any
direction on the mouse pad moves the arrow in that direction on the screen.
Since, a mouse is a handy device, it can be picked up and put down at another position without
change in the movement, it is employed for making relative changes to the position of the arrow on the
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screen. There are two types of mouse, a 2-button mouse and a 3-button mouse. Pressing the button and
releasing it is called a click. By clicking the buttons on the top, a specific command is executed.
Light pen
It is a pencil shaped device. It is used to select screen coordinates by deleting the light coming from
illuminated points of the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen. When an activated light pen, comes in contact
with an illuminated spot on the screen, it generates an electrical signal which is taken as input to the
system. Then, the computer responds to it by displaying more information about the pointed item. It is
useful in graphic programs.
Joystick
It consist of small rod (lever or stick) mounted on a rolling ball. This rod is used to control the
screen cursor. The movement of rod is converted into electrical signals which are then sent to CPU for
subsequent processing. The CPU interprets these signals and displays the movement on the cathode ray
tube (CRT) screen.
Output device:
When the data and instructions are fed to the computer and processed, then the next step is to get
the output. This output may be displayed on the monitor or printed on the paper. The output displayed on
the monitor is called softcopy output. The output produced on the paper is called hardcopy output.
Printers:
A printer is an electromechanical device, which receives signals from the computer and acts
accordingly. It is made up of both electronic circuits and mechanical assemblies. The electronic circuit is
used to control the mechanical assembly. The electronic circuit mainly consists of the circuits to activate
the mechanical assembly and interpret the signals sent via commands. On other hand, the mechanical
assembly has the print head, paper mover, carriage motor, sensor and ribbon.
Dot Matrix Printer:
The shape of the character that is to be printed on the paper is formed by the dots. These dots are the
result of striking of pins located at the tip of the print head. These pins are arranged in a matrix form.
Hence, the name dot matrix. When the computer issues print command, the printer is activated to print
the information. Then the print head starts moving from the leftmost column to the rightmost column of
a paper.
In dot matrix printing mechanism, one character is sent to the printer at a time. Each character is a
matrix of some dots (points). The dots on a particular column, of this character matrix, are formed
(printed), when the activated pins of the print head hit that column. Afterwards, the print head moves to
the next column and pins strike it. Here, the dots of this column are printed and this will be continued
until all characters on this current print line are completed. Again the head moves to the next line, and
this process will be repeated.
There is an inked ribbon between the print head and the paper. When the print head strikes against
inked ribbon , the corresponding activated pins leave their impression on the paper. A 9x18, 24x18, 40
x18, etc., dot matrix printers are available for better quality output. A standard specification of
Present day dot matrix printer is as follows.
Number of pins: 24
Number of columns: 132
Speed: 300 cps
Advantages: Faster than solid font printers and non-impact printers and less price
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Disadvantage: The quality is not as good, compared to solid font printers and Due to impact printing
wear and tear of mechanical assembly is Considerably high as compared to non-impact printers.
Laser Printer:
When there is a need for high quality output, laser printers are used. These are used for producing
both text and graphical output. It is a non-impact printer. Generally they are called page printers because
they print one page at a Time.
Laser printing technology uses a laser beam to produce an image of print character, on a
photosensitive drum. The laser beam moves across the drum. The control characters sent by the
computer control the movement of laser beam. The portion of the drum exposed to the laser beam
attracts toner particles and forms an image. Then, the linked image is formed is transferred from the
drum on to the paper. Laser printers can be interfaced with microcomputers. The speed of the laser
printer is measured in terms of page per minute.
Advantages: High speed, High quality output, Less wear and tear.
Disadvantages: Costlier than impact printers, Maintenance cost is high.
Video Display Unit (VDU) or Monitor:
Visual Display Unit (VDU) mainly consists of a slightly bulged screen coated with phosphorous
material, an electron gun, which emits beam of electrons, these electrons are passed through focusing
and deflection system. Focusing system makes electrons to move in same direction, there will be very
small gap only through electrons are passed from electron gun towards the screen that makes a strong
beam of electrons. This strong beam passed through horizontal and vertical deflectors to decide the
direction of the electron beam.
Working: As electron beam strikes the phosphorous material it emits light. we know the light emitted by
phosphorous fades fast, to keep the light intact at the same spot has to be striked by electron gun before
the light fades, this phenomena is referred as Refreshing, usually this refreshing is done at the speed of
30-60 times per second.
VDU is made of small elements know as pixels (Picture Elements)

Pixel

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MS-OFFICE
MS-WORD
Word processing in computer is termed for typing and editing any kind of text. Word processing is the
manipulation of character, word, text, and numbers, sentences paragraphs in the final document being error free
and attractive to look at. A word processor is needed to perform word processing. Word processing results in
reduced retyping time for error free hard copy facilitation of document revision, change before committing to
paper, and faster output speed-reduced proof reading and elimination of stationary wastage.
Features of Ms-Word
Document creation, Storage and Retrieval
Word-wrap, Page number, center, underline, justification
Fonts, size and all other formatting feature.
Global search and replace.
Spell checking, auto correct
Sorting
Graphical insertion
Column addition
Password security.
Forms handling
Mail merge
Help facility.
Undo and Redo facility.
Fax and Telecommunication facility etc.

Ms-Word Shortcut Keys

Create a new document
Open a document
Close a document
Save a document
Quit Word
Redo or repeat an action
Change the case of letters
Apply bold Text
Apply an underline
Apply italic formatting
Single-space lines
Double-space lines
Set 1.5-line spacing
Center a paragraph
Justify a paragraph
Left align a paragraph
Right align a paragraph
Cut selected text
Undo the last action
Copy text or graphics
Paste
Print a document
Select all
Find text
Replace text
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Ctrl + N
Ctrl + O
Ctrl + W
Ctrl + S
Alt + F4
Ctrl + Y
Shift + F3
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + 1
Ctrl + 2
Ctrl + 5
Ctrl + E
Ctrl + J
Ctrl + L
Ctrl + R
Ctrl + X
Ctrl + Z
Ctrl + C
Ctrl + V
Ctrl + P
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + F
Ctrl + H
14

Spelling & Grammar

F7

Ms-Word Screen Layout

1

10

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10

Screen items
1. Title bar
2. Menu bar
3. Standard toolbar
4. Formatting toolbar
5. Ruler line
Ms-Word Menu
File

Edit

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6. Document window
7. Table and border toolbar
8. Drawing toolbar
9. Status bar
10. Scroll bar

View

Format

15

Insert

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Tools

Table

16

STANDARD TOOLBAR

New
Open
Save
Print
Print preview
Spelling & grammar

Zoom
Document map
Columns
Insert table
Table and border
Redo
Undo

Cut
Copy
Paste
Format painter
FORMATTING TOOLBAR

Style
Font
Font size
Bold text
Italic
indent
Underline
Align left
Centre

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Color
Highlight
Border
Increase indent
Decrease
Bullets
Numbering
Justify
Align right

17

MS EXCEL
MS-Excel is a Windows based application package. It is quite useful in entering, editing, analysis and
storing of data. Arithmetic operations with numerical data such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division can also be done with Excel. You can sort the numbers/characters according to some given
criteria (like ascending, descending etc.) and solve simple financial, mathematical and statistical
formulas.
What is spreadsheet
A spreadsheet, also known as a worksheet, contains rows and columns and is used to record and
compare numerical or financial data. Spreadsheets can be used in any area or field that works with
numbers and are commonly found in the accounting, budgeting, sales forecasting, financial analysis, and
scientific fields.
The advantage of using computerized spreadsheets is their ability to update data and perform automatic
calculations extremely quickly. On a computerized spreadsheet, the intersection of a row and a column
is called a cell. Rows are generally identified by numbers - 1, 2, 3, and so on - and columns are
identified by letters, such as A, B, C, and so on. The cell is a combination of a letter and a number to
identify a particular location within the spreadsheet, for example A3.
Features
Automatic number formatting
Auto summation
Auto formatting
Spell checking
Drag and drop worksheet rearrangement
Auto fill
Powerful toolbar
Macros
Scenario manager
Excellent charting features

AutoSum - helps to add the contents of a cells.

List AutoFill - automatically extends cell formatting when a new item is added to the end of a
list.
AutoFill - quickly fill cells with repetitive or sequential data.
AutoShapes toolbar will allow to draw a number of geometrical shapes, arrows, flowchart
elements, stars and more.
Charts - helps in presenting a graphical representation of data in the form of Pie, Bar, Line charts
and more.

Excel Formulas
ABS: Returns the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number without its
sign.
Syntax:
ABS (number)
Eg:
ABS (2) equals 2
ABS (-2) equals 2
Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha
Mob: 94488 11278

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SUM: Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.

Syntax:
1. SUM (number1, number2, ...)
2. SUM (Cell range)
Eg:

a) SUM (3, 2) equals 5

b) If cells A2: E2 contain 5, 15, 30, 40, and 50
=SUM (A2: C2) equals 50

AVERAGE: Returns the average of the arguments.

Syntax:
1. AVERAGE (number1, number2, ...)
2. AVERAGE (Cell range)
AVERAGE (A1: A5) equals 11
PRODUCT: Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product.
Syntax:
PRODUCT (number1, number2, ...)
Eg:

If cells A2: C2 contain 5, 15, and 30:

PRODUCT (A2: C2) equals 2,250

MAX: Maximum value in the cell range

Ex: MAX (23,76,34)
Returns 76
MIN: Minimum value in the cell range
Ex: MIN (23,76,34)
Returns 23

Param Infotech, Savalanga Road, Shimoha

Mob: 94488 11278

19