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I. I NTRODUCTION
Fig. 1.
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TABLE I
P ULSE PATTERNS FOR VARIOUS PWM M ETHODS
Fig. 2. Voltage vector states for the RCMV-PWM methods with different
ways of partitioning the space-vector sectors. (a) Type A. (b) Type B.
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TABLE II
V ECTORS C OMBINATION AND C ORRESPONDING CMV FOR MDPWM
(1)
However, issues such as voltage linearity, harmonic distortion, and output voltage arise due to the elimination of
the zero vectors. One common problem for RCMV-PWM
methods is its bipolar line-to-line output voltage. In every
switching transition, the voltage changes across the inductors
from +VDC to VDC . This doubles the voltage stress across
the inductors to twice of the input voltage. Moreover, such
output voltage pattern generates overvoltage transients [21],
[23], [24], large current ripples across the inductors (eventually
requires larger filters), and high switching losses [1], which
reduce the overall efficiency of the entire system. Moreover,
NSPWM and RSPWM are only applicable in limited modulation range. NSPWM operates linearly only for 0.61 < m <
0.907, whereas RSPWM is only applicable for m < 0.52 (m is
modulation index). Out of this range, leakage current generated
is higher than that of conventional SVPWM. For RSPWM, very
high input voltage is required to inject the real power to the grid.
As a result, high operational losses and high THD occur, which
require the use of large filters [22][25].
B. Conversion Structure
When the transformer is removed, the galvanic connection
between the PV and the grid allows the leakage current to
flow. Thus, many studies have been done in [28][36] to
design conversion structure, which provides galvanic isolation
to reduce the leakage current. Either dc decoupling or ac
decoupling methods are utilized to disconnect the PV arrays
from the grid during the freewheeling period. The modulation
techniques are also carefully designed with the corresponding
conversion structure in order to generate the desired output
voltage and to reduce the leakage current. Such topologies
yield satisfactory overall performance. Nevertheless, most of
the galvanic isolation topologies are found in single-phase PV
inverters. For three-phase PV inverters, modulation techniques
are much more complicated, and galvanic isolation methods are
therefore difficult to be implemented.
III. P ROPOSED TOPOLOGY AND THE
O PERATION P RINCIPLES
Based on the given analysis, a simple modified H7 inverter
with a proposed PWM method (known as MDPWM) is investigated to reduce the leakage current without compromising the
overall performance of the PV systems.
A. Proposed MDPWM
Conventional DWPM yields outstanding performances in
terms of voltage linearity, switching losses, and THD of the
output current [37]. However, such optimum performances of
the DPWM are degraded in transformerless PV applications.
DPWM generates high leakage current, which causes high
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VCM =
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
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Fig. 5.
(6)
Fig. 6. Line-to-line voltage (top) and grid current (bottom) for (a)
SVPWM, (b) DPWM, (c) AZPWM, (d) NSPWM, and (e) H7 with the
proposed MDPWM.
C. Voltage Linearity
Each PWM modulation method has a specific linear modulation region. Outside this region, the overall performance in
terms of the THD of the output current, current ripples, voltage
magnitude, and common-mode behavior are degraded. Therefore, a wide linear modulation range is preferable. MDPWM
maintains the superior voltage linearity characteristic of conventional DPWM. By injecting the zero-sequence signal,
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Fig. 7. (Top) CMV and (bottom) leakage current for (a) SVPWM,
(b) DPWM, (c) AZPWM, (d) NSPWM, and (e) H7 with the proposed
MDPWM.
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Fig. 9. Line-to-line voltage (500 V/div), output current (2 A/div), and leakage current (500 mA/div) for (a) SVPWM, (b) DPWM, (c) AZPWM,
(d) NSPWM, and (e) H7 topology with the proposed MDPWM.
Fig. 10. Experiment result of dc-link voltage ripples for various modulation techniques.
+VDC to VDC . This doubles the voltage stress across the filter
inductors and hence reduces the overall efficiency. Issues such
as overvoltage transients may arise as well.
DPWM and MDPWM have the same modulation signal.
Hence, MDPWM demonstrates the same attributes as DPWM.
With the use of zero vectors, it generates the favorable unipolar
output voltage waveform, as shown in Fig. 9(e). On the other
hand, leakage current is reduced to 212 mA (RMS) due to
the reduced CMV and galvanic isolation of H7 topology. Although both AZPWM and NSPWM meet the requirement of
VDE 0126-1-1 standard, the proposed method gives the lowest
leakage current.
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TABLE III
P ERFORMANCE C OMPARISONS FOR VARIOUS PWM T ECHNIQUES
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[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
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Hang Seng Che (M14) received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2009 and
the Ph.D. degree jointly from the University of
Malaya and Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, U.K, in 2013.
He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the
Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Center
(UMPEDAC), University of Malaya. His research
interests include multiphase machines drives,
fault-tolerant control, and renewable energy.
Dr. Che was the recipient of the 2009 Kuok Foundation Postgraduate
Scholarship Award for his Ph.D. studies.