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CHAPTER 2:
BONDING AND PROPERTIES
2
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What promotes bonding?
What types of bonds are there?
What properties are inferred
from bonding?
Atomic Structure
atom
Atomic Structure
4
Electronic Structure
5
properties.
This means that electrons are in orbitals defined by a
probability.
Each orbital at discrete energy level determined by
quantum numbers.
Quantum #
Designation
K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,, n -1)
1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)
ms = spin
, -
Electron Configurations
Quantum Numbers
numbers
this allows Bohr energy levels to be separated into electron subshells,
described by quantum numbers.
N-shell n = 4
3d
4s
Energy
3p
3s
M-shell n = 3
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
1s
K-shell n = 1
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
8
Atomic #
1
2
3
4
5
6
Electron configuration
1s 1
1s 2
(stable)
1s 2 2s 1
1s 2 2s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
...
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
...
10
11
12
13
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6
(stable)
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
...
Argon
...
Krypton
18
...
36
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
(stable)
...
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)
Electron Configuration
Energy Level Diagram
Electron Configurations
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Electronic Configurations
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N-shell n = 4 valence
electrons
4s
Energy
3p
3s
M-shell n = 3
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
1s
K-shell n = 1
1s22s22p63s2
Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1
Ge: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2
valence = 2
valence = 3
valence = 4
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accept 2e
accept 1e
inert gases
give up 1e
give up 2e
give up 3e
He
Li Be
F Ne
Na Mg
Cl Ar
K Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Se Br Kr
Te
Xe
Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.
Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions.
Electronegativity
14
Smaller electronegativity
Larger electronegativity
Electronegativity
Give up valence electrons
15
Metals
Have few electrons in
outer shells, usually
three or less
Form cations by losing
electrons
Have low
electronegativities
Nonmetals
Have four or more
electrons in outer shells
Form anions by gaining
electrons
Have high
electronegativities
nonmetal
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donates
electrons
accepts
electrons
Dissimilar electronegativities
ex: MgO
Ionic Bonding
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Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
Na (cation)
stable
+
Coulombic
Attraction
Cl (anion)
stable
Give up electrons
20
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl
Acquire electrons
Covalent Bonding
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C: has 4 valence
needs 4 more
CH 4
H
H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms
Primary Bonding
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(X A X B )2
% ionic character = 1 e
4
x (100%)
Ex: MgO
XMg = 1.3
XO = 3.5
(3.5 1.3 )2
4
% ionic character 1 e
ex: liquid H 2
H2
H2
asymmetric electron
clouds
H H
H H
secondary
bonding
secondary
bonding
H Cl
secondary
bonding
secondary
bonding
H Cl
-ex: polymer
secondary bonding
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Summary: Bonding
Comments
Type
Bond Energy
Ionic
Large!
Nondirectional (ceramics)
Covalent
Variable
large-Diamond
small-Bismuth
Directional
(semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)
Metallic
Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury
Nondirectional (metals)
Secondary
smallest
Directional
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
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Metals
(Metallic bonding):
Polymers
(Covalent & Secondary):
Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
small E
large a
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