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th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

EFFECT OF SOIL-PILE-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON NONLINEAR

RESPONSE OF JACKET TYPE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS THROUGH
INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
1

Behrouz Asgarian , Alireza Fiouz2 and Ali Shakeri Talarposhti 3

1

Assistant Professor, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

2
Assistant Professor, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, IRAN
3 Msc in Structural Engineering, K.N.Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Email: asgarian@kntu.ac.ir, fiouz@pgu.ac.ir, ali_shakeri_talarposhti@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT :
The response of a fixed offshore tower is greatly affected by nonlinear behavior of the supporting piles.
Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction (PSSI) can significantly affect the seismic performance of structures. The
pile-soil interaction during earthquake loading is one of the most important sources of nonlinearity of offshore
platforms.
Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is an emerging analysis method that offers thorough seismic demand and
capacity prediction capability. This involves performing a series of nonlinear time history analyses under a suite
of ground motion records by equally scaling both components of each record to several levels of intensity and
recording the structural response.
This paper presents an efficient method to specify the effect of Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SSPSI)
on structure through IDA method and shows suitable length to model offshore with equivalent dummy piles for
more accuracy. Three-dimensional finite element model of offshore, jacket with both equivalent dummy piles
(pile stub) and true piles considering soil-pile-structure interaction are subjected to Incremental Dynamic
Analysis and the results of both are compared in terms of IDA curves.
In this paper, a computer program for Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analyses of layered soil deposits
(NERA) is used for nonlinear response of soil layers. Modeling of structure of offshore with its pile is
performed with a FEM program (OpenSees) considering the effects of pile-soil-structure interaction using p-y
curves.
KEYWORDS:

Jacket Platform, Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction,

Euivalent Dummy Piles.

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years experimental and analytical investigations have been directed toward evaluating inelastic
behavior of jacket type offshore structures subjected to strong ground motions. [1] Earthquake design of
offshore platforms in seismic active areas is one of the most important parts in offshore platforms design.
Dynamic response of piles in offshore platforms is a function of the characteristics of the loading, dynamic
pile-soil interaction behavior and dynamic characteristics of the piles structural system. The SSPSI (Seismic
Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction) analysis is the main step in evaluation of seismic behavior of pile supported
offshore platforms. The pile-soil interaction problem during earthquake loading is one of the most important
sources of nonlinear dynamic response analysis of offshore platforms. [2] incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)
is a promising method that has recently risen which involves performing nonlinear dynamic analyses of the
structural model under a suite of ground motion records, each scaled to several intensity levels designed to
force the structure all the way from elasticity to final global dynamic instability [3]. Kimiaei.M et al. [2] has
analyzed nonlinear response of offshore piles under seismic loads. They used BNWF model for the modeling of
pile-soil interaction and finite element method for the modeling of jacket members in nonlinear range of
deformation. Asgarian.B & Ajami.A [4] have surveyed dynamic behavior of jacket type offshore platforms
through incremental dynamic analysis.
In this paper, the effect of considering Seismic Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (SSPSI) on structure nonlinear
seismic response was investigated by comparing with equivalent dummy piles model. For this purpose analysis
of an existing sample offshore platform in Persian Gulf with Soil-Pile-structure interaction and equivalent
dummy piles subjected to strong ground motions has been performed and the results in terms of peak interstory
drift ratio of platform in IDA curves have been presented. This model has been developed using OPEN System
for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OPENSEES) [5] software. In order to analyze the variations in soil
layers response against earthquake, "NERA" software [6] is used. In this software the nonlinear strain-stress
behavior has been modeled and the relative displacements (or accelerations) in each sublayer have been
calculated. [7]
2. INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
The Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) [8], is a computer intensive procedure that offers thorough (demand
and capacity) prediction capability by using a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses under suitably
multiply-scaled ground motion records. It can estimate accurately the seismic performance of structures.
Applying IDA to determine the performance of a structure requires several steps. First, a proper nonlinear
structural model needs to be formed, and a suite of records must be compiled. Then, for each record, the scaling
levels must be selected, the dynamic analyses run and the results post processed. Thus, IDA curves of the
structural response can be generated, as measured by a Damage Measure (DM, e.g., peak roof drift ratio roof or
max), versus the ground motion intensity level, measured by an Intensity Measure (IM, e.g., peak ground
acceleration, PGA, or the 5%-damped first-mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)). In turn these are interpolated
for each record and summarized over all records to estimate the distribution of demand DM given intensity IM.
3. PILE-SOIL INTERACTION ANALYSIS USING BNWF
BNWF models used to analyze the dynamic response of piles should allow for the variation of soil properties
with depth, nonlinear soil behavior, nonlinear behavior of pile-soil interfaces and energy dissipation through
radiation and hysteretic damping. Special attention must be given to the evaluation of the free-field excitation.
The computed ground motion at different levels within the soil is then applied to the nodal boundary supports
representing the support motions [2]. Figure 1 shows the general view of a BNWF model and its main
components in dynamic nonlinear response analysis of piles. [9]
In the present study, the soil stiffness is established using the p-y curve (lateral soil resistance versus lateral soil
deflection) approach. The procedures for generating p-y curves proposed by Matlock et al [10], Reese et al [11]
and ONeil [12] are recommended by the American Petroleum Institute and are widely used in both research

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

and professional jobs (API-RP- 2a) [13]. Therefore in this study, the soil stiffness is modeled employing the
static p-y curves recommended by API.

Fig. 1. Characteristics of Nonlinear p-y Element:(a) Components; (b) Behavior of Component

Also the damping component of the soil resistance is represented by a dashpot whose coefficient is established
based on the Berger et al [14] model, i.e.,

CL = 4 B s

(1)

Where B = pile diameter, vs = soil shear wave velocity and =soil unit density.
4. FREE FIELD EXCITATIONS
Free field ground motion time histories are usually computed using common site response analysis techniques.
In site response analysis, the ground motion of the soil layer is calculated due to earthquake excitations applied
at bedrock. The results of such free field analysis (acceleration or displacement time history at different soil
layer) are then used as the input excitation at support nodes of the BNWF-Fiber Element model. [15]
In the present study the nonlinear stress-strain response of soil layers approximated by a nonlinear approach. In
the analyses, Iwan [16] and Morz [17] model is used on which the nonlinear and hysteretic stress-strain
behavior of soil is approximated by tangential shear modulus. A computer program NERA (Nonlinear
Earthquake site Response Analysis) developed by Bardet et al [6] is used for free field ground motion analysis.
The lowstrain shear modulus Gmax was calculated from the dimensionless form of the equations by Seed and
Idriss [18]:

m
G max
= 21.8K 2,max
Patm
Patm

for Sand

K 2, max = 65 m = (1 + 2 K 0 ) vc / 3 K 0 = 0.6 , Patm = atmospheric pressure

G max
= 380
cu

(2)

for Clay
(3)

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

5. MODEL AND GROUND MOTION RECORDS

Two structural models in this paper are 3D models and similar but one of them is with SSPSI and other is with
equivalent dummy piles (without SSPSI). The provided model is formed by an assembling of frame elements in
the nodes in general coordination system. This selected jacket type offshore has 141.7 m height. The platform is
a six-leg jacket type which is installed in a water depth of 47.6 m. The jacket is located between -47.6 m and
+7.25 m relative to L.A.T and the top side is located between +9 m and +24 m with three stories. In plan, the
jacket is rectangular, 36m by 36m that is shown in figure 2. The elevations of jacket are shown in figure 3.
The platform has a three-stories topside with total mass of about 10000 tons located in center of each story and
a four story jacket with total mass about 2000 tons located in main nodes of jacket. The platforms has different
geometries in x and y directions. To accommodate platform heavy topside installation using float-over system,
there are not any braces in sea water level bay in direction y and a portal action is formed in this direction.
The first natural period of platform is T1=3.03 sec. The members are modeled using a beam-column element.
All analyses were performed using OPENSEES.

Figure 2. The jacket in plan

Figure 3. Elevation of offshore

For the modeling of SSPSI model, some nodes are introduced on pile with the same coordinate of main layer
and sub-layer nodes. These two points have the same coordinates on the general coordinates. Based on the
conditions of the cave-in and break in interaction between soil and pile, the interactive elements are introduced
in the model. In this model, the relative movements of the nodes between pile and soil would be possible. In
clay soil a gap is formed in tension stress situation. So the interactive element in the model should separate the
node between pile and soil. For non-sticky soil, when the loading process is completed, the gap which is formed
due to the non-sticky material would be filled. In BNWF nonlinear model, apart from modeling the pile in
dynamic forces, the gapping and cave-in are modeled. For the modeling of structural steel, a bilinear
elasto-plastic model with kinematic and isotropic hardening materials is suitable. The selected model for this
study is an elasto-plastic model with strain hardening of 5 %.
For modeling of jacket, deck and pile members, the fiber elements have been used. By using this model, the
buckling behavior and post buckling behavior of the tubular braces can be controlled by adding geometric
stiffness [5]. As accuracy in P-delta analysis is suitable for the application in Earthquake engineering, it is used
for applying the effects of decreasing the stiffness and strength.
According to API (RP-2A) [13], in this essay, the mass used in the dynamic analysis consist of the mass of the
platform associated with gravity loading, the mass of the fluids enclosed with the structure and the

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

appurtenances, and the hydrodynamic added mass. The added mass may be estimated as the mass of the
displaced water for motion transverse to the longitudinal axis of the individual structural framing and
appurtenances. In computing the dynamic characteristics of braced, pile supported steel structures, viscous
damping ratios of 5% are used for an elastic analysis.
In the SSPSI model, for soil dynamic analysis, the soil characteristics, layers and selected record are introduced
in NERA. Then by using NERA, the time history of relative displacement at a selected sublayer is attained.
After the formation of model, the time history of relative displacement of soil (in NERA) in pile nodes is
applied and later the structure is analyzed by a nonlinear dynamic analysis [8].
The second model of jacket was created with above mentions and eliminating soil-pile-structure and modeling
pile with equivalent dummy piles (pile stub). The length of pile stub was considered 15 times of pile diameter.
A set of twenty ground motion records is selected as listed in Table 1, that belong to a bin of relatively large
magnitudes of 6.5 - 6.9 and moderate distances, all recorded on firm soil and bearing no marks of directivity.
Table 1. The suite of twenty ground motion records used.

6. PERFORMING THE ANALYSIS AND IDA CURVES

Once the model has been formed and the ground motion records have been selected, a way to perform the
actual nonlinear dynamic analyses required for IDA is needed. This entails appropriately scaling each record to
cover the entire range of structural response, from elasticity, to yielding, and finally global dynamic instability.
[3] To use a stepping [8] algorithm to trace the IDA curves of platform is chose. Analyses are performed at
increasing levels of IM at constant steps, until numerical non-convergence is encountered [4].
An IDA Curve set is a collection of IDA curves of the same structural model under different accelerograms that
are all parameterized on the same IMs and DM [8]. Figures 4 to 5 shows all twenty IDA curves in x and y
direction for two models.
By generating the IDA curve for each record a large amount of data can be gathered, only part. There, the IDA
curves display a wide range of behavior, showing large record-to-record variability, thus making it essential to
summarize such data and quantify the randomness introduced by the records. [4] They can be easily
summarized into some central value (e.g., the mean or the median) and a measure of dispersion (e.g., the
standard deviation, or the difference between two fractiles). Consequently, to calculate the 16%, 50% and 84%
fractile values of DM and IM capacity is chosen, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

(a)

First mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1, %5) g

First mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1, %5) g

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

(b)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.02

0.04

Maximum interstory drift ratio

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Maximum interstory drift ratio

Figure 4. All twenty IDA curves in X direction of Jacket platform

(a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction
1.4

1.6

First mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1, %5) g

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

(b)
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Maximum interstory drift ratio

Maximum interstory drift ratio

Figure 5. All twenty IDA curves in Y direction of Jacket platform

(a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.

(a)

"first-mode" spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)

"first-mode" spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)

First mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1, %5) g

(a)

7
16% IDA

6
5

50% IDA

4
84% IDA

3
2
1
0

(b)
7
6
16% IDA

50% IDA

4
84% IDA

3
2
1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Max. interstory drift ratio

0.12

0.14

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Max. interstory drift ratio

Figure 6. The summery of IDA curves in X direction of Jacket platform

(a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

1.4

(a)

"first-mode" spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)

"first-mode" spectral acceleration Sa(T1,5%)

1.4
16% IDA

1.2
50% IDA

84% IDA

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

(b)
1.2
1
16% IDA

0.8
50% IDA

0.6

84% IDA

0.4
0.2
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Max. interstory drift ratio

0.12

0.14

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Max. interstory drift ratio

Figure 7. The summery of IDA curves in Y direction of Jacket platform

(a) With considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction (b) without considering Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction.

7.CONCLUSION
SSPSI is a fundamental subject in evaluation of offshore platforms behavior. In order to the figures in each
direction before 0.06 drift ratio, behavior of the each models in both direction is almost similar. But after that
depended to frames and interstory stiffness, behavior of the models in each direction is different. As in X
direction that frames have more stiffness, flatline in model without SSPISI is upper than SSSPSI model. In this
direction the model without SSPSI has almost linear behavior.
In Y direction because of conditions of deck installation with float-over method and less frames stiffness,
flatline in model without SSPSI is lower than SSPSI model.
Difference of the model behavior with SSPSI and without SSPSI is depended to equivalent pile stiffness
(length), frames stiffness and interstories stiffness. So nonlinear behavior of pile and surrounding soil plays an
important role in actual behavior of a jacket in nonlinear range of deformation.
REFERENCES
[1] Asgarian A, Aghakouchack AA. (2004) Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Jacket Type Offshore Structures
Subjected to Earthquake Using Fiber Elements. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper No.
1726.
[2] Kimiaei M, Shayanfar MA, El Naggar MH, Aghakouchak AA. (2004) Nonlinear Response Analysis of
Offshore Piles Under Seismic Loads. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Paper No. 3056.
[3] Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. (2003) Applied incremental dynamic analysis. Earthquake Spectra.
[4] Asgarian B, Ajami A. (2006) Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior of Offshore Structures, Using Incremental
Dynamic Analysis", 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, USA.
[5] Mazzoni S, McKenna F, Fenves GL. (2006) OpenSees Command Language Manual.
[6] Bardet, JP, Tobita T. (2001) "NERA- a computer program for Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analysis
of Layered Soil Deposits." Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California..
[7] Asgarian B., Raziei A. (2007) Comparison of Incremental Dynamic and Pushover analysis of Jacket Type
Offshore Platforms. 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.
OMAE2007-29469.San Diego, California, USA.
[8] Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA. (2002) Incremental dynamic analysis. Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics; 31(3):491_514.
[9] Boulanger RW, Curras CJ, Kutter BL, Wilson DW, Abghari A. (1999) "Seismic soil pile structure
interaction experiments and analysis." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE,
125(9), 750-759.
[10] Matlok, H. (1970) Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. Proceeding of the 2nd

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Tx., Vol. 1, pp. 577- 588.

[11] Reese, L.C., and Welch, R.C. (1975) Lateral loading of deep foundations in stiff clay. Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 101(GT7), 633-649.
[12] ONeill, M. and Murchison, J. (1983) An evaluation of py relationships in sands. Report GTDF02-83,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Houston, May.
[13] American Petroleum Institute. (2000) Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing
fixed offshore platforms. API Recommended Practice 2A (RP-2A). 21st ed. American Petroleum Institute,
Washington, D.C.
[14] Berger, E., Mahin, S.A., and Pyke R. (1977) Simplified method for evaluating soil-pile-structure
interaction effects. Proceedings of the 9th offshore Technology Conference, OTC paper 2954, Huston, Texas,
589-598.
[15] Asgarian B., Roshandel Tavana MA. (2007) Bedrock Depth Effect Investigation in Seismic Response of
Offshore Platforms Considering Soil- Pile- Structure Interaction. 26th International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. OMAE2007-29470. San Diego, California, USA.
[16] Iwan, W.D. (1967) On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and composite systems.
Journal of Applied Mechanics, ASME, 34: 612-617.
[17] Mroz, Z. (1967) On the description of anistropic work hardening. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of
Solids, Vol. 15, pp. 163-175.
[18] Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970) Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis.
Report No. UCB/EERC-70/10, Earthquake Engineering Res. Ctr., University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

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Malaysia, Norway, Brazil and Australia.
Aker Solutions have engineering centres at key locations
worldwide, and manfacturing facilities in Moss and Tranby Norway, Curitiba and Rio das Ostras - Brazil, Port Klang Malaysia, Aberdeen - UK; Mobile, Alabama - US, and Batam Indonesia.
Our one-stop shop manufacturing centre is located in
Port Klang, Malaysia. This is the only manufacturing centre in
the world where control systems, subsea trees and manifolds
are manufactured, assembled and tested in the same location,
allowing site integration tests to be carried out on the complete
subsea production system. This capability allows unrivalled
access to a reliable schedule that is flexible to client
requirements.
A global network of service bases secures quality postdelivery operational support to our clients.

Reliance KG-D6
Aker Solutions
most complex
control systems
delivered on the fast
track KG-D6
project.

One stop shop for subsea

systems
Aker Solutions new subsea
manufacturing centre in
Malaysia is the first of its kind
in the world.

Subsea
Control processing
systems
and boosting

Control systems
equipment

Control systems

Monolock subsea control module iCon (SCM)

Highly configurable, single point locking (monolock) SCM
provides advanced multiplex electro-hydraulic functions to
control and monitor subsea control systems.
Dimensions 1970mm x 860mm
Qualified for 3048m water depth
Up to 379bar LP and 1035bar HP hydraulic design pressure
rating

Supports Tronic DigiTRON or Ocean Design inc. Nautilus

electrical/optical connectors
Supports low force subsea components or national
coupling inc. hydraulic couplings

Twinlock SCM
Highly configurable, small and lightweight SCM provides advanced
multiplex electro-hydraulic functions to control and monitor the
subsea control systems.
Dimensions 1155mm x 1120mm x 915mm
Qualified for 2000m water depth
Up to 379bar LP and 759bar HP hydraulic design pressure rating
Supports Tronic DigiTRON or Ocean Design inc. Nautilus
electrical/optical connectors

Supports low force subsea components or national

coupling inc. hydraulic couplings

Subsea electronic module iCon (SEM)

This highly configurable, compact, low power electronics module
provides advanced control and monitoring of subsea control systems.
Dimensions 659mm x 180mm x 180mm
Qualified for 3048m water depth
Operating voltage 250 500vac
Dual redundant power and signal supply (electrical and optical
options)
Communications options available (various protocol and speed
options), with application software downloadable from surface
IWIS (intelligent well interface standardisation) compliant options
Remote power controller SEM (iConRPC) option is designed to
distribute power from a single supply to a number of subsea control
modules.

10

Control systems

Topside solutions

11

Control systems

under the sea

Subsea control unit iCon (SCU)

This configurable and modular subsea control unit provides a
standard communications interface and facilitates control and
monitoring of the subsea environment.
High availability and hot swap capability
Issue valve commands and retrieval of hydraulic function/
process data
Data hand-off to platform control system
Supports maintenance interfaces to third party device PCs
Valve closure sequences and interlocks
Dual PLC for ESD/PSD input trips

Hydraulic Power Units (HPU)

The HPU provides LP and HP hydraulic supplies to the subsea
distribution system. The enclosure is constructed of 316 stainless
steel and designed in accordance with IP56 level of protection.
Local control gauge panel for hydraulic fluid pressure indication
and pump control functions
Internal accumulation and fluid reservoir
Integrated onboard PLC, monitored by the SCU
Designed to be operated in a zone 2, gas group IIB,
temperature class T3, hazardous area

Electrical Power Units (EPU)

The EPU provides a controlled, monitored,
electrically isolated and stable dual redundant
power supply to the power distribution
networks of the subsea control system.
Modular design within industry standard
cabinet
Each channel has voltage, current and line
insulation monitoring (LIM)
Local current/voltage analogue and alarm
indicators
Outputs for remote alarm/trip indication

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Subsea processing and boosting

Contact Aker Solutions:

Headquarters
Snaryveien 36, 1364 Fornebu
P.O. Box 94, 1325 Lysaker
Norway
Tel: +47 67 82 60 00
Fax: +47 67 82 64 00

North America
3600 Briarpark drive, Houston
Texas 77042
USA
Tel: +1 713 685 5700
Fax: +1 713 685 5707

Asia Pacific
Level 20, Menara HLA No. 3
Jalan Kia Peng 50450 Kuala Lumpar
Malaysia
Tel: +6 (0) 3 2381 8388
Fax: +6 (0) 3 2381 3560

United Kingdom
Howe Moss Ave.
Kirkhill Industrial Estate, Dyce
Aberdeen AB21 0NA
UK
Tel: +44 (0)1224 255 000
Fax: +44 (0)1224 255 100

South America
Rua da Ajuda, 35-21 andar, Centro
Rio de Janeiro - RJ CEP 20.040-915
Brazil
Tel: +55 (21) 2122 44 01
Fax: +55 (21) 2122 44 02

Australia
4-6 Anderson Place
Perth Airport,
Western Australia 6105
Tel: +61 (0)8 9262 9300

2008 Aker Solutions

All rights reserved. Photo by Pl Laukli
www.akersolutions.com/subsea

Africa
SONILS OSC
Rua 6 - I.L., Boavista, Luanda
Angola
Tel: +47 51 88 87 00
Fax: +47 67 82 64 00

August 2008