Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE
PAVEMENTS FOR LOW VOLUME ROADS
(
First
Revision
Published by:
INDIAN
ROADS CONGRESS
Kama
Koti
Marg,
New
Delhi-110 022
January, 2014
Price
(Pius Pacl<ing
^ 600/-
& Postage)
IRC:SP:62=2014
First
Published
Reprinted
2006
August, 2007
March, 2007
January, 2014
July,
Reprinted
Reprinted
First
October, 2004
Revision
(All
Rights Reserved.
translated or transmitted in
shall
be reproduced,
1000 Copies
IRC :SP:62-2014
Contents
Page No
Personnel of the Highways Specifications and Standards Committee
&
ii
Introduction
Scope
Joints
15
20
Construction
25
References
32
Appendices
35
2014
Iittps://arcliive.org/details/govlawircy2014sp62
IRC:SP:62-2014
19**^
July, 2013)
Kandasamy, C.
(Convenor)
Ministry of
Bhavan,
New
Delhi
Patankar, V.L.
(Co-Convenor)
Kumar, Manoj
(Member-Secretary)
New
Delhi
Members
Basu, S.B.
Bongirwar, P.L.
Advisor, L
Bose,
Head,
Dr. Sunil
Duhsaka, Vanlal
&
FPC
T,
Dr. S.
Divn.
Director, Central
CRRI
PWD
(Retd.),
Faridabad
Road Research
Gupta, D.P.
DG(RD) & AS
Jain, R.K.
Jain, N.S.
Professor
&
(Retd.),
MORTH, New
Delhi
Delhi
PWD,
MORTH, New
Civil
Engg.,
IIT
Kumar, Ashok
Kurian, Jose
Chief Engineer,
Kumar, Mahesh
Engineer-in-Chief, Haryana
Kumar, Satander
Ex-Scientist,
Chaman
New
Institute,
Sonipat
Delhi
Engg., Deptt. of
Lai,
Delhi
Mumbai
Chief Engineer,
Gangopadhyay,
MORTH, New
MORTH, New
DTTDC
CRRI,
Roorkee, Roorkee
New
Ltd.,
New
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
PWD, Chandigarh
Delhi
Manchanda, R.K.
Intercontinental Consultants
New
and Technocrats
Marwah, S.K.
Pandey, R.K.
Pateriya, Dr.
I.K.
Pvt. Ltd.,
Delhi.
MORTH, New
MORTH, New
Delhi
Delhi
New
Delhi
IRC:SP:62-2014
23.
Pradhan, B.C.
24.
Prasad, D.N.
25.
Rao,
26.
Reddy, K. Siva
P.J.
RCD, Patna
Road &
Building Deptt.
Hyderabad
27.
Representative of
28.
Sarkar, Dr.
BRO
PK.
DG,
HQ DGBR, New
CEO
30.
Sharma, M.P
Member
India,
(Highways),
GMR
DG(RD) & AS
(Retd.),
32.
Sinha, A.V.
DG(RD) & SS
(Retd.)
33.
Singh, B.N.
Member (Projects),
New Delhi
34.
Singh, Nirmal
35.
Vasava, S.B.
(RD) &
36.
Yadav,
Dr. V.K.
SS
Delhi
Limited, Bangalore
Highways Authority
MORTH, New
MORTH New
National
(Retd.),
Chief Engineer
Roads &
New
of
Delhi
Sharma, S.C.
DG
Highways
(Technical), National
New
31.
Jit
Delhi-110 010
Delhi
Delhi
Highways Authority
MORTH, New
of India,
Delhi
Building Dept.,
Gandhinagar
DGBR, New
Delhi
MORTH, New
Delhi
Corresponding Members
1.
Bhattacharya, C.C.
2.
Das,
3.
Dr.
Animesh
DG(RD) & AS
(Retd.)
Bangalore-560 070.
4.
Momin, S.S.
5.
Pandey,
Advisor,
Prof. B.B.
EX'Officio
Mumbai
NT Kharagpur, Kharagpur
Members
1.
Kandasamy, C.
2.
Director General
ii
New
Delhi
IRC:SP:62-2014
IRC:SP:62 "Guidelines
for the
for
Pandey
for revision of
Pavement Committee
S/Shri R.K. Jain, Satander Kumar, M.C. Venkatesh and PL. Bongirwar
in
number
of
draft guidelines in
its
initial
draft
and
thereafter,
same was
8'^
finally
HSS Committee. The Highways Specifications and Standards Committee (HSS) approved
document
in its
Council
in
its
meeting held on
19*''
July,
meeting held
at
New
of
H-3 Committee
is
as given below:
R.K. Jain
Convenor
Satander Kumar
Co-Convenor
Raman Kumar
Member-Secretary
Members
Isaac V. Joseph
A.K. Jain
Akhil
Kumar Gupta
J.B.
Sengupta
Ashok Kumar
Jose Kurian
Ashutosh Gautam
K.
B. S. Singia
K.K.
Bageshwar Prasad
L.K. Jain
Col. V.K.
Ganju
Dr. B.B.
Pandey
Sitaramanjaneyulu
Gupta
M.C. Venkatesh
PL. Bongirwar
Prabhat Krishna
Sharma
Dr.
S.C. Maiti
R.N.
Dr.
S.N. Sachdeva
Ram Avtar
Dr. S.S.
meeting
The
for publishing.
The composition
in its
Delhi on 11'"
Roads"
Seehra
IRC:SP:62-2014
Corresponding Members
Vishal
Thombre
D.C.
Rajesh Madan
Brig.
S.A. Reddi
Vinod Nakra
Dr.
Ex-Officio
C.
Kandasamy
C.E.G. Justo
Members
(Road Development) &
Special Secretary, MoRTH & President, IRC
Director General
De
to the efforts
of
traffic,
made
light
goods
these factors.
Concrete pavements have been constructed on many rural roads under PMGSY
programme. They are also being widely used on minor roads of cities carrying low volume of
traffic because of their durability even under poor drainage conditions. Concrete pavements
offer an alternative to flexible pavements especially where the soil strength is poor, the
aggregates are costly and drainage conditions are bad. The choice of pavement type
depends on these factors and the life-cycle cost. Concrete pavements can be (i) conventional
screed-compacted concrete (ii) Roller Compacted Concrete (iii) Interlocking Concrete Block
Pavements (ICBP) and (iv) concrete pavements with panel size 0.5 m x 0.5 m to 1.2 m x
1.2 m and depths ranging from 50 mm to 200 mm similar to Thin White Topping as per
IRC:SP:76 in which the upper one third has a discontinuity created by sawing or by inserting
three to five millimeter thick polyethylene strips which are left in the concrete. Self-Compacting
Concrete (SCC) as per Appendix Hi can also be used since it is easy to pour and requires
very little compaction. It has successfully been used in Maharashtra in different trials sections
1.2
of rural roads.
1.3
Rural roads connecting major roads are sometimes required to carry construction
or diverted
traffic
which
may damage
Some
and they are constructed in stages spread over several years and have to carry
heavy construction traffic. Such factors may be considered while arriving at thickness of
pavements.
villages
It
pavements
in
remote places.
2
IRC:SP:62-2014
2
SCOPE
IRC:58 deals with design of concrete pavements for major roads carrying an average daily
traffic exceeding 450 Commercial Vehicles Per Day (CVPD) with laden weight exceeding
30 kN. The guidelines contained in this document are applicable only to low volume roads
with average daily traffic less than 450 Commercial Vehicles Per Day. The basic design
concepts of IRC:58 may be relevant for arriving at pavement thickness in some cases as
mentioned in Clause 1.3. This document covers the design principles of rigid pavements of
low volume roads 3.75 m wide (minimum 3 m wide in hills) made up of conventional concrete,
roller compacted concrete and self-compacting concrete. Transverse joints spacing ranging
from 2.50 m to 4.00 m may be selected.
3
Wheel Load
3.1
rural roads.
India being
Tyre Pressure
3.2
The
in
tyre pressure
may be
taken as 0.8
MPa
wheel load of 50 kN
may be
trailer;
the pressure
Design Period
3.3
Concrete pavements designed and constructed as per the guidelines contained in this
document will have a design life of 20 years or higher, as evidenced from the performance
of roads constructed in the past in the country. The design methodology given in these
guidelines is based on wheel load stresses. The repetitions of axle loads, curling stresses
and the consumption of fatigue for different axle loads, which form the basis of design in
IRC:58, need not be considered for low volume traffic except in special situations where
heavy truck traffic is anticipated.
Design
3.4
Traffic for
Thickness Evaluation
traffic
less than
for
IRC:SP:62-2014
reliability of
^(l
N =
+ r)"-l^
365
...
3.1
where,
CVPD
Initial
decimal
in
(for
in traffic,
= 0.05)
design period
total
number
in
end
of the design
period
An
made from
the knowledge
goods
3.5
The
is
expressed
in
3.2
is
it
is
desirable to determine
soon
after the
Soaked subgrade
k Value
3.1
The minimum
CBR
of the
IRC:58.
CBR
(MPa/m)
in
to
CBR Values
10
15
20
50
21
28
35
42
48
50
62
69
140
subgrade
shall
be
4.
!RC:SP:62-2014
Sub-Base
3.6
A good
quality
i)
It
ii)
It
iii)
It
iv)
It
traffic
even
if
the subgrade
is
wet
silts
grade
v)
It
3.6.2
Sub-base types
3.6.2.1
Traffic
mm
up
to
CVPD
50
75
thick
III
Strength (UCS) of 3
6.
MPa
If
at 7
soil
(IRC:SP:89).
3.6.2.2
Traffic
from 50
to
150
CVPD
mm thick WBM lll/WMM layer over 00 mm of granular material may be used as a subbase.
Alternatively, 100 mm thick cementitious granular layer with a minimum unconfined strength
(UCS) of 3 MPa at 7days with cement or 28 days with lime/lime-flyash over 100 mm thick
75
Traffic
from 150
to
450
minimum UCS
may be
of 1.5
MPa
with
cement
at
provided.
CVPD
mm thick WBM lll/WMM over 100 mm of granular subbase may also be used. Alternately,
mm of cementitious granular layer with a minimum UCS of 3.0 MPa at 7 days with
cement or at 28 days with lime or lime-flyash over 00 mm of cementious layer with naturally
150
100
WBM/WMM
in
many
minimum UCS
MPa
at 7
WBM
should
layers
meet the
requirement
of
to region
MORD
and past
IRC:SP:62-2014
experience on performance of concrete pavements
in
different regions
is tlie
3.6.2.4
may
Effective
3.6.3
stabilizers with
subbases
For the granular subbases, the effective k value
k value of the sub-grade
may be
k value
shown
in
Table
may be
3.1.
modulus
of
it
Soaked
CBR
subbase
250 mm), MPa/m
(thickness 150 to
200 mm
cementations sub base MPa/m
k
It
to
10
15
20
50
25
34
42
50
58
60
74
83
170
42
56
70
84
96
100
124
138
280
should be ensured that embankment, the subgrade and the subbase shall be well compacted
as per
MORD
Concrete Strength
based on the
fail
due
to
bending stresses,
mix design
may be
Where
it
is
necessary that
there are no
facilities for
their
design
is
determining the
relationship:
f,
...3.3
0.7t,
where,
ff
flexural strength,
characteristic
MPa
MPa
IRC:SP:62-2014
suggested that the 90 day strength may be used for design
since concrete keeps on gaining strength with time. The 90 day flexural strength may be
taken as 1.10 times the 28 day flexural strength or as determined from laboratory tests.
90 day compressive strength is 20 percent higher than the 28 day compressive strength.
For
Low volume
Heavy
traffic
roads,
may be
it
is
The concrete mix should be so designed that the minimum flexural strength requirement in
the field is met at the desired confidence level. For rural roads, the tolerance level (accepted
proportion of low results), can be taken as 1 in 20. The normal variate, Z^, for this tolerance level
being
.65,
is
S^+Za
S =
...3.4
where,
Zg
28 days,
MPa
28 days,
1
.65, for
field test
MPa
a tolerance factor of
in
20
samples, MPa;
Table 3.3 gives the values of expected standard deviation of compressive strength.
Table 3.3 Expected Values of Standard Deviation of Compressive Strength
Grade of Concrete
Very
M
M
M
Good
Good
Fair
30
5.0
6.0
7.0
35
5.3
6.3
7.3
40
5.6
6.6
7.6
rural roads,
it
is
3.3.
recommended
Modulus of
3.8
The Modulus
30,000
3.9
The
Elasticity
of Elasticity,
MPa and
E,
28 day
of concrete
ratio
0.15 respectively.
MPa
expansion of concrete,
a = 10 X 10-^ per C.
7
a,
may be
taken as:
may be
taken as
IRC:SP:62-2014
Fatigue Behaviour of Concrete Pavement
3.10
behavior
not important
is
^^-2.222
log.,
Where
...
3.5
0.523
is
SR
life
= stress
of a
ratio
SR
defined as:
flexural stress
due
to
flexural strength
4 DESIGN
4.1
Critical
OF SLAB THICKNESS
Stress Condition
to stresses
design.
considered
critical for
corner, while
it
is
much
pavement design.
in
is
referred to
at
commonly as
curling stresses.
As
IRC:SP:62-2014
any section of the slab would be a function of weight of the slab, is obvious that
corners have very little of such restraint. Consequently the temperature stresses induced in
the pavement are negligible in the corner region.
to curling at
it
Tension at bottom
Stresses at the
Bottom Due to Curling During Day
Stresses at
Curling During Night
the Top
Due
to
bend like a cantilever; giving rise to tension at the top while the tension
is at bottom in case for edge loading. Deflections due to wheel loads are larger at the corner
causing displacement of weaker subgrade resulting in loss of support under repeated loading
and consequent corner breaking. A shorter transverse joint spacing imparts safety to a panel
due to load sharing by the adjacent slabs because of better load transfer across the transverse
joints since dowel bars are not recommended in low volume roads except near a permanent
to
structure.
Wheel
likely to
be of rare
traffic,
will
will
act
at the
bottom
4.2
Calculation of Stresses
4.2.1
Edge stresses
4.2.2.1
Load stresses
at
case of
interior
This
edge
in
differentials.
to a load
Fig. 4.3
Wheel Load
9
at
Pavement
IRC:SP:62-2014
Widely validated and accepted Westergaard's equation (15) for edge loading is recommended
for the computation of edge stresses caused by single or dual wheel at the edge
<3e
+ ^-^[ln(
Eh^
+ |a)/7-
lOOka^
7i(3
For
|j
|Ll)P^,
3(l
T-)
o.
+ 1.84,
+ ~ +
4^1
l-|Ll
1.18(1
^1
2|J)^7,
...4.1
=5:?^[41og(-) + 0.666(-)-0.034]
a,
h"
...
4.2
l-(0.76 + 0.4)i)y
...4.3
where,
load stress
6g
deflection at the
|j
Poisson's
Modulus of
Modulus
y-^
TZ*
The Equations
4.1
in
the
edge
edge due
ratio for
of
region,
where p
a load
is
wheel load
to a single
mm
concrete
is
MPa
mm
in
mm
tyre pressure
When
MPa
applied by a dual wheel, Equations 4.1 and 4.2 can be used for the stress
computation due
to dual
circular area
as
shown below.
The contact areas
of two
wheels and the area in-between the two contact areas shown
below.
10
is
in
IRC:SP:62-2014
Fig. 4.4
for
where,
L
P.
where p
is
tyre pressure
4.4
0.5227/7
The area
an equivalent
2 X 0.5227/.2 + (S^ -
7ra2
of
0.8521Pd
yields
4.6
V 0.5227;?
pn
4.7
0.5227p
is
P.
a =
In
4.5
P.
p
The
above
S/
L = 0.4454/.2 +
0.6/.)
computed
is
to
be used
in
the
4.1
and
wheelload.
A large edge deflection measured by Benkelman beam or FWD as compared to that computed
from Equation 4.3
4.2.1.2
is
is
recommended
computation for
Eat
4.8
11
IRC:SP:62-2014
Temperature difference (C) between the top and the bottom of the slab
Temperature stress
Coefficient depending
in
the
edge
upon the
region,
MPa
and radius
of relative stiffness.
can be taken as
differential
and non-linear
bi-linear
(Appendix
II)
and consists
over
thirty
years back.
If
data
parts.
is
Equation 4.8
is
may be
used.
Table 4.1
Recommended Temperature
Zone
Differentials for
Temperature Differential C
in Slabs of Thickness
States
150
i)
Punjab,
Haryana,
Meghalaya,
U.P.,
Mizoram,
Concrete Slabs
Uttranchal,
Manipur,
Nagaland,
Sikkim,
mm
200
mm
250
mm
12.5
13.1
14.3
15.6
16.4
16.6
17.3
19.0
20.3
15.0
16.4
17.6
14.6
15.8
16.2
15.5
17.0
19.0
regions
Bihar,
Jharkhand,
hilly
areas
iii)
Nadu excluding
hilly
vi)
hills
hills
C value
is
computed
in
attached with the guidelines through regression equations from the relation between
7' is
I//
or
The temperature gradient across the depth is usually non-linear and the maximum day
temperature difference between the surface and the mid depth is nearly double of that
between the mid depth and the bottom of the slab. This causes reduction in temperature
stresses at the bottom as explained in the Appendix II.
12
IRC:SP:62-2014
Pavement Design
4.3
A programed
excel sheet
is
Minimum pavement
pavement design.
Case
are considered
in
traffic
less than
category
Case 2
Combined stresses due
to
CVPD
Case
Fatigue analysis for stresses due to 50 kN dual wheel load and temperature for
than 150
CVPD
traffic
greater
and less than 450 CVPD. Very few low volume roads may come under
this
category.
4.4
Reinforcement
4.5
(Refer Illustrative
Example Appendix
I)
1)
2)
Select a tentative design thickness of slab, k value, joint spacing and flexural
strength of concrete.
3)
If
the total
less than
traffic is
If
the
is
design
5)
for
50
is
safe.
the
traffic
is
greater than
50
CVPD
temperature gradient,
is
differential
in
Table
4.1.
II
13
IRC:SP:62-2014
6)
If
is
is
CVPD
7)
the
If
traffic is
Pavement Thickness
4.6
mm WBM
up
for Traffic
to 50
CVPD.
A sub-base
of
75
over 100
is
is
all
Pavement
4.7
from 50 to 150
CVPD
for traffic
WBM
WBM
Subgrade
and 4.00 m.
traffic
CVPD and
CBR of 4%
Joint
Spacing in
Metres
Zone-!
Zone-ll
Zone-Ill
Zone-IV
Zone-V
Zone-VI
4.00
180
180
190
180
180
180
3.25
170
170
170
170
170
170
2.50
160
160
160
160
160
160
Note
14
flexural strength
IRC:SP:62-2014
Pavement Thickness
4.8
For
Table 4.3
in
8 percent.
design
of
It
heavy
MPa/m
traffic.
differential
for
100
is
CVPD
traffic
shown
thickness of 200
Thicknesses
and hence
it
for
all
is
considered because
six
CBR
= 8) Percentage of
CVPD
with 50
mm,
CVPD
MPa
(subgrade
Joint
Spacing
k value for
Wheel Load-50 kN
Zone-I
Zone-ll
Zone-lll
Zone-IV
Zone-V
Zone-VI
4.00
240
250
260
260
250
250
3.25
220
230
240
230
230
230
2.50
200
210
210
210
210
210
Note
Roller
4.9
flexural strength
Compacted Pavement
Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP) as per MORD specifications (34) can also
be used for the construction of pavements for low volume roads. RCCP is very popular for
Roller
own
to
form
in
developed countries.
joints.
It
In
in
West Bengal
may develop on
also under
PMGSY
an initial of traffic of 100 CVPD, a k value of 100 MPa/m Zone 90 day modulus of rupture
= 4.22 MPa, the total of wheel load and curling stress from excel sheet for a 200 mm
slab - 3.60 MPa < 4.22 MPa. The thickness of 200 mm is appropriate.
,
I,
5 JOINTS
Types of Joints
5.1
is
concreted
narrow
in
city streets
one operation.
and
interior
In
some
roads except
when
the
causeways.
15
may be
is
pavement width
no need
is
m
m
for a longitudinal
about 4.5
in
case of
IRC:SP:62-2014
Joints for low
1)
Contraction joints
2)
Construction joints
3)
Expansion
4)
Longitudinal joints
joints
5.2
Spacing of Joints
5.2.1
Contraction joints
transverse
can be
joints.
verified
If
joints
is
from the excel sheet of the guidelines. The contraction joints can be formed by
sawing the pavement slabs within twenty four hours of casting of concrete. Practice abroad
High
HDPE
for
keeping the
strip in position
and
The joint depth can extend from one fourth to one third the depth of the concrete. The
details of the contraction joints are shown in Figs. 5(a) to 5(o). Bituminous based sealants
as per IS1 834 can be used.
forming.
3-5mm
3-5rTim
fi
m
I
-Sealant
-Back-up Rope
-Back-up Rope
-Cracks
-Cracks
16
IRC:SP:62-2014
20 -2 5mm
SEALAHT
DEBOfJDING TAPE
OI/!PRESS!BLE SYNTHETIC
FILLER BO^D
Expansion Joint
Fig. 5(c)
Bitumen painting/
plastic sheathing of0.2 to
0.5mm THK
sealant-,
compressible synthetic
filler
r__powel cap
<!
A-
board
Sealing
he*-"tape
'25mm
EXPANSION JOINT
Fig. 5(d) Details of
KEY-
-<rT
o
1.
-J-25-
Construction Joints
17
thk
IRC:SP:62-2014
-3750-
125
125
|-250j
1
H30WEL BARS
J
Top view
Dowel bars
in
TO
-150-
-60-
-150-
-9b-
3;
X?
a>
XJ
(O
25mm MS plain
Q.
"dowel bars
I
6nTn
MS bars/
^6
mm MS bars
'
PI
-8mm MS
100-
-100-
bars
joint
Fig. 5(g)
Plastic strip
5mm wide
{
Fig. 5(h)
Sawn
12mm/20mm THK
premoulded
filler
board
Hot poured sealant as per 151834
Pavement
slab
-Deck Slab
.Wearing course
Abutment cap
Abutment
Fig. 5(i)
18
Joint
in
a Concrete Pavement
Bitumen
1RC:SP:62-2014
Fig. 5(k)
Fig.
Fig. 5(1)
Fig. 5(n)
Preparatory
A View
Strip
Work
Fig.
Anchoring of Strip
of
HOPE
Separation
Fig. 5(o)
in
Stressed Position
5.2.2
Construction joints
Transverse construction
a day's work or
construction
is
joints shall
suspended
for
joint.
19
IRC:SP:62-2014
Longitudinal joints
5.2.3
Where
necessary
as
in
in
Fig. 5(b)
in
etc.,
it
is
the mid-width
of the slab.
Expansion joints
5.2.4
Transverse expansion
culverts.
The
joints are
necessary
shown
for the
in
may be
slab as
shown
in
5(i)
Fig. 5(i).
Load Transfer
5.3
and
at
Transverse Joints
Since low volume roads have lower wheel loads, the slab thickness can be
from 150 to 250
one
in
the range
up
is itself
adequate
In
by cutting joints
may be formed
is
not an
intervals.
Cement
6.1
Any
contraction joints
cement capable
may be
used.
i)
Ordinary Portland
ii)
iii)
Portland Pozzolana
iv)
Ordinary Portland
Cement conforming
to IS:455
to IS:
1489 and
with flyash)
has soluble salts like sulphates (SO3) in excess of 0.5 percent of the soil, the
cement used shall be sulphate resistant and shall conform to IS: 12330. If the price of OPC,
43 grade and PPC is almost the same, preference may be given to PPC as it will result in a
more durable concrete. If fly ash of required quality is available, a combination of OPC-43
and fly ash can be economical. OPC 53 grade is to be used only when a part of cement is
replaced by flyash.
If
the
soil
20
IRC:SP:62-2014
Cement may be
supplied
in
The mass
in rural
fly
ash/slag) or
Fly-Ash
6.2
cement (OPC) up
to
an extent of 30 percent
if it
it
Fly-ash shall conform to 18:3812-2004 and shall have the following properties
Table
mm^/gm
1)
2)
Lime
3)
Loss on
reactivity
6.3
Aggregates
6.3.1
Aggregates
not be alkali-reactive.
Maximum
Ignition
shall
The
5 percent
limits of
to IS:383.
The aggregates
dirt,
the
and drained
shall
6.3.2
in
6.1.
in
shown
for at least
shall not
have
Coarse aggregates
Coarse aggregate
and
not be
shall
of aggregates shall
be done
21
in
an approved manner.
IRC:SP:62-2014
6.3.3
Fine aggregates
Clay lumps
1.0 percent
Coal and
1.0 percent
lignite
No. 75 micron
3.0 percent
8 percent
in
in
natural
sand and
rock.
6.3.4
Blending of aggregates
fine
constructed with
roller
compacted concrete.
Tarle 6.2
Sieve Designation
mm
19.00 mm
9.50 mm
4.75 mm
100
26.50
80-100
55-75
35-60
600 micron
10-35
75 micron
0-8
For concrete compacted by needle vibrators, screeds and hand tampers, the proportioning
and fine aggregates, cement and water should be done based on any standard
procedure. Guidance in this regard may be had from IRC:44 or 18:10262. The workability at
the point of placing shall be adequate for the concrete to be fully compacted and finished
without undue flow.
of the coarse
6.3.5
Water
Water used
oil, salt,
and curing of concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of
vegetable matter or other substances harmful to the finished concrete. It shall
for mixing
acid,
stipulated
in
IS:456.
Admixtures
Admixtures conforming
to
22
may be used
to
improve workability of
IRC:SP:62-2014
6.3.7
Storage of materials
6.3.7.1
General
All
quality
and
and storage
shall
in
of materials. All
be subjected
to
acceptance
in
approved godowns/places,
immediate use.
Aggregates
6.3.7.2
If
denuded
is
of vegetation,
is
or hessian cloth.
Coarse aggregates
on the ground
directly
until
shall
the
final
be delivered
to the site in
shall not
soil
may be
resorted to
if
mm
will
of the ground
be permitted
to
the case of fine aggregates, these shall be deposited at the mixing site not less than 8 hours
Cement
6.3.7.3
Cement
shall
deterioration or contamination.
Cement
shall
shall
in
the site
in
such a manner as
to avoid
high.
Wherever bulk
storage containers are used their capacity should be sufficient to cater to the requirement at
site for
at least
Each consignment shall be stored separately so that may be readily identified and inspected
and cement shall be used in the sequence in which is delivered at site. Any consignment
or part of consignment of cement which had deterio.rated in any way, during storage, shall
be subjected to tests, and if found sub-standard shall not be used in the works and shall be
removed from the site.
it
it
Proper records on
be maintained
site in
at site
shall
be available
for inspection at
all
times.
The
reference.
A monthly
return shall
in
23
IRC:SP:62-2014
6.4
Mix Design
6.4.1
Roller
Mix design
RCCP
for
different
is totally
Compacted Concrete
ratio
is
in
MORD
the
Specifications (34).
The mix
strength
be proportioned by weight of
shall
achieved.
is
mass
of
shall
shall
be based on the
roller,
all
to permit
is
dry
adequate
water contents
contents at
in
.0
field trial
construction as explained
on the
7*"
and
28'^ days.
desired strength
is
If
six
in
Clause
be repeated
in
is
range
with
maximum
7.2.
in
may be made
mixes
Trial
shall
be prepared
ash content
till
the
achieved.
6.4.2
to
for testing
enough
to 7 percent
mean
vibrators,
plate compactors
Mix design
for
for
of
is initially
as,
IRC:44 "Guidelines
carried out
in
for
of aggregates.
A slump
of
30
to
50
mm
at paving site
may be
Concrete
ratio,
size
hand-operated machines.
6.4.3
easily
success.
6.4.3
The
Design mix
laboratory
trial
mixes
shall
trial
be
length construction.
24
that are
needed
IRC:SP:62-2014
7
CONSTRUCTION
Sub-base
7.1
roads shall be
laid
Granular material
a)
i)
ii)
iii)
like,
natural
laterite,
gravel,
crushed slag,
IRC:63
Well-graded soil-aggregate mixtures conforming to IRC:63
iv)
b)
Local
soil
or moorurn stabilized with cement, lime, lime-fly ash, lime rice husk ash as found
stabilizers
if
7.2
In
in
Construction of
Trial
These
Length
suitability of
trial
length of at least 30
shall
trial
length
in
the case of
Compacted Concrete, the in-situ density of the freshly laid material shall be determined
by sand replacement method with 200 mm diameter density holes. Three density holes shall
Roller
be made at locations equally spaced along a diagonal that bisects the trial length and the
average of the three densities shall be determined. This reference density shall be used for
determining the field density of day-to-day work. The density during the normal work shall
25
IRC:SP:62-2014
be made
case of screed-vibrated concrete pavement, the
500
mm
In
density of the cores shall be such that the air voids are not
in-situ
shall not
more than 3
percent.
The
be derived from the difference between the theoretical maximum dry density of
the concrete calculated from the specific gravities of the constituents of the concrete mix and
the average value of the three direct density measurements on cores. The crushing strength
of cylindrical cores shall be determined and the corresponding crushing strength of cubes
determined by the formula:
air-voids shall
When
to a
is
ratio of
between
and 2 may
= 0.11 n + 0.78
...
7.1
where,
f
correction factor
The number
it
can be
Even
in
of cores shall
is difficult
to
to get
make use
mm, two
test
known as
test,
a better method
split tensile
strength.
= 0.67
'
...
f,
7.2
where,
F|-^3 is
must be done to sort out various problems that may arise before the construction of
the pavement slab begins. The trial length shall satisfy surface levels and regularity, and
demonstrate that the joint- forming methodology is satisfactory. The hardened concrete shall
be cut over 3 m width and reversed to inspect the bottom surface for any segregation taking
place. The trial length shall be again constructed after making necessary changes in the
gradation of the mix to eliminate segregation of the mix. It shall be ensured that the lower
surface shall not have honey-combing and the aggregates shall not be held loosely at the
Trials
edges.
26
IRC:SP:62-2014
Paving should be done continuously and the contraction joints
concrete
or steel T-section to
one
third
preplacing 3 to 5
will
have
to
be cut with a
mm HOPE strips,
metal strips
surface.
After the
trial
length
is
found
to
7.3
Transporting
7.4
The mix
Formwork
7.5
All
side forms shall be of mild steel channel sections of depth equal to the thickness of the
pavement. The sections shall have a length of at least 3.0 m. Wooden forms shall be capped
along the inside upper edge with 30-50 mm angle iron well recessed and kept flush with
wooden forms. The forms shall be held firmly in place by stakes driven to
ground. The supply of forms shall be sufficient to permit them to be taken out only after
All
forms
shall
be cleaned and
they are used. The forms shall be jointed neatly and set correctly to
each time
the required grade and
oiled
alignment.
shall
be used
at construction joints.
Formwork can be
Placing Concrete
Concrete
shall
27
IRC:SP:62-2014
The
placing
Compaction
7.7
The compaction
shall
RCCP.
Compaction by vibratory roller
7.7.2
Double drum smooth-wheeled vibratory rollers of minimum 80 to 100 kN static weight are
considered to be suitable for rolling the Roller Compacted Concrete. In case any other roller
is proposed, the same shall be got approved after demonstrating its satisfactory performance.
The number of passes required to obtain maximum compaction depends on the thickness of
the concrete, the compatibility of the mix, and the weight and type of the roller, etc. The total
requirement of rollers for the job shall be determined during trial construction by measuring
the in-situ density and the scale of the work to be undertaken.
In
addition to the
number of passes
remove
roller
marks and
to
smoothen the
final
to
surface.
Special care and attention shall be exercised during compaction near joints, kerbs, channels,
side forms and around gullies and manholes.
by the
roller at
these points,
is
not achieved
The final concrete surface on completion of compaction shall be well closed, free from
movement under roller and free from ridges, low spots, cracks, loose material, pot-holes,
ruts or other defects. The final surface shall be inspected immediately on completion and
all
loose, segregated or defective areas shall be corrected by using fresh lean concrete
28
IRC:SP:62-2014
operation.
7.7.3
to
In
at the
edges,
i.e.,
0.5
in
the
trial
length.
The
densities achieved
from the edge shall not be less than 95 percent of that achieved
during the
trial
7.7.4
Compaction by screed
construction.
vibrators
Finishing
becomes
mm
than 200
and as soon as surplus water, if any, has risen to the surface, the pavement shall
be given a broom finish with an approved clean steel or fibre broom not less than 450 mm
wide. The broom shall be pulled gently over the surface of the pavement from edge to edge.
Adjacent strokes shall be slightly overlapped. Brooming shall be perpendicular to the centre
line of the pavement and so executed that the corrugations thus produced shall be uniform in
character and width, and not more than 1.5 mm deep. Brooming shall be completed before
the concrete reaches such a stage that the surface is likely to be torn or unduly roughened by
the operation. The broomed surface shall be free from porous or rough spots, irregularities,
depressions, and small pockets, such as, may be caused by accidentally disturbing particles
of coarse aggregate embodied near the surface.
After belting,
and brooming have been completed, but before the concrete has taken its initial
set, the edges of the slab shall be carefully finished with an edge tool of 6 mm radius, and the
pavement edge left smooth and true to line.
After belting
29
IRC:SP:62-2014
Transverse Joints
7.9
The
mm
wide
shall
can also be formed by pressing a mild steel T-section into the fresh
concrete. Due care is to be exercised to remove bulging which may affect the riding quality.
Metal strips of 3 mm to 5 mm width can also be placed before placement of concrete. HDPE
strips 3 mm to 5 mm wide also can be used for creating contraction joints.
joints shall
The
at
culverts.
The width
of the expansion
be 20 mm.
(o).
Crumb Rubber
Modified
Bitumen (CRMB) can be hot poured, to seal the joints. A thin synthetic rope should be inserted
into the groove to prevent sealing compound from entering into the cracks. Such thin joints
have better riding quality and no further widening is necessary. CRMB has the flexibility,
durability and it is resistant to age hardening. If strips of HDPE 3 mm to 5 mm wide are used,
no sealing is necessary since the strips are left embedded in the concrete.
7.10
Curing
As soon as
is
compacted, curing
shall
commence.
The initial curing shall be done by the application of curing compound followed by covering the
pavement surface entirely with wetted burlap or jute mats. The covering shall be maintained
fully wetted and in position for 24 hours after the concrete has been placed. The burlap shall
be placed from suitable bridges without having
to
laid
concrete.
initial
30
IRC:SP:62-2014
Removal of Forms
7.11
be removed only after the concrete has set for at least 12 hours. They shall be
carefully removed without causing damage to the edge of the pavement. After the removal of
forms, the ends shall be cleaned and any honey-combed areas pointed with 1 :2 cement-sand
Forms
shall
mortar, after which the sides of the slab shall be covered with earth to the level of the slab. In
soil
has more than 0.5 percent sulphates, the sides may be painted with
Opening
7.12
The
to Traffic
exclude
to
No
traffic.
heavy commercial vehicles carrying construction materials shall be allowed for a period of 28
days. Tractor trailers without any construction materials and light commercial vehicles may
be allowed
14 days.
after
7.13
Sealing of Joints
The sawn
joints
which are 3
to
mm
wide can be
filled
crumb rubber or
Surface Regularity
7.14
The surface
tolerance
shall
in this
be checked
a straight edge of 3
length.
The
exceed 8 mm.
Quality Control
7.15
At least six
beams each
work.
shall
beam and
for
cube specimens
7 day and 28 day strength
six
Construction of
7.16
specimens
shall
be
Cracks
in
Concrete Slabs
if
proper care
is
in
cement concrete
slabs primarily due to plastic shrinkage or drying shrinkage soon after the construction.
Protecting green concrete by mist spray of water or by covering with wet hessian helps
concrete saw,
in
this
In
is
summer months.
31
in
may be
IRC:SP:62-2014
Acceptance
7.17
Concrete slabs
Criteria for
are taken to prevent their occurrence either during the construction phase or post-construction
period.
due
to rapid loss of
summer
b)
Drying shrinkage
c)
d)
e)
f)
of the
constructed
g)
The slabs
with
totally
unacceptable as
likely to
it
amounts
progress
in
to structural failure.
be considered as serious in nature. Fine crazy cracks, however, are not serious. The
acceptance criteria for cracked concrete slabs are:
to
i)
The
though
ii)
depth
The cumulative
of slab
iii)
its
in
is
in
any panel
shall not
length of cracks with depth of crack less than half the depth
mm.
Slabs with cracks which are penetrating to more than half of the slab depth
shall not
be accepted.
REFERENCE
1)
2)
loannides, A.M.,
in
4)
Washington, D.C.
Component
Pavement
WESLAYER."
Technical Report
Structures
1, 2,
with
and
3.
32
Rigid
WESLIQID
Multi
and
Army Engineering Waterways
Discontinuities
U. S.
for
IRC:SP:62-2014
Croney,
D.,
of
Road
Fwa, T.F., Shi, X.P and Tan, S.A. (1996). "Analysis of Concrete Pavements by
Rectangular Thick-Plate Model." Journal. Transportation Engineering, ASCE,
122(2), 146-154.
Huang, Y.H., and Wang, S.T. (1973). "Finite-Element Analysis of Concrete Slabs
and its Implications on Rigid Pavement Design," Highway Research Record,
Vol. 466, 55-79.
Huang,
Pavements
and
Y.H.,
with
NCHRP
New and
NCHRP
(2004) '2002
IRC:58-2011, "Design Guidelines for the Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for
Highways",
3'''
Revision.
IRC:SP:89-2010, "Guidelines
for Soil
Stabilization Using
HRB
in
Concrete Pavements-
Re-Examination"
Srinivas, T, Suresh, K.
in
IRC.
in
Concrete Pavements of
in
33
IRC:SP:62-2014
19)
20)
Washington, D.C.
Chou,
(1981).
Y.T.
Computer Programs
"Structural Analysis
Component
Pavement
WESLAYER."
Technical Report
Structures
with
and
1, 2,
Rigid
Multi
WESLIQID
and
Army Engineering Waterways
Discontinuities
3. U. S.
for
Choubane,
22)
Choubane, B., and Tia, M. (1995). "Analysis and Verification of Thermal Gradient
Effects on Concrete Pavement." Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE,
Jan/Feb 1995, 75-81.
23)
Croney,
and Croney,
D.
P.
(1991).
of
Road
EFNARC
25)
26)
Skarendahl,
Report,
27)
Specifications
A.,
RILEM
Compendium
TC 145-WSM, 2002.
H.,
O.,
Okamura,
Petersson,
concrete:
28)
&
and Tamimi,
of Tests, Report of
"Self-Compacting
A.K., Workability
Performance
High
Concrete,"
Concrete
29)
and Sakai,
Workable
Conference on Concrete, Dundee,
30)
Ambroise,
J.,
Properties",
Rols, S.,
31)
Okamura,
32)
33)
Sugamata, T, Ohno,
H.
Publish.
34)
34
IRC:SP:62-2014
Appendix
in
Uttar
Pradesh
traffic
volumes of
(i)
45
Roads
(ii)
140 and
(iii)
Design
Design wheel load = 50 kN, Tyre pressure = 0.80
From Table
1,
MPa
CBR
value of 4 = 35
MPa/m
Sub-base
75
mm thick WBM
over 100
mm
GSB/150 mm/200
mm
cementitious subbase
Effective k Value
The
Effective k value =
Effective k over
Minor variation
150 mm/200
in
k value
.20 x
35 = 42 MPa/m
mm cementitious subbase = 2 x 35 = 70
is little
2.5)
effect
MPa/m
on stresses
Concrete Strength
Adopt a 28 day compressive strength of 30 MPa.
28 day
flexural strength
f^
= 0.7
90 day
flexural strength
1.10 x 3.834
4.22
Traffic of
thickness = 150
45
mm,
= 3.834
MPa
MPa
MPa
CVPD
joint
spacing = 3.75
mm
Since the volume of traffic = 45 CVPD, temperature stresses need not be considered since
occurrence of heavy vehicles and maximum temperature gradient at the same time is least
likely
35
IRC:SP:62-2014
42 MPa/m
the
same
load
MPa, the
0.5
sheet,
for a dual
is
stress
is
4.37
MPa
>
MR
unsafe for k = 42
is
The pavement
unsafe even
is
subbase
for granular
MPa>MR
whose
= 4.22 MPa,
tyre pressure
is
only
MPa)
(4.22
MPa/m
same
pressure.
mm over
150
150
mm
MPa
< 4.22
MPa hence
cementitious subbase.
thickness = 160
mm for GSB
Stress due to dual wheel load of 50 kN, wheel load stress = 3.93 < 4.22 MPa, hence the
mm thickness stress
160
is
mm
traffic
Consider a
= 140
trial
Temperature
to exercise his/her
judgment
in
mm WBM
and 100
flexural strength
the estimation of
traffic
is
mm
GSB.
20 percent
and thickness
CVPD
thickness of 170
differential
't' (
from Table
4.1)
is automatically
Zone number in the excel yields, the temperature differential,
inputted. The load stresses is maximum when the wheel is at the longitudinal edge. Hence
Bradbury's coefficient is computed for the longitudinal edge. All computation is done on the
Inputting the
't'
excel sheet
K = 42 MPa/m over
mm,
mm
granular subbase
The
is
due
the
joint
is
50 kN dual wheel
the design
slab
For the
to
mm
safe.
is
mm
IRC:SP:62-2014
Adopt 180
It
mm with
3.75
for
3.75
m joint spacing
70
mm slab
is
for granular
subbase
80
mm
is
needed
spacing
Cemented subbase
Temperature curling stresses can be reduced by adopting a lower
load also reduces marginally by decreasing the spacing
K = 70 MPa/m
Trial
for
thickness = 170
Stress = 4.15
MPa
Designers have
strips
to
can be used
mm
150/200
cementitious subbase
all
the factors
in
joint
It
is
necessary
Saw cutting
to provide a non-erodible
will
or plastic
determine the
subbase
to avoid lack
subgrade support
Pavement design
CVPD
Fatigue fracture of concrete should be considered for design. Total of wheel load and
end
of
Design
The
pavement
life
entire
for the
shown
in
fatigue
mm
damage
and a
is
spacing of 4
joint
193.31.
is
Hence
it
is
simple.
over 250
unsafe.
It
mm GSB
damage
Consider a
joint
The pavement
is
a thickness of 200
The pavement
fatigue
residual strength
keeps on gaining
life
computation
The cumulative
Assume
= 20 years
spread sheet
Assume
is
in
Pavement
damage
is still
is
2.49.
= 9.62
spacing of 2.50
is
damage
joint
is
0.01
37
IRC:SP:62-2014
Appendix
II
2.1
The temperature distribution across the slab thickness is usually non-linear though linearity
has been assumed in thickness design in earlier versions of IRC:SP:62 and IRC:58. The
actual temperature variation across the depth of a pavement (Fig. 11-1 a) can be taken as
the sum of a uniform and a nonlinear temperature variation. The nonlinear variation can
be further approximated by bilinear variation and the temperature variation can be split
as shown in Figs. 11-1 (b), (c) and (d). The total stress due to thermal-loading condition is
obtained by adding algebraically the bending stresses due to the linear temperature and
the nonlinear temperature part. Fig. 11-2 (Venkatasubramanian 1964) shows temperature
measurements made at the surface, 1/4^^ depth, the mid depth, the 3/4^^ depth and at the
bottom for a 203.2 mm thick slab. The measurements were made at Kharagpur in Eastern
India. When the surface of the concrete has its maximum or minimum daily temperatures,
the temperature difference between the surface and the mid depth can be more than double
the difference between the mid depth and the bottom. Similar observations were reported
by Croney and Croney (1991). In the present analysis it is considered that the temperature
difference between the top surface and the mid depth is double that between mid depth and
the bottom during the day hours when the traffic is higher on low volume roads.
(b)
(a)
Fig.
The
11-1
Components
due
bending stresses due
total stress
linear
of Nonlinear
Temperature
to thermal-loading condition
to linear
(d)
(c)
is
Distribution during
Day Time
full
Temperature fC)
Fig. 11-2
in
a 203.2
38
mm
IRC:SP:62-2014
From the
The
Fig. 11-2
it
full
is
analyzed by Bradbury's theory. The linear temperature variation over half the depth of the
slab causes internal bending stresses
in
the
classical
2.2
If
the plate
direction
moment
is
and uniformly
in
the x and y
equal to
is
o w
wV
T^\^
o
11=1
where,
Eh'
11-2
12(1-^1^)
Bending Stress, c =
2.3
6M
11-3
IF
will
between the top and the middle surface but lower half will have no effect and it
remains in its original position (horizontal) if free to do so and consequently the upper and the
lower halves will tend to have different radii of curvature as shown in Fig. 11-3. The reverse is
distribution
Fig. 11-3
shown
in
Fig.
11-4.
39
When
Free
to
Bend
IRC:SP:62-2014
Fig. 11-4
The
real slab
is
a monolithic
radius of curvature of
mass and
and
Free
to
will curl
(Figs. 11-5
When
11-6)
and
Bend
unit with
common
be set up due
to
bending moments M as shown in Figs. 11-3 & 2-4 to annul the different curvatures of
the upper and the lower parts. This causes compressive stresses at the top and the bottom
and tensile stresses at mid depth during day time and tensile stresses at top and bottom and
compressive stresses at mid depth during night time. The values of stresses can be
approximately estimated from geometrical compatibility as shown below.
internal
to Internal
to Internal
a)
In
Since curvatures
in
moment
is
given as
...
18
...
19
...
20
0^(1+^1)
40
IRC:SP:62-2014
Along the edge, the bending moment
b)
Edge
given as
d''w
Stress,
a =
is
|j
6M
3A^,
21
...
22
EaA,
= 0.15,
is
...
= 0.0767
(Compressive
Bradbury's equation
is
used
at the
for the
bottom)
computation of
Table
1-1
MPa (Compressive)
MPa (Compressive)
-0.20
-0.23
13
-0.33
-0.38
17
-0.43
-0.44
21
-0.53
-0.61
Temperature Difference C
41
IRC:SP:62-2014
Appendix
III
SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE
1
INTRODUCTION
constant strive to improve performance and productivity led to the development of Self-
Compacting Concrete (SCO). Traditionally Placed Concrete (TPC) mix is compacted with
the help of external energy inputs from vibrators, tamping or similar actions. On the other
hand, SCC mix has special performance attributes of self-compaction/consolidation under
the action of gravity.
For mould
fill
ability,
TPC
or
SCC
ability to
case of TPC,
is
level of slump at fresh state and placing it with the help of external energy. However, a fresh
SCC mix shall have appropriate workability under the action of its self-weight for filling all the
space within form work (filling ability), passing through the obstructions of reinforcement and
embedment (passing ability) and maintaining its homogeneity (resistance to segregation).
maintaining homogeneity.
In
it
and Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA), if needed. These are the basics
to achieve the flowability and viscosity of a suspension to achieve self-compacting properties.
The rheological characteristics of fresh concrete mix is not only necessary for workability to
achieve desired mould ability but they also help in achieving desired in-situ strength and
durability attributes at the hardened state. The difference between the SCC and TPC exists
in the performance requirements during fresh state; not much in terms of performance
requirements in hardened state such as strength and durability.
low water powder
The advantages
ratio
of
SCC
site.
The
SCC
is,
pavement
While the material cost of SCC has generally been higher than conventional concrete, but due
to development of new admixtures, the differential cost is much reduced. Marginal increased
cost
is
it
42
IRC:SP:62-2014
in
developed countries as
cited
in
is
given
the following.
2
For the purposes of
Mineral Admixtures
Pozzolanic materials conforming to relevant Indian Standards
blending with cement
to
is
may be
in
IS
to
in
concrete
in
order
456-2000
to
Chemical Admixture
Material
of concrete
in
mass
hardened concrete.
Binder
The
ability of
and
fill
all
its
own
weight.
Flow Ability
The ease
reinforcement.
Fluidity
The ease
Mortar
The
mm.
Paste
The
water and
air,
plus admixture,
if
applicable.
Passing Ability
The
ability of
43
spaces between
steel
IRC:SP:62-2014
Powder
(Fines)
Note
It
includes fractions
specially crushed
in
the cement,
mm
(125
|j)
cement additives as
flyash, silica
sand
Robustness
The capacity
of concrete to retain
its
fresh properties
when
small variations
in
the properties
Segregation Resistance
The
ability of
concrete to remain
homogeneous
in
composition while
in its
fresh state
Slump-Flow
The mean diameter
slump cone
Thixotropy
The tendency
of a material (e.g.
its
of fluidity
when allowed
to rest
Viscosity
The resistance
Note
In
SCC
in
it
SCC) once
can be related
to the
Admixture added
to fresh
RHELOGY PROPERTIES
Rheology
3.1
bar/available
homogeneity. The
is
described as
its
ability to
fill
gravity
while
maintaining
is
ability is
used.
44
IRC:SP:62-2014
Rheology
is
is
been
central
in
in
all
the development of
is its
SCC. Rheology
rheological
of concrete,
processes.
Workability
3.2
In
workability terms, self-compactability signifies the ability of the concrete to flow after being
pump
fill
intended
spaces
in
in
Filling Ability
Resistance to Segregation
Passing Ability
3.2.1
SCC
Filling ability
must be able
to
deform or change
its
shape very
well
To achieve a good
filling ability,
Resistance
to
segregation
any
to
in
>
Bleeding of water
>
>
>
Non-uniformity
in
SCC
to blocking
air-pore distribution
To avoid the segregation of water from the solids, it is essential to reduce the amount of
movable water in the mixture. Movable water can be reduced by using low water content and
low W/P. (Water/Powder) It is also possible to use powder material (Materials having size
mm
(125 micron) with high surface area since more water can be retained
on the surface of the powder material. Segregation resistance between water and solids can
less than 0.125
45
VMA.
IRC:SP:62-2014
3.2.3
For
sec
of segregation
ability
with excellent
filling
& segregation
ability
resistance, blocking
occur
will
in
the
following conditions:
>
>
The maximum
The content
is
of large-sized aggregates
too large
is
too high
The blocking tendency is increased if the concrete has a tendency for segregation of coarser
aggregate particles. Thus blocking can occur even if the maximum aggregate size is not
excessively large.
4 SPECIFICATION
General
4.1
The
filling ability
and
self-compacting concrete
stability of
in
by four key characteristics. Each characteristic can be addressed by one or more test
methods:
Preferred test method(s)
Characteristic
Flowability
Slump-flow test
T^^^
Passing
L-box test
ability
Segregation
The above tests are fully described in EN 12350-2. Since the SCC is intended to be used for
rigid pavement for roads and the roads are in grades and camber, the acceptable values of
parameters will have to be fixed by trials and carrying out field observations. Slump flow of
400 mm and V cone of 8 seconds if observed would meet the requirement for village roads
as seen by several experiments.
test
methods
for
SCC
are described
Annexures
in
III-1
and
III-2
Segregation Resistance
Slump
measurement
visible signs
of segregation.
5
5.1
The
CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
General
constituent materials for
conforming
to IS:456.
46
in traditional
vibrated concrete
IRC:SP:62-2014
Minimum Cement
5.1.1
The
durability
5.2
Mineral Admixtures
5.2.1
General
for the
Due to the fresh property requirements of SCC, inert and pozzolanic/hydraulic additions
are commonly used to improve and maintain the cohesion and segregation resistance. The
addition
will
cement content
in
thermal shrinkage.
The
Pozzolanic
Fly
Ash conforming
Silica
to
Grade
of IS:3812(Part-1)
fumes
GGBS
Hydraulic
conforming to
IS:
12089
Fly ash
5.2.2
ash has been shown to be an effective addition for SCC providing increased cohesion and
reduced sensitivity to changes in water content. However, high levels of fly ash may produce
a paste fraction which is so cohesive that it can be resistant to flow. Fly ash conforming to
IS:381 2 (Part-1 ) 2003 shall be used. Some of the important requirements of fly ash are listed
Fly
below:
Requirement
No.
Sr.
Limit
0.05
LOI (%)
Max
Max
Max
Fineness (m^/kg)
Min
320
Particles retained
Max
34
as SO, (%)
Total Sulpher
on 45
IS sieve
5.0
5.0
Aggregates
5.3
to IS:383
durability
requirements of
IS:456.
All
for
or rounded
sands can be
used.
The amount
for the
25
A minimum amount
47
is
very important
and the
IRC:SP:62-2014
Coarse aggregate
5.3.1
SCC
is
significantly greater
mm
than that of coarse aggregate. Particles size fractions of less than 0.125
include the fines content of the paste and should also be taken into account
water powder
The
SCC.
Fine aggregate/sands
5.3.2
The
high
in
should be
calculating the
ratio.
volume
of paste
in
SCC
mixes helps
to
friction
between the
sand particles but a good grain size distribution is still very important. Many SCC mix design
methods use blended sands to match an optimized aggregate grading curve and this can
also help to reduce the paste content. Some producers prefer gap-graded sand.
Admixtures
5.4
High range water reducing admixtures conforming to IS:9103 are an essential component of
SCC.
and the
sensitivity of the
mix due
to help
reduce segregation
content.
5.4.1
its
and
fluidity
dispersing effect during the time required for transport and application.
will
depend on the
The
application.
High efficiency Poly carboxylate based high range water reducer having a consistent
5.4.2
SCC
making the
SCC more
in
moisture content,
in
its fluidity
are
SCC to minimize
size distribution,
Mixing Water
5.5
Water conforming
to IS:456
should be used
in
SCC
mixes.
no standard method for SCC mix design and many academic institution and company
dealing with admixtures, ready-mixed concrete, precast concrete etc. have developed their
own mix proportioning methods.
There
is
48
IRC:SP:62=2014
Mix designs often use volume as a key parameter because of the importance of the need to
fill
Some methods
try to
fit
available constituents
an optimized grading envelope. Another method is to evaluate and optimize the flow and
stability of first the paste and then the mortar fractions before the coarse aggregate is added
to
SCC
mix tested.
Typical
III-1
Range
SCC
of
Quantity (kg/m^)
Quantity (Ltrs/m^)
Water
155-175
155-175
Powder
375 - 600
Constituent
Fine Aggregates
40 - 60%
Coarse Aggregates
750- 1000
of the total
Aggregate weight
270 - 360
0.76 to 1.0
Cement
Fly
ash
240
to
290 kg
160
to
210 Kg
Paste Volume
34
Max
for
to
38%
0.4
aggregate which can be followed. Several experiment of mix design can be done and upper
and lower bound of aggregate size curves established by series of trial mixes for M30 to
M40 grade
and lower
Fig.
limits
and the
typical
combined grading
in
is
given
trial
are
Table
in
shown
III-1.
in
The upper
Table
III-2
and
III-1.
Table
IS
of concrete.
Sieve
20
mm
III-2
10
mm
Crushed
sand
Natural
sand
Combined
(as
adopted
Recommended
upper
limit
of
Recommended
lower
limit
in lab trial)
% age
20 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
0.600 mm
0.300
0.150
0.075
m
m
97.25
100
100
100
99.03
95
100
1.13
95.75
100
100
64.65
50
70
0.02
0.40
91.65
100
48.63
35
55
0.00
0.28
62.35
100.00
33.06
25
45
0.00
0.00
39.90
100.00
21.15
15
35
0.0
0.0
27.40
100.00
14.52
10
30
0.00
0.00
19.95
100.00
10.57
15
0.00
0.00
13.50
100.00
7.16
6.00
0.00
0.00
8.30
0.00
4.4
4.5
49
IRC:SP:62-2014
Gradation curve
0.1
10
1
IS
Fig.
III-1
100
Sieves
for
SCC
Trial
mixes-Several
trial
Table
III-3
Ingredient
kg/Cubic Meter
Trial
2 kg/Cubic Meter
Cement
260
270
ash
200
180
988
893
mm Coarse aggregate
10 to 20 mm coarse aggregate
221
384
664
473
Water
165.6
171
w/c
0.36
0.38
Special admixture
0.8%
0.9%
Fly
Crushed sand
(0 to 4.75
mm)
5 to 10
Curing
is
important for
all
CURING
made with
dry quickly because of the increased quantity of paste, the low water/fines
of bleed water at the surface.
Initial
50
risk of
commence as
surface crusting
IRC:SP:62-2014
Test Methods
Introduction
The slump-flow diameter is a test to assess the flowability and the flow rate of self-compacting
concrete in the absence of obstructions. It is based on the slump test described in EN 1 2350-2.
The result is an indication of the filling ability of self-compacting concrete.
Scope
This document specifies the procedure for determining the slump-flow diameter for
test
is
not suitable
when
the
maximum
self-
exceeds 40 mm.
2
Principle
The
fresh concrete
is
poured
into
test.
diameter of the flow spread of the concrete and the diameter of the spread at
it
mean
is
The
right
largest
angles to
the slump-flow.
Apparatus
The apparatus
shall
be
Baseplate,
3.1
in
accordance with
made from a
flat
EN 12350-2
minimum thickness
900 mm x 900 mm
smooth and non-absorbent
of 2
shall
mm. The
have a
flat,
cement paste or be liable to rusting. The construction of the plate shall be such as to prevent
distortion. The deviation from flatness shall not exceed 3 mm at any point when a straight
edge is placed between the centres of opposing sides.
The centre of the plate shall be scribed with a cross, the lines of which run parallel to the
edges of the plate and with circles of 200 mm diameter and 500 mm diameter having their
centres coincident with the centre point of the plate. See Fig. 1.
mm to 1000 mm at Intervals of
3.2
3.3
3.4
Note
mm.
0.1 s.
at Least 9 kg.
51
one person.
IRC:SP:62-2014
Fig.
Base
TEST SAMPLE
The sample
shall
be obtained
in
accordance with
IS: 11
99.
PROCEDURE
Prepare the cone and base plate as described in EN 12350-2. Fit the collar to the cone if
being used. Place the cone coincident with the 200 mm circle on the base plate and hold in
position by standing on the foot pieces (or use the weighted collar), ensuring that no concrete
can leak from under the cone.
Fill
the cone without any agitation or rodding, and strike off surplus from the top of the cone.
Allow the
filled
s;
plate
is
damp
all
remove any
spilled
surplus water.
in
for segregation.
the coarse aggregate to give a ring of paste/mortar extending several millimetres beyond the
coarse aggregate. Segregated coarse aggregate may also be observed in the central area.
Report that segregation has occurred and that the test was therefore unsatisfactory.
TEST RESULT
The slump-flow
is
the
mean
of d^
and
7
The
d^
expressed
to the nearest
TEST REPORT
a)
sample;
b)
was performed;
c)
Date when
test performed;
d)
Slump-flow
to the nearest
e)
Any
10
mm;
52
10
mm.
IRC:SP:62-2014
f)
g)
Any
The
report
may
Time
j)
in this
tests;
document.
also include:
The temperature
1)
of mixing
of test.
Introduction
The V-funnel
test
is
used
to
ability
filling
of self-compacting
concrete.
1
SCOPE
This document specifies the procedure for determining the V-funnel flow time for self
is
not suitable
when
the
maximum
exceeds 20 mm.
2
A V-shaped
funnel
of the funnel
is
is filled
PRINCIPLE
for the
time.
APPARATUS
made
to the
3.1
V-funnel,
3.2
Container, to hold the test sample and having a volume larger than the volume of
liters.
3.3
3.4
to 0.1 s.
'-^
1
hinged
trapdoor
Fig.
V-Funnel
53
IRC:SP:62-2014
TEST SAMPLE
A sample
of at least 12
Itrs
shall
be obtained.
PROCEDURE
Clean the funnel and bottom gate, the dampen all the inside surface including the gate. Close
the gate and pour the sample of concrete into the funnel, without any agitation or rodding,
then strike
off
edge so
is
The
TEST REPORT
a)
sample;
b)
was performed;
c)
Date when
d)
e)
f)
Any
The
test performed;
report
may
and performance
of mixing
s;
in this
document.
also include:
h)
The temperature
i)
Time
of test.
REFERENCES
1.
IS: 11
2.
EN
Part
1:
54
Sampling.
2:
Slump
test.
of the tests;