AML710 CAD

LECTURE 16

SURFACES

1. Analytical Surfaces
2. Synthetic Surfaces

Surface Representation
From CAD/CAM point of view surfaces are as
important as curves and solids. We need to have
an idea of curves for surface creation. In the same
way surfaces form the boundaries of the solids.
Types
Analytical surfaces
Eg. Plane surfaces, sphere, ellipsoid
Synthetic surfaces
Eg. Bicubic surface, Bezier surface
Application
Modeling parts in CAD/CAM, representation of
data surfaces like isothermal planes, stress
surfaces/contours

Definition
A Jordan surface is defined by a
parametrization that establishes a
homomorphism with the surface of a unit
sphere.
A hole-free 2-manifold is called a hole-free
surface. This is a topological definition of a
surface.
A surface is either a hole-free surface or a
surface with frontiers. A simple hole-free
surface is homomorphic to a sphere i.e a
Jordon surface.

Surface Representation
It is just an extension of representation of curves.
We can represent a surface as a series of grid points
inside its bounding curves.
Surfaces can be in two-dimensional space (planar)
or in three-dimensional space (general surfaces).
Surface can be described using non-parametric or
parametric equations
Surfaces can be represented by equations to pass
through all the data points (fitting) or have patches
of them connected at the data points
(approximations)

NON-PARAMETRIC REPRESENTAION
In general a surface or surface patch is represented
analytically by an equation of the form

P ( x, y , z ) = [ x

z] = [ x

f ( x, y )]

Where P is the position vector. The natural choice for

f(x,y) is a polynomial. Thus for analytical
representation of surfaces we can use equations of
y
type
p

z = f ( x, y ) =

m = 0 n =0

amn x m y n

P(x,y,z)

PARAMETRIC REPRESENTAION
In parametric surfaces a vector valued function
P(u,v) of two variables is used as follows:

P (u, v ) = [ x

z ] = [ x (u, v)

y (u, v) z (u , v)]

umin u umax ; vmin v vmax

A surface may be one patch or constructed using
several patches. All complex surfaces
are
y
represented using many patches
v

P(u,v)

v
u
Parametric space

Cartesian space

ANALYTICAL SURFACES IN PARAMETRIC FORM

1.Surface of Revolution
l

y
l

x
x

r
Revolving a line
Cylindrical surface

ANALYTICAL SURFACES IN PARAMETRIC FORM

1.Surface of Revolution
y
y

x
z

x
z
Line perpendicular to x-axis
y

Revolving a line
that make an
angle
to x-axis

Revolving a closed polygon

Surface of Revolution
The plane curve

P (t ) = [ x (t )

y (t ) ]

The Biparametric surface of revolution

Q(t , ) = [x(t )

y (t ) cos

y (t ) sin ]

Note that Q(t,) is a vector valued function

Q(t , ) = x(t )i + y (t ) cos j + y (t ) sin k

Surface of Revolution
Sphere

x = r cos ; y = r sin 0

The equation of the surface

Q( , ) = [x( ) y ( ) cos y ( ) sin ]
0 ; 0 2
= [r cos r sin cos r sin sin ]
Here is called the latitude angle and longitude angle

Surface of Revolution
Ellipsoid

x = a cos ; y = b sin 0

The equation of the surface

Q( , ) = [a cos

OR

b sin cos b sin sin ]

0 ; 0 2
Q( , ) = [b sin sin b sin cos a cos ]
0 ; 0 2

Surface of Revolution
Torus: When the axis of rotation does not pass through the
centre of the circle or ellipse we get a torus

x = h + a cos ; y = k + b sin 0 2
y

x
z

Where h,k
are the
coordinates
of the centre
of the torus

The equation of the surface

Q( , ) = [h + a cos ( k + b sin ) cos ( k + b sin ) sin ]
0 2 ; 0 2

Surface of Revolution
Paraboloid

x = a 2 ; y = 2a

0 max

The equation of the surface

Q( , ) = a 2

2a cos

2a sin

0 max ; 0 2

Surface of Revolution
Hyperboloid

x = a sec ; y = tan
y

0 max

The equation of the surface

Q( , ) = [a sec

b tan cos b tan sin ]

0 max ; 0 2

Surface of Revolution
Any Space curve
In general any space curve can be used to generate
a surface of revolution

P (t ) = [T ][ N ][G ]

[T] Parameter vector

[N]- Blending function matrix (normalised)
[G]-Geometry information matrix
Now surface of revolution is defined as

Q(t , ) = [T ][ N ][G ][ S ]
1
[S x ] =

0 cos sin
0
0
0

0
0

t min t t max ; 0 2

Sweep Surface
A 3D surface also can be obtained by traversing a
geometrical entity like a line, polygon or curve along a path
in space
Recall the equation of a line

P(t ) = P1 + ( P2 P1 )t

t min t t max

Q (t , s ) = [ P (t )][T ( s )]

0 t 1

1 0

0 1
[T ( s )] =
0 0

0
1

0
0

s1 s s2

0 0 ns 1

If the line of length n is parallel to z-axis

If the sweep transformation contains only translation and scaling the
resulting surface is planar
If it includes rotations also with translations then a non-planar surface
results

Sweep Surface
We may use any other parametric curve like cubic
spline, Bezier, B-spline curve can be used which is
denoted as P(t) in the sweep surface below:

Q (t , s ) = [ P (t )][T ( s )]
0 t 1
t min t t max ; s1 s s2
[T ( s )] =

1 0

0 1
0 0

0
1

0
0

0 0 ns 1
If the curve on z=0 plane is swept along z by n units
One needs to take the curve in such a way to avoid surface degeneracies in
full or in part.

Sweep Surface
In addition to open curves, closed curves and
polygons can be used to create sweep surfaces
Such surfaces enclose finite volume (with end caps)
A square or rectangle swept along a straight path
results in parallelepiped
A triangle swept along straight path yields wedge
A circle along a straight path results in cylinder
A circle of decreasing radius
cone
Rotation along with sweep can be combined to give a
twist to the generated surface.

Lofted Surface

P1 (u ) = [cos 2 u sin 2 u 0];

P2 (u ) = [2 cos 2 u 2 sin 2 u 4]

0 u 1

%Lofted Surface
[u,w]=meshgrid(0:.05:6.3);
qx=(1+w).*cos(2*pi*u);
qy=(1+w).*sin(2*pi*u);
qz=4*w;
surfc(qx,qy,qz);

Q(u, v) = (1 v) P1 (u ) + vP2 (u )

0 v 1

Equivalence of Surfaces

Two surfaces S1 and S2 are equivalent if S1 can be mapped onto S2

by a continuous mapping without tearing and duplication and S2
can be similarly be mapped onto S1.
This notion of equivalence is somewhat like the notion of a
homeomorphism that is, an invertible map, f : S1
S2, such that
both f and its inverse, f1, are continuous.

From Gallier and Xu

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Classification of Surfaces
Orientable and Non-orientable surfaces
In general, an orientable surface with g holes (a
surface of genus g) can be opened up using 2g
cuts and can be represented by a regular 4g-gon
with edges pairwise identified, where the
boundary of this 4g-gon is of the form

a1b1a11b11a2b2 a21b21

a g bg a g1bg1

a-1

Triangulation of Surfaces
Triangulation (tiling) and Orientability
Definition by P. S. Aleksandrov (1956): A
triangulation surface is orientable iff it is
possible to orient all of the triangles in such a
way that every two triangles that have common
side are coherently oriented, otherwise it is
called nonorientable.
If Z1 and Z2 are triangulations of the same
surface, Z1 is orientable iff Z2 is orientable.

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