Thick-Walled P.V.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS, PROVINCE OF BATAAN, CITY OF BALANGA C-2100
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEEERING
IN
TR O D U C TIO
INTRODUCTIO
N
N
The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or
thick shell. When the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the
shell, then it is said to be a thick shell. Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as
thin shell or thick shell is the internal fluid pressure (p) and the allowable stress ( t ). If
the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is said to be a
thick shell.
When the wall is thick, the tangential stress at the inside surface is much higher than
that the outside surface. A thickness too small is too dangerous; too large uneconomical
dimensions. A more accurate expression for the tangential stress is obtained by assuming
that the thick shell is composed of series of thin shell is differential thickness for each of
which the stress is uniform, and the plane transverse sections remain plane.
Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

Fig. 4.1 Thick-walled cylinder
Consider a thick walled cylinder with open ends as shown above. It is loaded by
internal pressure Pi and external pressure Po as seen below. It has inner radius r i and
outer radius ro.
Fig. 4.2 Thick-walled cylinder
When a cylindrical shell of a pressure vessel, hydraulic cylinder, gun barrel and a
pipe is subjected to a very high internal fluid pressure, then the walls of the cylinder must
be made extremely heavy or thick. In thin cylindrical shells, we have assumed that the
tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the walls. But in the case of
thick wall cylinders as shown in Fig. 4.3 (a), the stress over the section of the walls cannot
be assumed to be uniformly distributed. They develop both tangential and radial stresses
with values which are dependent upon the radius of the element under consideration. The
distribution of stress in a thick cylindrical shell is shown in Fig. 4.3 (b) and (c). We see that
the tangential stress is maximum at the inner surface and minimum at the outer surface of

the shell. The radial stress is at its maximum at the inner surface and zero at the outer
surface of the shell.
In the design of thick cylindrical shells, the following equations are mostly used:
1. Lames equation;
2. Clavarinos equation;
3. Birnies equation; and
4. Barlows equation. The use of these equations depends upon the type of material
used and the end construction.

Fig. 4.3 Stress distribution in thick cylindrical shells subjected to

internal pressure.
DERIVATION OF FORMULAS
Now consider and element at radius r and defined by an angle increment
and a radial increment dr. By circular symmetry, the stresses
and
d
are
functions of r only, not and the shear stress on the element must be zero. For an
element of unit thickness, radial force equilibrium gives:
( r +d r ) ( r + dr ) d= r rd+ ddr
Ignoring second order terms gives:
d r r +
+
=0
dr
r
. (1)
Assuming that there are no body forces.

Now consider strains in the element. By symmetry there is no displacement v.
there is only a radial displacement u given by line aa. Point c is displaced radially
by (u + du) given by line cc. As the original radial length of the element is dr (line
ac), the radial strain is:

r =
u+duu du
=
dr
dr
Line ab has length rd and line ab has a length (r + u)d. The tangential strain
is thus:
=
( r +u ) drd u
=
rd
r
As the ends are open,
z= 3=0
and we thus have planes stress conditions.
From Hookes law we get:

r =
du 1
= ( v )
dr E r
u 1
= = ( r )
r E
Solving for the stresses gives:

r=
E du
u
+v
2
dr
r
1v
and
Substituting into equation above yields:

2
d u 1 du u
+
2 =0
2
d r r dr r
u=C 1 r+
This has solution:
C2
r
Giving the stresses as:
1+v C2
( 1v
r )
2
C1
E
r=
1v 2
1+v C2
. (2)
1v
r2
( )
C1
E
=
1v 2
. (3)
E u
du
+v
2
r
dr
1v

The boundary conditions are:
r ( r i) =Pi
and
r ( r o )=Po
This yields the integration constants:
2
2
1v r i Pir o Po
C1 =
E
r o2 r i2
And
2 2
1v r i r o ( PiP o)
C2 =
E
r o2r i2
Giving the stresses as a function of radius:

r
( o 2r i2 )r 2
r(P P )r 2 r 2
( o 2r i2) i o i o
r
2
r i Pir2o2 P2o
(
o
r = 2r i )r

2 2
These are known as Lames
equations.
(PiP
2
o )r i r o
( o 2r i )
ro =outer radius of cylinder, in.
ri = inner radius of cylinder, in. r i2 Pir o2 Po

Pi, Po =internal and external pressure,
respectively,
psi
=
t =wall thickness, ro ri
= Poissons ratio
, t , St = tangential stress, psi

r , Sr
= radial stress, psi
z , a , S a = axial stress, psi

r
= radial strain
= tangential strain
z , = longitudinal or axial strain

y = yield point stress
u
= ultimate stress
From equation 2 and 3 above we can see that the sum of the radial and
tangential stresses is constant, regardless of radius:
r + =2 E C1 /(1v)
Hence the longitudinal strain is also constant since:
r
+
(
)=
Z =E Z =
Constant. Hence we get
constant = c
v
Z=
E
If the ends of the cylinder and open and free we have FZ = 0, hence

r p2
Z .2 rdr=c (r i2)=0
Or c =
ro
Z =0
as we assumed
ri
If the cylinder has closed ends, the axial stress can be found separately using
only force equilibrium considerations as was done for the thin walled cylinder. The
result is then simply superimposed on the above equations.
2
The pressure Pi acts on are given by r i
2
The pressure Po acts on are given by r o
The axial stress
2
2
acts on an are given by ( r o r i )
Force equilibrium then gives:
Z=
Pi r i2Po r o2
r o2r i2
The following is a summary of the equations used to determine the stresses

found in thick walled cylindrical pressure vessels. In the most general case the
vessel is subject to both internal and external pressures. Most vessels also have
closed ends -this results in an axial stress component.
Principal stresses at radius r :

1= =K +C /r 2
2= r =K +C /r 2
3 = axial =K
And, if the ends are closed,
Where:
=( Po Pi)
ri ro
r o2r 12
K=
( Po r o2 P i r i2 )
r o2r 12
(a) Internal Pressure only (Po= 0): The most common case dealt with in machine
design is a cylinder subjected to internal pressure only. In this case Po is zero.
r=
z=
Pi r i2
r o2r i2
Pi r i2
r o2r i2
[ ]
1
r o2
r2
[ ]
1+
Pi r i 2
r o2r i2
At inside surface, r = ri:

r o2
r2

=P i
[ ]
r o2+r i2
r o2r i2
r =Pi
r =0
Pi r i
2
2
r o r i
Z=
Pi r i 2
Z= 2 2
r o r i
At outside surface, r = ro:
2 Pi r i2
r o2r i2
(b) External Pressure only (Pi= 0):

=
Po r o
r o2r i2
[ ]
1+
ri
r2
Po r o
r=
r =0
r o 2r i2
[ ]
1
ri
r2
P o r o2
z= 2 2
r o r i
At inside surface, r = ri:
2 Po r o
r o2r i2
At outside surface, r = ro:

P r
Z = 2 o o2
r o r i

=Po
[ ]
r o2 +r i2
r o2r i2
r =Po
Z=
Po r o
2
2
r o r i

Fig. 4.4 Example of cylinder with Pi = 1000 psi, ri= 2 and ro=4
Note that in all cases the greatest magnitude of direct stress is the tangential stress at the
in-side surface. The maximum magnitude of shear stress also occurs at the inside surface.
(c) Press and shrink fits
When a press or shrink fit is used between 2 cylinders of the same material, an
interface pressure pi is developed at the junction of the cylinders. If this pressure is
calculated, the stresses in the cylinders can be found using the above equations. The
pressure is:
c
( 2b )(b2a 2)
2b 2 (c 2a2 )
E
pi =
b
2
Nomenclatures:
E = Youngs Modulus
= radial interference between the two cylinders
a = inner radius of the inner cylinder
b = outer radius of inner cylinder and inner radius of outer cylinder
c = outer radius of outer cylinder

It is assumed that is very small compared to the radius b and that there are no
axial stresses. Thus we have = binner bouter. Note that this small difference in the
radii is ignored in the above equation.
Clavarinos Equation
This equation is also based on the maximum-strain theory of failure, but it is
applied to closed-end cylinders (or cylinders fitted with heads) made of ductile
material. According to this equation, the thickness of a cylinder,
t=r i
+ (12 ) p
1
( 1+ ) p
In this case also, the value of
may be taken as 0.8 times the yield point
stress (y).
Birnies Equation
If the cylinder is considered to be open at the end so that no direct axial
stress is possible, an analysis similar to that for Clavarinos equations leads to the
following equations for equivalent stress:
'=( 1 ) a+ ( 1+ )
b
r2

and
'r =( 1 ) a( 1+ )
b
r2
The equation for the wall thickness is:
t=r i
'+ ( 1 ) p i
1
'( 1+ ) p i
In case of open-end cylinders (such as pump cylinders, rams, gun barrels etc.)
made of ductile material (i.e. low carbon steel, brass, bronze, and aluminum alloys),
the allowable stresses cannot be determined by means of maximum-stress theory of
failure. In such cases, the maximum-strain theory is used.
The value of may be taken as 0.8 times the yield point stress (y).
Barlows Equation
This equation is generally used for high pressure oil and gas pipes. According to
this equation, the thickness of a cylinder,
t=
p ro

For ductile materials, = 0.8 y and for brittle materials = 0.125 u, where u
is the ultimate stress.
Sample Problems
1. A HYDRAULIC PRESS HAS A MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF 1000 KN. THE PISTON
DIAMETER IS 250 MM. CALCULATE THE WALL THICKNESS IF THE CYLINDER IS MADE
OF MATERIAL FOR WHICH THE PERMISSIBLE STRENGTH MAY BE TAKEN AS 80 MPA.
THIS MATERIAL MAY BE ASSUMED AS A BRITTLE MATERIAL .
Solution:
Given: W = 1000 kN = 1000 103 N; d = 250 mm; t = 80 MPa = 80 N/mm2
First of all, let us find the pressure inside the cylinder (p). We know that load on the
hydraulic press (W),
3
1000 x 10 =
p=
2
2
3
x d x p= (250) p=49.1 x 10 p
4
4
1000 x 103
=20.37 N /mm2
49.1
Let ri = Inside radius of the cylinder = d / 2 = 125 mm
We know that wall thickness of the cylinder,
t=ri
] [
t+ p
1 =125
t p
80+20.37
1 mm
8+20.37
t=125 ( 1.2971 )=37 mm

ANSWER: 37 mm
2. THE
CYLINDER OF A PORTABLE HYDRAULIC RIVETER IS 220 MM IN DIAMETER. THE

PRESSURE OF THE FLUID IS 14 N/MM2 BY GAUGE. DETERMINE SUITABLE THICKNESS
OF THE CYLINDER WALL ASSUMING THAT THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TENSILE
STRESS IS NOT TO EXCEED 105 MPA.
Solution:
Given : di = 220 mm or ri = 110 mm ; p = 14 N/mm2 ; t = 105 MPa = 105 N/mm2
Since the pressure of the fluid is high, therefore thick cylinder equation is used.
Assuming the material of the cylinder as steel, the thickness of the cylinder wall (t)
may be obtained by using Birnies equation. We know that,
...(Taking Poissons ratio for steel, = 0.3)
t=ri
t=110
t +(1) p
1
t(1+ ) p
]
]
105+(10.3)14
1 =16.5 mm
105(1+ 0.3)14
ANSWER: 16.5 mm
3. THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER 400 MM BORE OPERATES AT A MAXIMUM PRESSURE OF 5
N/MM2. THE PISTON ROD IS CONNECTED TO THE LOAD AND THE CYLINDER TO THE
FRAME THROUGH HINGED JOINTS.
Design: cylinder.
The allowable tensile stress for cast steel cylinder and end cover is 80 MPa
Solution:

Given : di = 400 mm or ri = 200 mm ; p = 5 N/mm2 ; t = 80 MPa = 80 N/mm2

Design of cylinder
Let do = Outer diameter of the cylinder.
We know that thickness of cylinder,
t=ri
t=200
t+ p
1
t p
]
]
80+5
1 mm
805
t=200 ( 1.061 ) =12mm
ANSWER: 12 mm
Outer diameter of the cylinder,
do = di + 2t = 400 + 2 12 = 424 mm
ANSWER: 424 mm
4. A
CYLINDER HAVING AN INTERNAL DIAMETER OF 20 IN. AND AN EXTERNAL

DIAMETER OF 36 IN. IS SUBJECTED TO AN INTERNAL PRESSURE OF 10000 PSI
AND AN EXTERNAL PRESSURE OF 2000 PSI. DETERMINE THE HOOP STRESS AT
THE INNER AND OUTER SURFACE OF THE CYLINDER.
Solution:
S ti =
Pi ( r o2+ r i2) 2 Po r o2
r o2r i2
Where:
ri = 10

Pi = 10000 psi
ro = 18 Po = 2000 psi
S ti =
10000 ( 18 2+102 ) 2(2000)(18)2

=13143 psi
2
2
18 10
ANSWER: Sti = 13143 psi

S=
S=
2 Pi r i2Po ( r o2 +r i2 )
r o2 r i2
2(10000)(10)22000 ( 182 +102 )
=5143 psi
18210 2
ANSWER: S = 5143
5. THE
WORK CYLINDER OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IS ACTED BY A HYDRAULIC

PRESSURE OF 750 PSI WHILE THE MAXIMUM LOAD OF THE PISTON IS 5500 LBS.
IF THE ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESS IS 2000 PSI, WHAT IS THE REQUIRED WALL
THICKNESS OF THE CYLINDER?
Solution:
Force = Pressure x Area
2
5500 = 370 x ( /4) D
D = 4.35 in
Assume thick-wall cylinder ,

t=
D
2
t=
4.35
2
S i + Pi
1
Si Pi
2000+350
1 =0.448
2000370
ANSWER: t = 0.448 in
t/D
0.448/4.35
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Angle
back-pressure
valve. An angle backpressure valve is a valve
with its outlet opening
at right angles to its
inlet opening.
Autoclave. A process vessel used
any time a vacuum needs to be
pulled on a product.
Design pressure. The
pressure
used
in
calculating
the
minimum thickness or
design characteristics of a boiler or
pressure vessel.
Design stress. A permissible
maximum stress to which a machine
part or structural member may be
subjected, which is large enough to
prevent failure in case the load

exceeds the expected value.
Digester. A pressure vessel that acts
much like a big
stomach to break a
product down.
Heat
Exchanger. A process vessel used

to either add or remove heat from a
product. It works much like the
radiator on a car, trying to remove
heat from the engine.
Hyperbaric chamber. A specially
equipped pressure vessel used in
medicine and physiological research
to administer oxygen at elevated
pressure.

Integral-type flange. A flange

which is forge or cast with, or buttwelded to a nozzle neck, pressure
vessel or piping wall.
Ion Exchanger. A process vessel
used in separating a product at the
molecular level, such as ethanol or
bio diesel.
Jacketed. Processed vessel where
material is added to the outside of a
pressure vessel to maintain an
acceptable temperature.
Lined. A process vessel where
material is added to the inside of a
pressure vessel to prevent rust and
erosion or to reduce cost
Normal
operation.
Normal
operation is the operation of boiler
or pressure vessel at or below the
conditions of coincident pressure
and temperature for which the
vessel has been designed.
Paint Pots. A specialized storage
pressure vessel normally used to
store and transfer paint to a spray
gun. For instance, Thermatech
provides paint pots used in the
transportation industry for striping
roads and highways.
Pressure. Pressure is a type of stress
which is exerted uniformly in all
directions.
Pressure dye test. Leak detection
method in which a pressure vessel is
filled with liquid dye and is
pressurized under water to make

possible leakage path visible.
Pressure gage. An instrument used
to measure pressure.
Pressure
Measurement.
Measurement of the internal force
of a process vessel, tank, or piping
caused by pressurized gas or liquid.
Pressure-relief valve.
Pressure relief valve is
a valve which relieves
pressure beyond a
specified limit and recloses upon returning
to normal operating
condition.
Pressure-retaining
member. A part of
pressure-relieving
device loaded by the
restrained pressurized fluid.
Pressure storage. The storage of a
volatile liquid or liquefied gas under
pressure to prevent evaporation.
Pressure vessel. A pressure vessel is
a metal container, generally
cylindrical or spherical in shape
which is capable to withstand
bursting pressure.
Pressurize. To maintain normal
atmospheric pressure in a chamber
subjected to high or low external
pressure.
Radiography (RT). Is used to obtain
an image (on film) of the weld
metal through a seam. A lighted
L
N

view is required to see the film and

interpret its results. It is used to
detect cracks, slag lines, porosity,
lack of fusion, and suck back,
among other things.
Required thickness. The thickness
calculated by recognized formulas
for boiler or pressure vessel
construction
before
corrosion
allowance is added.
Resealing pressure. The inlet
pressure at which leakage stops
after a pressure relief valve is
closed.
Saturation Diving System. A type
of pressure vessel (PVHO) used for
deep sea dives. A series of living
chambers are fitted together for a
multi-day project. For example,
workers can compress just once on
the way down and once on the way
up for a 30-day deep sea
construction project.
Spring-loaded
regulator.
A
pressure-regulator
valve
for
pressure vessels or flow system.
Stub tube. A short tube welded to a
boiler or pressure vessel to provide
for the attachment of additional
parts.
Super Duplex Stainless Steel. A
specialized material often called an
exotic metal. Super duplex
stainless steel is only manufactured
properly in two places in the world.

Thermatech is one of
only a handful of
U.S. manufacturers
with the expertise to
fabricate
pressure
vessels using this unique
material.
Temperature. A property
of an object which determines the
direction of heat flow when the
object is placed in thermal contact
with another object.
Ultrasonic Testing (Angle UT). Is a
process by which ultrasonic waves
are introduced by a transducer into
the weld (typically
from the side of the
weld). A machine will
convert the waves that
bounce back into a visible pattern
that a trained person can use to
detect discontinuities.
Unfired pressure vessel. A pressure
vessel that is not in direct contact
with a heating flame.
Vessel. A container or structural
envelope in which materials are
processed, treated, or stored.
Yield temperature. The temperature
at which a fusible plug device melts
and is dislodge by its holder and
thus relieves pressure in a pressure
vessel.
R
T
V
Y

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Fig. 4.1 Thick-walled cylinder

Fig. 4.2 Thick-walled cylinder

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Fig. 4.3 Stress distribution in thick cylindrical shells subjected to

Assuming that there are no body forces.

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

As the ends are open,

and we thus have planes stress conditions.

From Hookes law we get:

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Substituting into equation above yields:

This has solution:

Giving the stresses as:

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

The boundary conditions are:

This yields the integration constants:

Giving the stresses as a function of radius:

ro =outer radius of cylinder, in.

ri = inner radius of cylinder, in. r i2 Pir o2 Po

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

= radial stress, psi

z , a , S a = axial stress, psi

z , = longitudinal or axial strain

Hence the longitudinal strain is also constant since:

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

The axial stress

Force equilibrium then gives:

The following is a summary of the equations used to determine the stresses

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

And, if the ends are closed,

At inside surface, r = ri:

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

At outside surface, r = ro:

(b) External Pressure only (Pi= 0):

At inside surface, r = ri:

At outside surface, r = ro:

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Chapter 4: Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY