The Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody diagram are considered to be the most accurate model for estimating

frictional
f = 0.2083 (100/c)^1.852 q^1.852 / dh^4.8655

(1)

where
f = friction head loss in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe (ft/100 ft pipe)
c = Hazen-Williams roughness constant
q = volume flow (gal/min)
dh = inside hydraulic diameter (inches)

Note that the Hazen-Williams formula is empirical and lacks a theoretical basis. Be aware that the roughness constants are ba

HazenWilliams
Coefficient

Pipe Size

Diameter

Nominal
Thickness

Material

-c-

(in)

(in)

(in)

ABS - Acrylonite
Butadiene
Styrene

130

Aluminum

130 - 150

Asbestos
Cement

140

Asphalt Lining
Brass

External

Internal

1/8

0.41

0.27

0.07

130 - 140

0.54

0.36

0.09

130 - 140

3/8

0.68

0.49

0.09

Brick sewer

90 - 100

0.84

0.62

0.11

Cast-Iron - new
unlined (CIP)

130

1.05

0.82

0.11

Cast-Iron 10
years old

107 - 113

1.32

1.05

0.13

Cast-Iron 20
years old

89 - 100

1.66

1.38

0.14

Cast-Iron 30
years old

75 - 90

1.9

1.61

0.15

Cast-Iron 40
years old

64-83

2.38

2.07

0.15

Cast-Iron,
asphalt coated

100

2.88

2.47

0.2

Cast-Iron,
cement lined

140

3.5

3.07

0.22

Cast-Iron,
bituminous lined

140

3.55

0.23

Cast-Iron, seacoated

120

4.5

4.03

0.24

Cast-Iron,
wrought plain

100

5.56

5.05

0.26

Cement lining

130 - 140

6.63

6.07

0.28

Concrete

100 - 140

8.63

7.98

0.32

Concrete lined,
steel forms

140

10

10.75

10.02

0.37

Concrete lined,
wooden forms

120

12

12.75

11.94

0.41

Concrete, old

100 - 110

14

14

13.13

0.44

Copper

130 - 140

16

16

15

0.5

Corrugated
Metal

60

18

18

16.88

0.56

Ductile Iron Pipe

(DIP)

140

20

20

18.81

0.59

Ductile Iron,
cement lined

120

24

24

22.63

0.69

26

24.63

Fiber

140

26

Fiber Glass Pipe

- FRP

150

28

26.63

Galvanized iron

120

30

28.63

Asumed

Glass

130

32

30.63

Lead

130 - 140

34

32.63

Metal Pipes Very to

extremely
smooth

130 - 140

36

34.63

Plastic

130 - 150

Polyethylene,
PE, PEH

140

Polyvinyl
chloride, PVC,
CPVC

130

Smooth Pipes

140

Steel new
unlined

140 - 150

Steel,
corrugated

60

Steel, welded
and seamless

100

Steel, interior
riveted, no
projecting rivets

110

Steel, projecting
girth and
horizontal rivets

100

Steel, vitrified,
spiral-riveted

90 - 110

Steel, welded
and seamless

100

Tin

130

Vitrified Clay

110

Wrought iron,
plain

100

Wooden or
Masonry Pipe Smooth

120

Wood Stave

110 - 120

V(gpm)
c=

3.89
140

pipe dia.( in) V (gpm)

1/8
3.89
1/4
3.89
3/8
3.89
1/2
3.89
3/4
3.89
1
3.89
1-1/4
3.89
1-1/2
3.89
2
3.89
2-1/2
3.89
3
3.89
3-1/2
3.89
4
3.89
5
3.89
6
3.89
8
3.89
10
3.89
12
3.89
14
3.89
16
3.89
18
3.89
20
3.89
24
3.89
26
3.89
28
3.89
30
3.89
32
3.89
34
3.89

26.7 RT
assumed smooth pipe
f
807.879178172
199.2769153502
44.4628996835
14.1502803481
3.630659417
1.0903107019
0.2884463944
0.1362496859
0.0401137343
0.016981646
0.005894881
0.00290744
0.0015686827
0.0005233384
0.000213817
5.648742031052E-005
1.866057021392E-005
7.952107776593E-006
5.008754951125E-006
2.620443429873E-006
1.475251930302E-006
8.711804577067E-007
3.543472872056E-007
2.346803426922E-007
1.605104821186E-007
1.128450571255E-007
8.124536545835E-008
5.972318179433E-008

area (sq. ft.)

0.000397768
0.000707143
0.001310069
0.002097421
0.003668849
0.006015625
0.010391071
0.014143403
0.023379911
0.033288641
0.051425546
0.068763641
0.088616022
0.139150546
0.201038641
0.3474625
0.547819643
0.777876786
0.940657688
1.227678571
1.554701587
1.930544196
2.794288641
3.310022768
3.869407688
4.472443403
5.119129911
5.809467212

fps
21.77585
12.24892
6.61166
4.129707
2.360886
1.439873
0.833575
0.612422
0.370478
0.260201
0.168433
0.125964
0.097745
0.062247
0.043085
0.024929
0.015811
0.011135
0.009208
0.007055
0.005571
0.004487
0.0031
0.002617
0.002239
0.001937
0.001692
0.001491

model for estimating frictional head loss in steady pipe flow. Since the approach requires a not so efficient trial and error iteration an alternati

e roughness constants are based on "normal" condition with approximately 1 m/s (3 ft/sec).

Transverse Areas

Length of Pipe

Volume

(in )

(per sq. foot of)

(ft3/ft)

Weight

lb/ft

kg/m

Number of
Threads per
inch of
Screw

0.0004

0.24

0.36

27

10.49

0.0007

0.42

0.63

18

7.75

0.0013

0.57

0.84

18

4.55

6.14

0.0021

0.85

1.26

14

0.33

3.64

4.64

0.0037

1.13

1.68

14

0.86

0.49

2.9

3.64

0.006

1.68

2.5

11

2.16

1.5

0.67

2.3

2.77

0.0104

2.27

3.38

11

2.84

2.04

0.8

2.01

2.37

0.0141

2.72

4.04

11

4.43

3.36

1.08

1.61

1.85

0.0233

3.65

5.43

11

6.49

4.79

1.7

1.33

1.55

0.0333

5.79

8.62

11

9.62

7.39

2.23

1.09

1.25

0.0513

7.58

11.27

12.56

9.89

2.68

0.95

1.08

0.0687

9.11

13.56

15.9

12.73

3.17

0.85

0.95

0.0884

10.79

16.06

24.3

20

4.3

0.69

0.76

0.1389

14.61

21.74

External
Surface
External

Internal

Steel

(ft)

Internal
Surface (ft)

0.13

0.06

0.07

9.43

14.2

0.23

0.1

0.13

7.07

0.36

0.19

0.17

5.66

0.55

0.3

0.25

0.87

0.53

1.36

34.47

28.89

5.58

0.58

0.63

0.2006

18.97

28.23

58.42

50.02

8.4

0.44

0.48

0.3552

28.55

42.49

90.76

78.85

11.9

0.36

0.38

0.5476

40.48

60.24

127.64

111.9

15.74

0.3

0.32

0.7763

53.6

79.77

153.94

135.3

18.64

0.27

0.28

0.9354

63

93.75

201.05

176.7

24.35

0.24

0.25

1.223

78

116.08

254.85

224

30.85

0.21

0.23

1.555

105

156.26

314.15

278

36.15

0.19

0.2

1.926

123

183.05

452.4

402.1

50.3

0.16

0.17

2.793

171

254.48

error iteration an alternative empirical head loss calculation like the Hazen-Williams equation may be preferred: