INTRODUCT

ION
This booklet is designed to revise and consolidate grammar
points; these can be practiced in my booklet.
The practice material includes a wide range of topics to
reflect both everyday languages use and the kinds of
subjects learners might be studying in schools or colleges.
Many Learners are likely to use English to learn another
subject during their education and the Choice of text tries to
reflect this fact. Some texts contain information which
learners should find interesting or challenging.

MODAL VERBS
Can
Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:

talk about possibility and ability

make requests

ask for or give permission

Estructure of can :
The basic structure for can is:

subject +

auxiliary verb
can

main verb

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without to).

auxiliary verb
can

main verb

+ I

can

play

tennis.

cannot

play

tennis.

subject

He

can't

subject

auxiliary verb
can

main verb

Can

you

play

tennis?

Notice that:

Can is invariable. There is only one form: can

The main verb is always the bare infinitive.

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without to). We cannot
say: I can to play tennis.
Use of can
can for possibility and ability
We use can to talk about what is possible, what we are able or free to do:

She can drive a car.

John can speak Spanish.

I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.)

Can you hear me?

Normally, we use can for the present. But it is possible to use can when we
make present decisions about future ability.
A. Can you help me with my homework? (present)
B. Sorry. I'm busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (future)

Can for requests and orders

We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not a
real question - we do not really want to know if the person is able to do
something, we want them to do it! The use of can in this way is informal
(mainly between friends and family):

Can you make a cup of coffee, please.

Can you put the TV on.

Can you come here a minute.

Can you be quiet!

can for permission

We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something:
A. Can I smoke in this room?
B. You can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.
Add can or can't to the following sentences.

CAN PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

Example: You can speak English.

1. Monkeys
2. Pigs
3. I
4. You
5.

talk.
fly.
play the piano., but Cory can't.
go on vacation. It's too expensive.
I borrow some money?

6. I don't know the answer.

7. Tony
8. Jim makes great food. He
9. Excuse me, we

you tell me?

come tonight, he's too busy.
cook really well.
see the movie.

10. It's too noisy. We

study well.

ANSWER KEY
1. can't
2. can't
3. can
4. can't
5. Can
6. Can
7. can't
8. can
9. can't
10. can't

COULD
Could is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use could to:

talk about past possibility or ability

make requests

Structure of could
subject +

auxiliary verb
could

main verb

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without to).

auxiliary verb
could

main verb

+ My grandmother

could

swim.

could not

walk.

subject

She

couldn't

subject

auxiliary verb
could

main verb

Could

your grandmother

swim?

Notice that:

Could is invariable. There is only one form: could

The main verb is always the bare infinitive.

The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without to). We cannot
say: I could to play tennis.
Use of could

could for past possibility or ability

We use could to talk about what was possible in the past, what we were able
or free to do:

I could swim when I was 5 years old.

My grandmother could speak seven languages.

When we arrived home, we could not open the door. (...couldn't open
the door.)

Could you understand what he was saying?

We use I (positive) and couldn't (negative) for general ability in the past. But
when we talk about one special occasion in the past, we use be able
to (positive) and couldn't (negative). Look at these examples:

past

general

specific occasion

+ My grandmother could speak

Spanish.

A man fell into the river yesterday. The

police were able to save him.

- My grandmother couldn'tspeak
Spanish.

A man fell into the river yesterday. The

policecouldn't save him.

COULD PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
COMPLETE

1. It's impossible. Mike

go to the swimming pool.

2. It's nine. My sister

certain.
3. Peter
year, if he wanted to.

be having her bath. It's almost

give you a pay rise before the end of this

4. It's incredible ! It's impossible that she

it !

have done

5. I know that he intended to go but he

Perhaps he's still here.
6. It's an order ! You

have stayed.

go right now !

7. My children
that.

do the washing up, I ask them to do

8. Perhaps, he
phone !

have heard. He did not hang up the

9. Bob's car has broken down: he

10. Nobody's waiting for us, so we

go to work.
to hurry

ANSWER KEY

COULD

COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD

BE ABLE TO
Although we look at be able to here, it is not a modal verb. It is simply the
verb be plus an adjective (able) followed by the infinitive. We look at be able
to here because we sometimes use it instead of can and could.
We use be able to:

to talk about ability

Structure of be able to

The basic structure for be able to is:

subject +

subject

be

main
be

able

to-infinitive

verb adjective
able

to-infinitive

+ I

am

able

to drive.

is not

able

to drive.

She

subject

main
be

verb adjective
able

to-infinitive

isn't

Are

you

able

to drive?

Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:

I was able to drive...
I will be able to drive...
I have been able to drive...

Notice too that be able to has an infinitive form:

I would like to be able to speak Chinese.

Use of be able to
Be able to is NOT a modal auxiliary verb. We include it here for convenience,
because it is often used like "can" and "could", which are modal auxiliary
verbs.
be able to for ability

We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having

the power, skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is
like saying "I can swim". We sometimes use be able to instead of "can" or
"could" for ability. Be able to is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible
only in the present and "could" is possible only in the past for ability. In
addition, "can" and "could" have no infinitive form. So we use be able to when
we want to use other tenses or the infinitive. Look at these examples:
I have been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)
You will be able to speak perfect English very soon. (future simple)
I would like to be able to fly an airplane. (infinitive)

BE ABLE TO PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
Complete with 'can' or 'be able to'.

1.

Ask him, he should

help you.

2. I

hardly believe it.

3. I'm sorry I won't

come.

4. She has everything money

5. I've not

sleep very well recently.

6. Don't shout, I
7. How

buy.

hear you very well.

you possibly imagine that?

8. Will he

continue his journey?

9. I'm locked in! I

get out!

10. Once I've passed my test I'll

hire a car.

11. (Attention utiliser could ou was/ were able to!!) My

mother

play the piano very well.

12. Fortunately, he
sea.

open the door before the car fell into the

13. She was an excellent player . She

14. They had a spare key so they

beat anybody.

start the car.

ANSWER KEY

1. Ask him, he should be able to help you.

2. I can hardly believe it.
3. I'm sorry I won't be able to come.
4. She has everything money can buy.
5. I've not been able to sleep very well recently.
6. Don't shout, I can hear you very well.
7. How can you possibly imagine that?
8. Will he be able to continue his journey?
9. I'm locked in! I can't get out!
10. Once I've passed my test I'll be able to hire a car.
11. (Attention utiliser could ou was/ were able to!!) My
mother could play the piano very well.
12. Fortunately, he was able to open the door before the car
fell into the sea.
13. She was an excellent player . She could beat anybody.
14. They had a spare key so they were able to start the car.

MODALS DEDUCTION (PRESENT)

We use modal verbs to say how sure we are about something.
1 must
We use must when we feel sure that something is true because theres very strong
evidence.

 He must live near here because he comes to work on foot. We dont know

where he lives but were sure its not far away.

Come inside and get warm you must be freezing out there.
Youre a zookeeper? That must be very interesting.

Notice that must is followed by an infinitive without to.

2 might, may, could
We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but were
not sure.
Did you hear that? I think there might be a burglar downstairs. Shes not

sure theres a burglar but she thinks its possible.

Well try to get there early but we may arrive late if theres a lot of traffic.
Dont put it up there. It could fall off and hit someone.

Might, may and could are also followed by an infinitive without to.
3 cant
We use cant when we feel sure something is not true.
It cant be a burglar. All the doors and windows are locked. He doesnt know

its not a burglar but he feels sure its not.

It cant be far away now. Weve been driving for hours. Wheres the map?
Really? He has to work on Christmas Day? He cant feel very happy about

that.
Like the other verbs, cant is followed by an infinitive without to.
Remember that all of these modal verbs must, might, may, could and cant have
other uses. These are covered in another section.

MUST PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
Choose one word to complete each sentence - must, might or can't. Remember - English
people often use must or can'twith exclamation marks
1.

Sarah never stops talking about Steve. She

2.

You

hate English food - it's delicious!

3.

Tom

be working today - I just saw him at the gym.

4.

Tom

be working today, but I can't remember.

5.

You drank 3 bottles of wine? You

6.

Frank's quite good at grammar. He

7.

You studied this for 3 years at university! You

8.

You just slept for 12 hours! You

9.

be in love with him!

feel so sick!
know the answer for this question.
know the answer!

be tired again already!

She always gets me a present, but this year she didn't. She
that it's my birthday.

have forgotten

ANSWER KEY
Choose one word to complete each sentence - must, might or can't. Remember English people often use must or can'twith exclamation marks (!!!).
1.

Sarah never stops talking about Steve. She CAN be in love with him!

2.

You MUST hate English food - it's delicious!

3.

Tom MUST be working today - I just saw him at the gym.

4.

Tom MUST be working today, but I can't remember.

5.

You drank 3 bottles of wine? You MUST feel so sick!

6.

Frank's quite good at grammar. He CAN know the answer for this question.

7.

You studied this for 3 years at university! You MIGHT know the answer!

8.

You just slept for 12 hours! You MUST be tired again already!

9.

She always gets me a present, but this year she didn't. She CAN have forgotten
that it's my birthday.

STRUCTURE OF HAVE TO
Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in
fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have
to structure, "have" is a main verb.

The basic structure for have to is:

subject +

auxiliary verb

have

to-infinitive

Look at these examples in the Present Simple tense:

subject

auxiliary verb

+ She

main verb
have

to-infinitive

has

to work.

- I

do not

have

to see

the doctor.

? Did

you

have

to go

to school?

Use of have to
In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have
to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the
Law or school rules). Have tois objective. Look at these examples:

In France, you have to drive on the right.

In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.

John has to wear a tie at work.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea.
The obligation comes from outside.
We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We
conjugate it just like any other main verb. Here are some examples:

subject

auxiliary
verb

main verb
have
to-infinitive

Past Simple

had

to work

yesterday.

Present
Simple

have

to work

today.

tomorrow.

Future Simple I

will

have

to work

Present
Continuous

She

is

having

to wait.

Present
Perfect

We

have

had

to change

the time.

modal may

They

may

have

to do

it again.

HAVE TO PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

Use the correct modal to complete each sentence..

1. New drivers must take a test in order to get a driver's license.

They have no choice.
2. A: Do you have to go to work today? B: No, I don't because it's
Sunday.
3. John has got to finish the report quickly because the deadline
is today at 4 pm.

4. A: Jennifer lost her passport.

she

get a new one? B: No,

. She found it in her purse.

5. I'm sorry, Mom. I

call you back later. My cell phone

battery is dying.

6. Canadians

7. Sasha

pay taxes every year. It's the law.

email her homework to her teacher because she

forgot to take it to class yesterday.

8. A: Does Joseph

study very much tonight? B: No, he

doesn't. He reviewed a lot last night and he understood everything

well.

9. Barbara

go to the supermarket because she doesn't have

enough food for dinner.

ANSWER
KEY
2. USE THE CORRECT MODAL TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE.

1. New drivers must take a test in order to get a driver's license. They
have no choice.
2. A: Do you have to go to work today? B: No, I don't because it's
Sunday.
3. John has got to finish the report quickly because the deadline is
today at 4 pm.
4. A: Jennifer lost her passport. Did she have to get a new one? B: No,
she didn't. She found it in her purse.
5. I'm sorry, Mom. I have to call you back later. My cell phone battery is
dying.
6. Canadians have got to pay taxes every year. It's the law.
7. Sasha had to email her homework to her teacher because she forgot
to take it to class yesterday.
8. A: Does Joseph have to study very much tonight? B: No, he doesn't.
He reviewed a lot last night and he understood everything well.
9. Barbara has to go to the supermarket because she doesn't have
enough food for dinner.

VERBO MODA OUGHT TO.

El verbo 'ought to' es igual al 'should' y expresa una obligacin dbil. Significa debera,
tendra que.
Estructura afirmativa: Sujeto + ought + to + "verbo principal en infinitivo".
Nota: a diferencia de los otros "modal verbs" "ought" s lleva "to" antes del verbo principal
en infinitivo
Ejemplo: We ought to tell him Deberamos contrselo.
Estructura pregunta: Muy Formal: "Ought" + sujeto + to + verbo en infinitivo + ?
Informal: Do/Does+ sujeto + think + pronombre personal + ought + to + verbo en infinitivo
+?
Ejemplo: Ought he to write a letter? Debera l escribir una carta?
Estructura negacin: Igual que ocurre con las preguntas, no es habitual negar con "Ought
por considerarse muy formal.
Ejemplo: We ought not go there No deberamos ir all
1) Afirmative Examples
The flight attendant ought to tell to the passenger when the plane will take of
The tourist class ought to be like the first class
The pilot ought to alert to stewardess when an accident occurs
The package tour ought to be the next week
2) Negative Examples
The airfare ought not to increase
The travel agency ought not to be responsible for the loss of objects in the plane
passenger ought not to carry their backpacker
Pets ought not to be in the passenger cabin
3) Questions
Ought the passenger to carry pets to the cabin?
Ought the pilot to take of the plane now ?
Ought the copilot to be in the cabin so early?
Ought the soldier to take the control of the plane ?
4) Examples (modal + have)

 We ought to have listened to the guard

They ought to have repaired the aeroplane
The stewardess ought to have read the book of instructions to the passengers
Flight Captain ought to have notified the problem with the wings of the aeroplane

OUGHT TO PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

Fill in should, shouldnt or ought in the following sentences as in the example.

He shouldnt encourage such bad behavior.

You _____ get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.
The house ______ be ready to move into by next month. Its almost finished.
Ron ________ to improve his attitude. If he doesnt, he might get fired.
________ I get your jacket? Its cold in here.
You ________ put your feet on the table. Its not polite.
ANSWER KEYS:

1.

should

2.

should

3.

ought

4.

shall

5.

shouldnt

THE PASSIVE: PRESENT PERFECT

El tiempo "Present Perfect" de la voz pasiva responde a la pregunta: "What has

been done?" = Qu se ha hecho? o What has been being done? = Qu se ha
estado haciendo?
1. Present
The car is washed
The car is being washed
The car has been washed
The car has been being washed
3. Past
The car was washed
The car was being washed
The car had been washed
The car had been being washed
5. Future
The car will be washed
The car will be being washed
The car will have been washed
The car will have been being washed
7. Future (going to)
The car is going to be washed
The car is going to be being washed

8. Future perfect (going to)

The car is going to have been washed
The car is going to have been being washed
9. Future in past
The car was going to be washed
The car was going to be being washed
10. Future perfect in past
The car was going to have been washed
The car was going to have been being washed

11. Conditional
The car would be washed
The car would be being washed 12. Conditional perfect
The car would have been washed
The car would have been being washed

13. Modals
The car (can, could, ...) be washed
The car (can, could, ...) be being washed
The car (can, could, ...) have been washed
The car (can, ...) have been being washed

14. Modals + have

Tenses - Continuous Tenses

What has been done? - Qu se ha hecho?
A house has been built.
Se ha construido una casa / Una casa ha sido construida
The whole city has been destroyed by the earthquake.
La ciudad entera has sido destruda por el terremoto.
I can't get in. These doors have been locked!
No puedo entrar. Estas puertas han sido cerradas con llave!
Those windows have not been closed yet.
Aquellas ventanas no han sido cerradas an.
This wooden floor has not been waxed.
Este suelo de madera no ha sido encerado.
Has uncle John been promoted to president of the company?
El to John ha sido ascendido a presidente de la empresa?
Have the same mistakes been made before?
Han sido cometidos los mismos errores antes?
People have been requested to cancel appointments before Monday.
Se le ha solicitado a la gente que cancele las citas antes del lunes.
Guess what,... Jack has been taught to drive a car!
Adivina qu,... Le han enseado a Jack conducir un coche!
What has been being done? - Qu se ha estado haciendo?
A house has been being built.

Se ha estado construyendo una casa / Una casa ha estado siendo construida

My mother has been being treated by the same doctors for years.
My madre ha estado siendo tratada por los mismos mdicos durante aos.
Stricter and stricter measures have been being taken to reduce crime in the city.
She han estado tomando medidas cada vez ms estrictas para reducir el delito
en la ciudad.

PRESENT PERFECT PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

Put the following sentences into passive voice. (present perfect

passive)
1. Has the surgeon performed the operation?
?
2. Lionel has signed the contract.
.
3. Our salesmen have sold all the carpets.
.
4. Zookeepers have captured the lion in the forest.
.
5. Dr. Phillips have treated all the patients.
.
6. Have the customers paid you?
?
7. Everybody has celebrated Joana's birthday.
.

ANSWER KEY

1. Has the operation been performed by the surgeon

2. Has the contract been signed by Lionel
3. All the carpets have been sold by our salesmen
4. The lion has been captured by the zookeepers in the forest
5. All the patients have been treated by Dr. Phillips
6. Have you been paid by the customers
7. Joana's birthday has been celebrated by everybody

PAST PERFECT

Forming Past Perfect Passive

Affirmative Form Object + had + been + verb3 (past participle)
Question Form

Had + object + been + verb3 (past participle) ?

Something had been done by someone before sometime in the past.

Active : The brave men had defended the city.
Passive: The city had been defended by the brave men.
Active : The little girl had broken the window.
Passive: The window had been broken by the little girl.

Active : Had Dorothy solved the problems?

Passive: Had the problems been solved by Dorothy.
Active : Those prisoners had robbed five banks.
Passive: Five banks had been robbed by those prisoners.

PRESENT PERFECT PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

Put the following sentences into passive voice. (past perfect passive)
1. Dr. Richard had saved Silvia's life.
Silvia's life had been saved by Dr. Richard

.
2. The Americans had discovered another planet.
.
3. Hospital staff hadn't accepted the injured man.
.
4. Jerry had received the check just in time.
.
5. Jim had received an anonymous gift.
.
6. Who had designed the plan of that villa?
?
7. Firefighters had put out the fire successfully.
.

ANSWER KEY
1. Silvia's life had been saved by Dr. Richard
2. Another planet had been discovered by The Americans
3. The injured man hadn't been accepted by the hospital staff
4. The check had been received by Jerry just in time
5. An anonymous gift had been received by Jim. Phillips
6. By whom had the villa been designed
7. The fire had been put out successfully by the firefighters

A BIT
We use a bit (of) or bits (of) to refer to quantities. The phrases can refer to both
abstract and concrete things. They are an informal alternative tosome, or a
piece of or pieces of:

Do they need a bit of help with their luggage? (or some help )
There were bits of glass everywhere. (or pieces of glass )
Have you lost a bit of weight? (or some weight?)
The storm had broken the fence into bits. (meaning into small pieces)
A bit or bits often have deliberately vague and informal meanings:
Ive given him a few bits of advice.
These words can also soften the meaning, so that a statement is not too direct:
Wearing those shoes is a bit of a problem for her, Im afraid.
We also use a bit to modify adjectives, or as an adverb. It is more informal
than a little:
They had got a bit tired working in the garden.
Can you wait a bit for us? Were in heavy traffic.
A bit is also used to modify comparative adjectives and comparative
determiners:
The climate in New Zealand was a bit nicer than we had expected.
However, a bit and a bit of are not normally used to modify comparative
adjectives before nouns:
It was a bit more entertaining than the last play we saw.
Not: a bit more entertaining play. or a bit more of entertaining play.

PAST PEFECT PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

1. How

2.
3. Have you got
4. He spends

stars are there on the American flag?

salt is necessary to cook Spaghetti.

pets? No I just have a Chihuahua.
money on CDs.

5. Many people thought this was

ado about nothing.

6. I wish she wouldn't come: she's one too

7. It's
8.

harder than I had thought.

drops of lemon can be useful to clean windows.

9.
people believe that there are only slag heaps in the north of
France: it's not true!
10. How
space could be used for organic corn rather than for
transgenic crops?

ANSWER KEY
1. How many stars are there on the American flag?
2. a little salt is necessary to cook Spaghetti.
3. Have you got many pets? No I just have a Chihuahua.
4. He spends a lot of money on CDs.
5. Many people thought this was much ado about nothing.
6. I wish she wouldn't come: she's one too many.
7. It's much harder than I had thought.
8. a few drops of lemon can be useful to clean windows.
9. many people believe that there are only slag heaps in the
north of France: it's not true!
10. How much space could be used for organic corn rather than
for transgenic crops?

PLENTY OF

These expressions have similar meanings to the determiners much,

many and most, but the grammar is not quite the same. Of is used after
these expressions even before nouns with no determiner.
Compare:

Plenty of shops open on Sunday mornings. (NOT Plenty shops )

Many shops open on Sunday mornings. (NOT Many of shops )

There is not a lot of rice left. (NOT There is not a lot rice left.)

There is not much rice left. (NOT There is not much of rice left.)

A lot of and lots of

These are rather informal. There is not much difference between a lot
of and lots of. They are both used mainly before singular uncountable and
plural nouns, and before pronouns. When a lot of/lots of is used before a
plural subject, the verb is plural.

A lot of my friends live abroad.

Lots of time is needed to learn a language.

Plenty of
Plenty of means enough and more. It is used before singular uncountable
and plural nouns.

There is plenty of time.

Plenty of shops accept credit cards.

A large amount of, a great deal of and a large number of

These expressions are rather formal. A large amount of and a great deal
of are generally used before uncountable nouns.

She has spent a great deal of time in Europe.

A large number of is used before plural nouns. The following verb is plural.

A large number of issues still need to be addressed.

PLENTY OF PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

CHOOSE THE RIGHT MODAL VERB

1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You
buy any.

2. It's a hospital. You

smoke.
3. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He
be tired after such hard work. He
prefer to get some rest.
4. I
speak Arabic
fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But after we moved back to
Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I
knew as a child. Now, I
5. The teacher said we
optional. But we
6.

just say a few things in the language.

read this book for our own pleasure as it is
read it if we don't want to.

you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I

.

7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you

8. Take an umbrella. It

9. You

to work hard.

rain later.

leave small objects lying around . Such objects

be swallowed by children.

10.
11. People

12. Drivers

13.

14. You

15.

walk on grass.

stop when the traffic lights are red.

I ask a question? Yes, of course.

take your umbrella. It is not raining.

you speak Italian? No, I

ANSWER KEY
Choose the right modal verb
1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You needn't buy any.
2. It's a hospital. You mustn't smoke.
3. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He must be tired after such
haed work. He may prefer to get some rest.

4. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But
after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language
and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I canjust say a few
things in the language.

5. The teacher said we can read this book for our own pleasure as it is
optional. But we can read it if we don't want to.

6. Canyou stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I can't.

7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you need to work hard. .

8. Take an umbrella. It might rain later.

9. You shouldn't leave small objects lying around . Such objects may be
swallowed by children.

10.

People mustn't walk on grass.

11.

Drivers must stop when the traffic lights are red.

12.

May I ask a question? Yes, of course.

13.

You needn't take your umbrella. It is not raining.

14.

Can you speak Italian? No, I can't.

ALTHOUGH THOUGH
1. used as conjunctions
You use although or though to introduce a subordinate clause in which you mention
something that contrasts with what you are saying in the main clause. Though is
not used in very formal English.

I can't play the piano, although I took lessons for years.

It wasn't my decision, though I think I agree with it.
You can put even in front of though for emphasis.

She wore a coat, even though it was a very hot day.

Don't put 'even' in front of although.

Be Careful!
When a sentence begins with although or though, don't use 'but' or 'yet' to
introduce the main clause. Don't say, for example, 'Although he was late, yet he
stopped to buy a sandwich'. You say 'Although he was late, he stopped to buy a
sandwich'.

Although he was English, he spoke fluent French.

Though he hadn't stopped working all day, he wasn't tired.
Be Careful!

Don't use although or though in front of a noun phrase. Don't say, for example,
'Although his hard work, he failed his exam'. You say 'In spite of his hard work, he
failed his exam' or 'Despite his hard work, he failed his exam'.

In spite of poor health, my father was always cheerful.

Despite her confidence, Cindy was uncertain what to do next.

2. 'though' used as an adverb

Though is sometimes an adverb. You use it when you are making a statement that
contrasts with what you have just said. You usually put though after the first phrase
in the sentence.

Fortunately though, this is a story with a happy ending.

For Ryan, though, it was a busy year.
In conversation, you can also put though at the end of a sentence.

I can't stay. I'll have a coffee though.

Although is never an adverb.
Rewrite the sentences below with the connectors given in
brackets.

ALTHOUGH PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
(making contrasts)
Although1 (neutral)/Even though (more emphatic)/Though
(less formal) he had a sprained ankle (or he had
sprained his ankle/his ankle was sprained), he went
out for a walk.
In spite of/Despite having a sprained ankle/having
sprained his ankle, he went out for a walk.
In spite of/Despite2 his sprained ankle, he went out for a
walk.
In spite of/Despite his ankle being sprained, he went out
for a walk.
He had a sprained ankle, but he went out for a walk.
He had a sprained ankle/He had sprained his ankle/His
ankle was sprained. However (neutral)/Nevertheless
(formal)/Nonetheless3 (formal)/All the same (less
formal)/Yet (less formal)/Still (less formal)/Even so
(less formal), he went out for a walk.
He had a sprained ankle/He had sprained his ankle/His
ankle was sprained. He went out for a walk, though
(informal)/however/ nevertheless/all the same/nonetheless.

a It was snowing heavily, but they went on climbing. (despite)

b He is very poor, but he is happy. (although)
c Despite being caught driving dangerously, he was not fined.
(all the same)
d The sea was very rough. Still, they went sailing. (in spite of)
e I know you dont love me; but, even so, Ill marry you.
(even though)

ANSWER KEY
a Despite1 being snowing heavily, they went on climbing/Despite the
heavy snow, they went on climbing/Despite the fact (that) it was
snowing heavily, they went on climbing.
b Although he is very poor, he is happy
c He was caught driving dangerously. All the same, he was not fined
d In spite of the sea being very rough, they went sailing/In spite of
the rough sea, they went sailing/In spite of the fact (that) the sea
was very rough, they went sailing
e Even though (I know) you dont love me, Ill marry you

IN SPITE OF / DESPITE / ALTHOUGH

In spite of, despite and although are all used to show a contrast but there are differences in
the structures used with them.
In spite of / despite
After in spite of and despite we use a noun or a pronoun.

We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.

Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.
Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they didnt offer me the job.

Remember that the gerund (-ing form) is the noun form of a verb.
The only difference between in spite of and despite is the of.

Despite of the bad weather, there was a large crowd at the match.

Although
After although we use a subject and a verb.

We enjoyed our camping holiday although it rained every day.

Although he worked very hard, he didnt manage to pass the exam.
The holiday was great although the hotel wasnt very nice.

We can use in spite of and despite with a subject and verb if we include the expression
the fact that.

In spite of the fact that he worked very hard, he didnt manage to pass the exam.
Despite the fact that he worked very hard, he didnt manage to pass the exam.

Even though
Even though is a slightly stronger form of although.

We decided to buy the house even though we didnt really have enough money.
You keep making that stupid noise even though Ive asked you to stop three times.

Like although, even though is followed by a subject and a verb.

SPITE PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

(making contrasts)

However4 hard/No matter how hard (more formal) you try, you
will never be able to do it.

Even though/Even if you try hard, you will never be able to

do it.

It does not matter how hard you try, you will never be able
to do it.

Although you try hard, you will never be able to do it.

Much (adverb) as/though I loved him, I had to leave him.

Although I loved him a lot, I had to leave him.

Angry (adjective) as/though I was, I did not tell them

anything.

Although I was angry, I did not tell them anything.

Some people who are not happy with what they possess firmly

believe in the American dream, as it evokes the things they

would like to have. Despite this, it is just a dream.

Some people who are not happy with what they possess firmly
believe in the American dream, as it evokes the things they
would like to have. For all that, it is just a dream.

a Although she was terrible ill, she did not stay in bed.
(Ill though)
b It does not matter how much money you give him, he will not
Accept. (even though)
c Although it is fast, I wont buy it. (fast as)
d Despite my admiration for him, I recognise that he is
a bit selfish. (Much as)
e Everyone is worried about the scandal; but, in spite of
all its implications, I think itll do us some good. (for all)

ANSWER KEY
a Ill though she was, she did not stay in bed
b Even though you give him a lot of money, he will not accept
c Fast as it is, I will not buy it
d Much as I admire him, I recognize that he is a bit selfish
e Everyone is worried about the scandal; but,
implications, I think it will do us some good.

for

all

its

Relative Clauses
Exercises and tests on relative clauses
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without
starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text
becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

How to Form Relative Clauses Level

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend
whether he knows her. You could say:
A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?
That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative
clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most
important thing you want to know who the girl is.
Do you know the girl ?

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the
additional information the girl is talking to Tom. Use the girl only in the first
part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for
people, use the relative pronoun who). So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Relative Pronouns Level
relative pronoun use example
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives
next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals and things
is lying on the roof?
which referring to a whole sentence

Do you see the cat which

He couldnt read which surprised me.

whosepossession for people animals and things

mother is a nurse?

Do you know the boy whose

whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in
defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
I was invited by the
professor whom I met at the conference.
that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative
clauses (who or which are also possible) I dont like the table that stands in the
kitchen.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which,
that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them
as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject

pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
the apple which is lying on the table
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the
relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining
relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This
often makes the sentence easier to understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
This is the shop where I bought my bike.
relative adverb

meaning

use

example

when in/on which refers to a time expression

where in/at which refers to a place
why

for which

the day when we met him

the place where we met him

refers to a reason the reason why we met him

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive
relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask
somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the
five girls you mean.
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.
A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a

relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb

meaning

use

example

when in/on which refers to a time expression

where in/at which refers to a place
why

for which

the day when we met him

the place where we met him

refers to a reason the reason why we met him

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive
relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask
somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the
five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a

relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or nonrestrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not
define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and
you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is nondefining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.
Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?
Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.
Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.
Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.
How to Shorten Relative Clauses?
Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a
participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. I told you about the woman
living next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? Do you see the cat lying on the
roof?

RELATIVE CLAUSSES PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
Rewrite the following sentences using relative clauses.
1 Examples: (defining: people)
The girl is very attractive. You were chatting her up
Last night.
The girl (that/whom) you were chatting up last night is very
attractive. (object)
The couple are stinking rich. They are sitting beside the
loudspeakers.

The couple who/that are sitting beside the loudspeaker are

stinking rich. (subject)
The man is my boss. His wife is fanning herself with the
newspaper.
The man whose wife is fanning herself with the newspaper is
my boss. (possessive)
We place the relative clause after its antecedent1.
As you
can see in the examples above, we have replaced the words her,
they and his with the appropriate relative form.
Observe that her is an object pronoun; they, a subject one; his,
possessive adjective.
In the first case, we need an object
relative pronoun: whom (rather formal)/that
in the second
a subject relative pronoun: who/that
in the third,
a possessive relative determiner: whose.
a The hooligans are dangerous criminals. They were arrested last
Night.
b

The boy wets the bed. He lives next door.

The boy had a crush on her. His overcoat is filthy.

The woman is a diver. Her hair is wavy.

The spinster wants to marry eagerly. You met her three days
Ago.

Examples: (defining: things and animals)

She bought a bungalow. It was very expensive.
She bought a bungalow which/that was very expensive. (subject)
The bungalow (which/that) she bought was very expensive.
(object)
She lives in a semi-detached house. She inherited it from her
parents.
She lives in a semi-detached house (which/that4) she inherited
from her parents. (object)

He lives in a detached house. Its garden looks terrific.

He lives in a detached house the garden of which
terrific.
(possessive)

looks

He lives in a detached house whose garden looks terrific.

(possessive)
Both which (more formal) and that can act as subjects and as
objects, but that is preferred after indefinite pronouns,
superlatives and ordinal numbers:
I didnt understand everything. He said it at the conference
hall.
I didnt understand everything (that) he said at the
conference hall. (object)
He wants to tell you something. It is very important.
He wants to tell you something that is very important.
(subject)
As for the possessive relative of which7, it is a much better
alternative in formal situations than whose for inanimate
things.
Both whose and of which can be used for animals, but
whose is probably commoner:
He saw a dog. Its tail had been cut off.
He saw a dog whose tail had been cut off8/He saw a dog the
tail of which had been cut off.
a The spaghetti tasted delicious. We ate it yesterday.
b The salad tasted great. You dressed it with homemade vinegar
and olive oil.
c He wants to catch the rabbit. This rabbit eats the vegetables
In his garden.
d This is the most interesting story. You have never told me such
An interesting story.
e The car belongs to Mr Jones. Its bonnet has a few dents.
3

Examples: (defining with prepositions)

The person is quite adamant about letting people smoke in his
car. I was talking to him last night.
The person (that/whom) I was talking to last night is quite
adamant about letting people smoke in his car.
The person to whom I was talking last night is quite adamant

about letting people smoke in his car.

The bus broke down. I was on the bus.
The bus (which/that) I was on broke down.
The bus on which I was broke down.
We normally put the preposition at the end of the relative
clause, and the relative pronoun may be omitted.
In a very
formal context, we can put the preposition before the relative
pronoun.
In this case, the relative pronoun can never be
removed, and whom (for people) and which (for things or
animals) must be used. Unfortunately, this sounds awkward at
times or is impossible:
The girl was very fit and healthy. We encouraged her to go on.
The girl (whom/that) we encouraged to go on was very fit and
healthy.
(Not The girl on whom we encouraged to go was very fit
and healthy, because on is not a preposition here, but an
adverb.)
The girl, who was very fit and heathy, was encouraged to go on.
(For the use of commas, see the next sections.)
These are the documents. I came across them in the living room
drawer last night.
These are the documents (which/that) I came across in the
living room drawer last night. (Come across is considered as
one word, since the meaning changes if we omit across.
Consequently, across should not be separated from come.
However, there are cases in which this is possible: I found the
person for whom I was looking. None the less, this sounds too
Formal and is avoided in speech.)
a The table was very antique. We were sitting at that table.
b The criminal was taken to gaol. She was robbed by him.
c The woman was the wife of a very important politician. He had
an affair with her.
d The TV programme is off. I told you about it yesterday.
e This is the spade. I was looking for it.

ANSWER KEY
RELATIVE CLAUSES
a The hooligans who1 were arrested last
criminals
b The boy who lives next door wets the bed

night

are

dangerous

c The boy whose overcoat is filthy had a crush on her

d The woman whose hair is wavy is a diver
e The spinster (whom/that) you met three days ago wants to marry
eagerly.
a The spaghetti (which/that) we ate yesterday tasted delicious
b The salad (which/that) you dressed with homemade vinegar and
olive oil tasted great
c He wants to catch the rabbit which/that eats the vegetables in
his garden
d This is the most interesting story (that) you have ever told
mee The car the bonnet of which/whose bonnet has a few dents
belongs to Mr Jones
a The table (which/that) we were sitting at/at
sitting/where we were sitting was very antique

which

we

were

b The criminal (whom/that) she was robbed by/by whom she was
robbed was taken to goal The woman (whom/that) he had an affair
with/with whom he had an affair was the wife of a very important
politician
d The TV programme (which/that) I talked you about yesterday/about
which
I
talked
you
yesterday is
off e This
is
the
spade (which/that) I was looking for/for which I was looking

Relative clauses - non-defining relative clauses

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually
divided into two types defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.
Non-defining relative clauses
Look at this sentence.
My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.

who is 87 is a non-defining relative clause. It adds extra information to the sentence. If

we take the clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has the same meaning.
Look at some more examples.
The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.

.
My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the

moment.
The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.

Non-defining relative clauses .

Defining or non-defining?
Remember that defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The
sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause.
Im going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells

us which skirt.
The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost 10. The non-defining

relative clause doesnt tell us which skirt it gives us more information about the
skirt.
Non-defining relative clauses can use most relative pronouns (which, whose etc,) but
they CANT use that and the relative pronoun can never be omitted.
The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.

Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken
English. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at
each end of the clause.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
REPLACE THAT WITH WHO OR WHICH.
A soldier is someone that works in the army. - A soldier is someone
the army.

works in

A student is a person that goes to school. - A student is a person

school.

An ostrich is a bird that cannot fly. - An ostrich is a bird

goes to

cannot fly.

A cook is someone that makes meals at a restaurant. - A cook is someone

makes meals at a restaurant.

A tire is a thing that you can find on a wheel. - A tire is a thing

a wheel.

A stick is a piece of wood that is long and thing. - A stick is a piece of wood
long and thing.

you can find on

is

ANSWER KEY
REPLACE THAT WITH WHO OR WHICH.
A soldier is someone that works in the army. - A soldier is someone
the army.
Right: who

works in

A student is a person that goes to school. - A student is a person

school.

goes to

Right: who

An ostrich is a bird that cannot fly. - An ostrich is a bird

cannot fly.

Right: which

A cook is someone that makes meals at a restaurant. - A cook is someone

makes meals at a restaurant.
Right: who

A tire is a thing that you can find on a wheel. - A tire is a thing

a wheel.

you can find on

Right: which

A stick is a piece of wood that is long and thing. - A stick is a piece of wood

is

long and thing.

Right: which

PRIMER CONDICIONAL - (TYPE I)

Se forma con if + simple present + simple future. Se emplea cuando una situacin es real
o posible: If it rains today, I'll stay at home..

If clause

Main clause

If + Present tense

will / can / may / must + verb

If it rains today,

I'll stay at home

If it rains today, I'll stay at home.

Si llueve hoy, me quedar en casa.
If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
Si est ocupado ahora, regresar maana.
If I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoon.
Si tengo tiempo, visitar a mis padres esta tarde.
If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
Si est caluroso maana, iremos a la playa.
If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.
Si est fro, debes usar ropa abrigada.
If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go to the party.
Si l no hace su tarea, no puede ir a la fiesta.
If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
Si ella no te llama, t puedes llamarla.

If you work hard, you may become a millonaire someday.

Si trabajas duro, puede que te conviertas en un millonario algn da.

If you spend more than you earn, you'll become a poor man.

Si gastas ms de lo que ganas, te convertirs en un hombre pobre.

If they don't invite you, you must not go.

Si ellos no te invitan, no debes ir.

If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus.

If you pay now, you'll get a discount.

Si pagas ahora, obtendrs un descuento.

If they don't want to go out, they can stay home.

Si no quieren salir, se pueden quedar en casa.

If you drink too much, you'll get drunk.

Si bebes demasiado, te emborrachars.

If you feel sick, you must stay in bed.
Si te sientes enfermo, debes quedarte en cama.

If they don't come here, we'll have to go there.

Si ellos no vienen aqu, tendremos que ir all.

SECOND CONDITIONAL - (TYPE II)

Refiere a una situacin hipottica y se forma segn la estructura if + simple past +
simple condicional.

If clause

Main clause

If + Past Simple

would / could / might + verb

If I won the lottery,

I would travel around the world.

If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

Si ganara la lotera, viajara por todo el mundo.
If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
Si yo estuviese en Brasil, ira a Ro de Janeiro.
If I were you, I would buy that car.
Si yo fuese t, comprara ese auto.
If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this.
Si l estuviese en mi lugar, no hara esto.
If I had more money, I would buy a nice apartment.
Si yo tuviese ms dinero, me comprara un lindo apartamento.
If she had more time, she would travel more often.
Si ella tuviera ms tiempo, viajara ms a menudo.
If it were not raining, we could go out.
Si no estuviese lloviendo, podramos salir.
If we didn't have to work today, we could have a picnic.
Si no tuvisemos que trabajar hoy, podramos tener un picnic.

If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work any more.

Si ellos ganaran la lotera, no trabajaran ms.
If I saw her, I would ask her out.
Si la viera, la invitara a salir.
If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to come back.

 Si fueras a Brazil, no querras regresar.

If they spoke Spanish, we would understand them.
Si ellos hablasen espaol, los entenderamos.
If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go fishing.
Si el no viviera cerca del ro, no podra ir a pescar.
If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.
Si no quisiera ir, te lo dira.
If they worked for that company, they might have better salaries.
Si ellos trabajaran para esa compaa, podran tener mejores sueldos.
If she wrote a book, it would be a best-seller.
Si ella escribiese un libro, sera un best-seller.

THIRD CONDITIONAL - (TYPE III)

Third Conditional, tambin -Type III- Refiere a una situacin hipottica del pasado y
se forma segn la estructura : if + past perfect + conditional perfect. If clause
Main clause
If + Past Perfect tense

would/could/might + have + past participle

If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world.

If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world.
Si yo hubiera ganado la lotera, habra viajado por todo el mundo.
If I had seen him, I would have told him about you.
Si lo hubiese visto, le habra contado acerca de ti.
If I had known the answer, I would have raised my hand.

 Si hubiese sabido la respuesta, habra levantado mi mano.

If she had come on Saturday, I would have seen her.
Si ella hubiese venido el sbado, la habra visto.
If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on time.
Si ellos hubiesen salido ms temprano, habran llegado a tiempo.
If we had studied harder, we might have passed the test.
Si hubisemos estudiado ms duro, podramos haber aprobado la prueba.
If you had gone to Brazil, you would have had lots of fun.
Si tu hubieses ido a Brasil, habras tenido mucha diversin.
If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you.
Si no hubiese estado tan ocupado, te podra haber ayudado.

If you had phoned me, I would have known you were here.
Si tu me hubieses telefoneado, habra sabido que estabas aqu.
If they had invited us, we would have accepted at once.
Si ellos nos hubiesen invitado, habramos aceptado de inmediato.
If she had explained me the problem, I would have understood it.
Si ella me hubiese explicado el problema, lo habra entendido.
If I hadn't forgotten his number, I would have phoned him.
Si no hubiese olvidado su nmero, lo habra llamado.
If it hadn't rained, we would have gone fishing.
Si no hubiese llovido, habramos ido a pescar.
If my sister had been here, she would have enjoyed this.
Si mi hermana hubiese estado aqu, habra disfrutado esto.
If they hadn't drunk so much last night, they wouldn't have felt sick today.

 Si no hubiesen tomado tanto anoche, no se habran sentido enfermos hoy.

If he had worked more, he could have saved more money.
Si l hubiese trabajado ms, podra haver ahorrado ms dinero.

CONDITIONAL PRACTICE
FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO A SUITABLE FORM.

1 Examples: (universal facts and habits: if [present]
Fresh milk goes sour if you keep it for a long time.
If/Whenever I enter the house in muddy shoes, my wife
(Always) shouts at me.
a If Mr Perkins (catch) someone napping, he always (make)
them do twenty press-ups.
b If you (put) a block of ice in the sun, it (melt).
c If she (be) sad, she usually (listen) to Cat Stevens.
d If the roads (be) wet, it (be) more dangerous to drive on them.
e If it (rain), we never (go) for a ramble.

2 Example: (imperatives: if [present],

Dont do it if you feel/are feeling tired.
Take it easy if you dont want to have another relapse.
We do not mention the subject before the main verb in
Imperative sentences. For more details about imperative
Sentences,
a
b
c
d
e

(not drive) if you (be) drunk. You could have an accident.

(not tell) her if you (not want) to.
If you (not be) busy, (help) me.
(not eat) it if you (be) full.
(not add) fuel to the flames if you (not want) to have a row
with your wife.

Example: (possible, probable or real: if [present], [will

+ infinitive])
If you follow my advice, you will not have any trouble with
the Treasury.

a
b
c
d
e
4

If you (present) your proposal, we (see) what we can do about

it.
If we (put) off the meeting now, when it (be) held again?
If you (let) me down again, I no longer (rely) on you.
If you (break) your promise, you (suffer) for it.
We (give) them a call if we (decide) to pay them a visit.
Example:
If a person smokes heavily, he or she can get lung cancer.
In place of will, other modal verbs are possible.

a
b
c
d
e
5

He
If
We
If
at
We

neednt come if he (have) many things to do.

we (tell) them the whole truth now, they may forgive us.
must leave now if we (want) to get there before dark.
the weather (not improve), we should (or ought to) stay
home.
had better tell her everything if she (ask) us.

Examples:
If you have finished with your housework, we can go to the
theatre.
If this washing machine is not still working properly after
all the money we have spent fixing it, wed better buy a new
one.
If you have been running for over an hour, it is not
surprising that you should be tired out.

If everything goes well, Ill have finished by noon.

If I havent retired earlier, Ill have been working for the
same company for twenty years in November.
If we dont start now, well still be working at five oclock.
Note that apart from the simple present and the future simple
(will + infinitive), we can have other verb forms.
a If it (not snow) now, I (show) you round town.
b If you (not finish) yet, youd better stay at home and finish
it.
c If you (come) tomorrow at midday, I (cook) the dinner. Can you
come a bit later?
d If you (study) Chinese for five years, you should at least
speak it.
e If my memory (not deceive) me, we (be) married for forty-five
years in May.

ANSWER KEY
1 a catches; makes b put; melts1 c is; listens d are; is e rains; go
2 a Do not2 drive; are b Do not tell; do not want c are not; help d Do
not eat; are e Do not add; do not want
3 a present; will/shall see b put; will it be c let; will/shall no
longer rely d break; will suffere will/shall give; decide
4 a has b tell c want d does not improve e asks
5 a is not snowing; will show b have not finished c come; will/shall
be cooking d have been studying/have studied e does not deceive me;
will/shall have been married.

PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb
or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English
vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to
memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when
you find an expression that you don't recognize. The examples will help
you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a
separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it
more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than
one meaning.
1. A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a
meaning different from the original verb.
Example:
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home
2. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be
followed by an object.
Example:
He suddenly showed up. "show up" cannot take an object

3. Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by

an object.
Example:
I made up the story. "story" is the object of "make up"
4. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed
between the verb and the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary,
separable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a * between the verb and
the preposition / adverb.
Example:
I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.
She looked the phone number up.

PHRASAL VERBS PRACTICE

FULL NAME:
GRADE AND SECTION:
1. Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.
a) Jane and I want to. up smoking.
b) Could you . me up at 6 o'clock?
c) We must.. up or we will miss the bus.
d) Can you.. me up at the station?
e) In many countries, the pupils have to .. up when the teacher
enters the class-room.
f) I usually have to up at half past six.
g) I must .. up my room today.

2. Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.
a) Please. on your coat, it's cold
outside.
b) Do you mind if I on the telly? I want to watch the
news.
c) Excuse me. Where can I . on
the shirt?
d) Can I on
reading now?
e) If you don't on the train now, it will leave without
you.

ANSWER KEY
1. Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.
a) .Jane and I want to give up smoking.
b) Could you wake me up at 6 o'clock?
c) We must hurry up or we will miss the bus.
d) Can you pick me up at the station?
e) In many countries, the pupils have to stand up when the teacher enters
the class-room.

f) I usually have to get up at half past six.

g) I must tidy up my room today.

2. Complete the first part of the phrasal verbs. Use each verb only once.
a) Please put on your coat, it's cold outside.
b) Do you mind if I turn on the telly? I want to watch the news.
c) Excuse me. Where can I try on the shirt?
d) Can I carry on reading now?
e) If you don't get on the train now, it will leave without you.

Summary
This booklet is to encourage student s to see grammar
used more realistically and in more interesting ways. The
topics covered in the exercises can be used as a starting
point for a lesson, as a subject for discussion, and as a

means of Helping to build students' vocabulary in useful

areas.
The intention in general is that language should have a
familiar context and that learners should have something
to use language for.
Within each unit, exercises range in difficulty. It allows
learners to build up their confidence with the simpler,
more familiar tasks before moving onto the more
Challenging ones later in the unit.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/ modal -verbs

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersimpreperpro/exercises? ex02

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/grammar-reference

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-simple-past
Exercise-1.html

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfectprogressive/exercises

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exerciseenglish-6874.php

http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/futureperfect.html

http://www.englishtenses.com/tenses/future_perfect_continuous

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/phrasal-verbs