TRANSPORTATION

&
ENVIRONMENT

TRANSPORT DEMAND

TRANSPORT SUPPLY

TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
TRAFFIC

LAW

INTERACTION AMONG SUBSYSTEMS WILL RESULT

IN IMPACT

FAVORABLE IMPACT
SIDE PRODUCT
ADVERSE IMPACT
(UNDESIRABLE)

INTERACTION AMONG SUBSYSTEMS WILL CAUSE CHANGES IN

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ITSELF

Changes in
transportation systems
generate two types of
impact

Impact on the natural environment

Impact on the artificial environment

Characterized by: Land use change and land use development

Example:
increased accessibility at a location can affect activities such as
settlements, industrial, commercial centers and other

IMPACT ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

FOUR TYPES OF PHYSICAL

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
TRANSPORTATION FACILITY
OPERATION

Noise
Energy consumption
and air pollution
Groundwater pollution
Vibration

NOTEWORTHY
ELEMENTS

Source of noise
Noise receiver
Affected areas

 Noise levels are weighted in decibel (db)

The level of noise generated by a means of transport depends
on:

1. Volume of traffic
2. Vehicle Speed
3. Composition of vehicles

HIGHWAY
TRAFFIC

4. Distance between noise source and receiver

5. Use of continuous rail
6. Rail and wheel maintenance

RAIL ROAD
TRAFFIC

7. Route

8. Takeoff gross weight

9. Runoff distance

AIR
TRAFFIC

AIR POLLUTION
Types of gas emissions from transportation activities:
1. Carbon monoxide

Vehicle speed increases

2. Hydrocarbon
3. Nitrogen oxides

Vehicle speed increases

HOW TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION?

Basic difference between air pollution & noise:
The impact of air pollution is longer than noise

Noise appears only for a moment and does not accumulate with
increasing time

Air Pollution Cost ($/vehicle-km)

Vehicle Class

CO2

HC

CO

NOx

SO2

Urban

0,06 - 0,13

7,20

12

0,60 - 8,40

0,01 - 0,36

Rural

0,06 - 0,13

3,60

0,05 - 0,06

0,0003

Speed vs Emission
Speed
(km/hour)
10
20
6025
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85

CO
1,201
1,206
2,171
1,085
1,381
1,143
1,52
1,053
1,313
1,35
0,922
0,971
0,088
2,025
0,972

Emission (gram/km)
NOx
SO2
0,216
0,005
0,16
0,005
0,197
0,005
0,15
0,003
0,149
0,003
0,154
0,002
0,173
0,007
0,158
0,001
0,141
0,00
0,164
0,003
0,113
0,003
0,151
0,00
0,032
0,00
0,323
0,00
0,14
0,00

VIBRATION
Vibration caused by
transportation activities
can occur due to the
operation of:
1.

Heavy vehicle on
the
highway
(especially on the
primary
arterial
road)

2.

Underground
railway

HOW TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF VIBRATION DUE TO TRANSPORTATION?

Arrange the location of residential areas, laboratory

and educational area to major arterial roads

Traffic restrain
The use of pavement material that able to reduce
vibration

INTENSITY OF ENERGY
80
Energi (unit/psgr-mile)

Energi (unit/psgr-mile)

Load Factor (psgr-veh)

60

40

20

0
Mobil
Truk
Sepeda
Bus kota
Bus antar Bus sekolah
pribadi
motor
kota
Energy intensities of transportation modes in
the
US,
1990
Load Factor (psgr-veh)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book, 1993

Pesawat

KA komuter

KA antar
kota

TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE

TRAFFIC IMPACT vs RESIDENTIAL DISTANCE

TRANSPORTATION IMPACT TO LAND USE

POSITIVE IMPACT:
Increase the accessibility of a region
Development of new land use
increase in land values in the surrounding area of road
construction

NEGATIVE IMPACT:
Due to the operation of new roads / changes in the function of
the road, local residents and certain activities become
disrupted