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General Information

Mary Rose
one of Henry VIIs heavily armed warships
ship was slo the crews home and workspace
185 soldiers
200 sailors
30 gunners
since the ship sank into very fine silt, many of the crews possessions are very well preserved.
Little is known of the clothing worn by people in Tudor times
The recovery of it provided archaeologists with 19,000 Tudor artifacts

Story of the ship

General
34 years of service as flagship
Sank in 1545
Raised in 1982
Built in Portsmouth
launched in 1511
sank 2 KM from the entrance to the Portsmouth Harbor
Henry VII & the Mary Rose
Henry VIII and the Mary Rose
He inherited several ships from his father
Earliest reference to the Mary Rose
appears in a record of payment made by Henry for bringing the ship to the River Thames
The ship is named after the Virgin Mary, who was also known as The Mystic Rose
By 1520s, Henry had made a permanent Navy Royal
The First French War (1512-1514)
Mary Roses first battle in 1512
A naval operation with the Spanish against the French
English Channel
Sir Edward Howard
Henrys Lord High Admiral
Chose Mary Rose as his flagship
led to the capture of 12 Breton ships

Mary Rose chosen again as flagship against French after taking part in a race against other ships
Died trying to board a French galley
Thomas Howard appointed new Lord Admiral
Treaty and marriage of Henrys sister Mary to the French King Louis XII ended the war
The Second French War
1522
The Mary Rose escorted troops to France
War ended in 1525 when Francis I, King of France, was captured at the Battle of Pavia
The refit
Mary rose kept in reserve from 1522 to 1525
in 1527 she was caulked and repaired
1535
may have been altered from clinker planking to carvel planking
Clinker - when planks overlap, creating an uneven surface
Carvel - Smooth, edge to edge planking. Shipbuilders would have been able to cut holes in the hull for large guns and fit them with watertight lids

The 3rd French war and the final voyage

England Isolated
1545
128 ships to 80 ships, English have less
Battle of Solent
According to French
The calm allowed the French to pound the English ships
The Mary Rose heeled over and sank
Other accounts
French attacked when Henry VIII was at dinner; the M R sank towards the evening
Only 25 survivors
Failed salvage
premature confidence
Swallowed by the silts
M R acted as a silt trap for the Solent currents
in 1836, pioneer divers John and Charles Deane discovered the site of the wreck
Recovered a bronze demi cannon gun
Why did the Mary Rose sink?
Witness
The only eyewitness says that she had fired all of her guns on one side and was turning when she caught a gust of wind
Other accounts agree she was turning, but there could be a number of reasons why she sank.
Theory 1 - Human Error
Most likely
Captain or crew made a mistake
the admiral: I have the sort of men that I could not rule

Protect family name?

Theory 2 - The Wind
Gust of wind
Eye-Witness
She became too heavy after a recent refit, which added extra guns
Theory 3 - The French
No evidence
French officer claimed he sunk the ship
Theory 4 - Overloading
If she was overloaded a strong gust of wind could have knocked her over
Raising the Mary Rose
The Search: 1965 - 1970
Dedication of one man - Alexander McKee
1965 he initiated Project Solent Ships
Used sonar scans
Used dredgers, water jets, and airlifts
Diver Percy Ackland found three of the port frames of the M R in 1971
The Early Years: 1971 - 1978
A trench across the wreck proved that two decks survived (78)
Mary Rose Trust (79)
H.R.H. Prince Charles as president
Full-Time staf
The Excavation: 1979 - 1982
Salvage vessel Sleipner was moored on site
Staf could work in shifts
The Rasing of the Mary Rose: 1982
They decided to use a purpose-built lifting frame that would be attached by wires to steel bolts passing through he hull
The giant floating crane Tog Mor was used
570 tonnes
Working Ashore: 1983 - 2012
The Ship
Wrapped in protective foam
Constantly sprayed
1985 she was turned upright and titanium supports were installed to support her
1994 PEG used (wax)
2004 concentrated PEG
2013 Dried out
The artifacts
19,000
Recent Dives: 2003 - 2005
Funding from the Ministry of Defense

50 cms of sediment
Facts/Figures
Excavation work between 79 and 82 took 28,000 dives and 12 man years on the seabed
60 million people watched the raising of the hull
a portion of the port side bow structure was reburied using Terram
Image Gallery

Artefacts
Her crew

Key Facts
Final recoreded crew list contained 185 soldiers, 200 mariners, and 30 gunners
Most people were late teens or early twenties
only 25 to 30 people survived the sinking
Lived, worked, and fought in cramped conditions on board
Life on board
The Crew
415 Crew members
during wartime that number could be as high as 700
Only men
Identical objects
arrow bits
wooden dishes
standards of production and quality of goods
Food and Drink
Fine pewter dishes were used by officers
Wooden dishes
everyday domestic objects were normally just thrown away rather than kept for posterity
Cooked in two large cauldrons
animals were butchered to meet standards
no marrow bones as they would have gone of more quickly than other bones
Clothing
Wool, silk and leather survived well
No garments of linen survived
Shoes, jerkins, and knitted garments
Entertainment
Men relaxed with books, music, and games
Backgammon
Morris boards scratched into a barrel
Dice
Musical instruments
Three tabor pipes and a tabor, or drum, found in a chest on the orlop deck
Played pipe while beating on the drum

Two fiddles also found

Shawm
most exciting musical discovery
early form of oboe
extra hole for thumb
perhaps there was a band
Leather books, pens, and ink was also found
but not everyone could read and right
graffiti was a personal mark to show that they owned something

Navigation
Three compasses
Earliest known gimbaled compasses
Two pairs of dividers
earliest known dividers
No deep-sea navigational equipment
Time, distance, direction, and depth tools found
The Men of the Mary Rose
The Carpenter
Tools
Mallet, brace, planes, rulers, and a mortise gauge
kept his prized pewter safely locked away in a chest
with jewelry, a book, silver coins, and a leather pouch, and a sundial
Wealthy
The Master Gunner and crew
group of six skeletons found near a 2 tonne gun on the main deck
five were strong men
vertebrae in spines show signs of ossification, or the growth of new bone (heavy work)
Powder monkey
young boy who carried gunpowder
Master Gunner
Wore two jerkins stained by gunpowder
in charge of all guns
trained
whistle
The Archers
130 longbows and several thousand arrows found
Skeletons show that many men had os acromiale (shoulder blade disorder in archers)
The Surgeon
Highly skilled
in his cabin
acted as a doctor, dentist, and parmacist

Chest which contained canisters filled with ointments, as well as peppercorns which were used as a medicine. Also had two metal syringes, surgical tools, and a bowl to
collect blood.
His equipment included razors, a whetstone, and a shaving bowl

The Cook
Paid the same as the Master Carpenter and the Master Gunner
Made more elaborate meals for the officers
worked in the Galley (lowest area of ship)
hundreds of plates, bowls, and cooking tools
Two ovens
Built into each was a very large brass cauldron
Graffiti shows that his name was Ny Cop
The Purser
Store on the orlop deck
Chest contained gold and silver coins
Responsible for paying and mustering the crew, keeping accounts of stores, buying supplies and issuing food and drink according to the rations list
May have also been a money changer (ox with a set of scales)
The Gentleman
of the 50 chests, 28 had personal possessions inside
chests belonged to wealthy officers and gentlemen
The Officers
A chest had two swords and a mould for making shot for swivel guns
the owner organizes the fighting crew
Could have been a quartermaster, in charge of a quarter of the fighting men on board
A fifth quarter was recommended with a pattern of the hold, responsible for all the mariners stationed below decks during a battle to fix any damage
This is why so many men were found below decks
Skeletons
A unique resource
Crew all died at once
cross section of community at one time
The skeletons
bones of a total of 179 people
92 fairly complete skeletons
some were 13 years old
80 % younger than 30
English origin, most likely from West Country
Some of the crew hailed from continental Europe
Current work
See what illnesses people had
Indication of profession
Fusing of vertebrae can indicate that someone was involved in heavy manual work
Hatch

Who was Hatch?

The ratter
unofficial mascot
young adult male
classed as a terrier-type, most closely related to the Jack Russell
Hereditary disease called hyperuricosuria
Kindey and bladder stones
Inbreeding
Where was he found?
Outside the Carpenters Cabin
Why a ships dog?
Cats arent good at ratting
Pope Innocent VIII declared cats unholy, and the companions of witches

Remember
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Key Questions
1. When was the first modern dive on the remains of the Mary Rose?
1. 1965 by Alexander McKee
2. 1836 deane
3. 1971 by ackland
2. When was the Mary Rose raised from the seabed?
1. Raised in 1982. Allowed to do this because the salvage vessel Sleipner allowed staf to work in shifts
3. For whom was the Mary Rose most likely named?
1. Virgin Mary, known as the Mystic Rose
4. When did the Mary Rose sink?
1. 1545 during the 3rd french war
5. In which battle did the Mary Rose sink?
1. Battle of Solent
6. What are the possible reasons for the Mary Rose sinking?
1. Human error, wind, French, or overloading
7. Were attempts made to salvage the ship shortly after sinking?
1. Yes, but they had premature confidence
8. In 1545, why did the English fleet retreat into Portsmouth harbor?
1. In May 1545, the French navy gathered in the Seine estuary, intending to land troops on English soil. The English fleet mustered at Portsmouth under Viscount Lisle. In early July the French fleet set sail
and entered the Solent with 128 ships on 16 July. The English had 80 ships in place to oppose them, including the Mary Rose, but retreated into Portsmouth harbor as the fighting vessels were most
effective in sheltered water.
9. What was a fifth quarter?

1. Quartermasters were in charge of a quarrying of the fighting men on board. A fifth quarter was recommended with a patter of the hold, responsible for all the mariners stationed below decks
during a battle to fix any damage. This is why so many men were found below decks.
10. What do we know about the carpenter?
1. He was wealthy. He had tools such as Mallets, braces, planes, rulers, and a mortise gauge. He had books, jewelry, coins, a leather pouch, and a sundial hidden in his chest.
11. How do we know that some of the remains were involved in heavy work?
1. We can look at the skeletons. The fusing of vertebrae indicates someone was involved in heavy manual work.
12. How do we know that some of the remains belonged to archers?
1. Again, the skeletons. They show that many men had os acromiale, which is a shoulder blade disorder still found in modern day archers.
13. What did the surgeons wooden chest contain?
1. Canisters filled with ointments, as well as peppercorns which were used a a medicine. He also had two metal syringes, surgical tools, and a blood bowl. Perhaps a razor, whetstone, and shaving
bowl.
14. What were the pursers duties?
1. Responsible for paying and mustering the crew, keeping accounts of stores, buying supplies, and issuing food and drink according to the rations list. He also may have been a money
changer.
15. What is clinker planking compared to carvel planking?
1. Clinker is when planks overlap, creating an uneven surface, while Carvel is when the planking is smooth edge-to-edge. Carvel planking allowed shipbuilders to cut holes in the hull for large watertight
guns. in 1527, MR was altered from clinker to carvel.
16. Why did the Mary Rose carry a ships dog rather than a ships cat?
1. He was a ratter. Cats aren't actually good at ratting and the Pope Innocent VIII declared cats unholy and the companions of witches.
17. What are some of the materials preserved by the silt covering the ship?
1. The wood, wool, silk, and leather. No garments of linen survived.
18. What types of games were played onboard the Mary Rose?
1. Backgammon, Morris, Dice
19. What musical instruments were found onboard the Mary Rose?
1. Three tabor pipes and a tabor, or drum. He most likely played the pipe while beating on the drum. Two fiddles were also found. The Shawn was the most exciting musical discovery, because it was
an early form of the oboe with an extra hole for a thumb and implied that there may have been a band.