Chapter 11 - Fluids

Fluids flow conform to shape of container

liquids OR gas

Mass: mass density, Forces: Pressure

Statics:
pressure, buoyant force

Dynamics: motion
speed, energy
friction: viscosity

Human body 50-75% water, live in a fluid (air)

Density

Defined as:

M
=
V

Or:

M = V

Typical densities:
Solids:
Lead=11 300 kg/m3
Iron=7 860 kg/m3
Liquids:
Mercury=13 600 kg/m3
water=1000 kg/m3
Oil=700-800 kg/m3
Gases:
air=1.29 kg/m3

Specific gravity = / water at 4C

water at 4C = 1.0 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3

Specific gravity has no units

Pressure

Fluid pressure arises from molecules of fluid

colliding with:
Walls of container
Objects in gas or liquid

If no molecules, pressure is zero (e.g. in vacuum of

space)
Pressure = (Mag Force) / Area (P = F/A) (a scalar)
units: SI: Pascals (N/m2). Other units: atm, lb/in2 (psi)
1atm = 1.013x105 Pa = 14.7 lb/in2 = 1.013 bar
In equilibrium, Force perpendicular to the surface.

Thumbtack, pop bottle, spheres

As you travel up a mountain, your ears pop. The figure below

is a pitiful attempt to show the ear drum (in red). As you travel
up a mountain, what will the ear drum do between 'pops'?
(1) Bow towards the middle ear
(2) Hold its shape
(3) Bow towards the outside

Pressure outside decreases.

Two pistons each have the same in the fluid just beneath
them, and each fluid is at the same pressure just below
the piston. Piston B has four times the surface area as
piston A. Which piston can support the most weight?
(consider the piston itself as part of the weight supported)

(1) Piston A
(2) Piston B
(3) Both the
same

F=P*A: Same pressure, larger area, larger force

Reminders

Watch out for the final sprint!

RQ#10,11 due Monday 07/16 10am

RQ#12,13 due Tuesday 07/17 10am

HW#7 due Sunday 7/15, 11:59pm

HW#8 due Mon 7/16, 11:59pm
HW#9 due Tue 7/17, 11:59pm

FINAL EXAM: Next Thursday (07/19).

Topics:
Intro (Chapter 1)
1D and 2D Kinematics (Chapters 2 and 3).
Newton s Law and Forces (Chapter 4)
Torques and equilibrium (Chapters 9, secs 1-3),
Uniform Circular motion (chapter 5)
Work and Energy (chapter 6)
Momentum (Chapter 7)
Fluids (Chapter 11) (today and Monday)
Rotational Kinematics and Dynamics (Chapter 8) (Tuesday)
(including Lab-related material).

A container is filled with oil and fitted on both ends with

pistons. The are of the left piston is 10mm2. The area of the
right piston is 10,000mm2. What force must be exerted on the
left piston to keep the 10,000-N car on the right at the same
height?
(1) 10N
(2) 100N
(3) 10,000N
(4) 106N
(5) 108N
P = F1/A1 = F2/A2
F1 = (A1/A2) F2
F1 = (10 mm2 / 10,000 mm2) * 10,000N

Pressure as Function of Depth

Static Fluid
(Fluid at rest)
P2A = P1A + mg

P2 = P1 + gh

Densities vary from

fluid to fluid.
water=1000 kg/m3
air=1.3 kg/m3

Deepest Fish
Deepest fish ever sighted was on the floor of the
Mariana's trench at 11,500m depth. What is the
pressure here?
P = P0
+
gh
= 1.013 x 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m3) (9.8m/s2)
(11,500m)
= 1.013 x 105 Pa + 1.127 x 108 Pa
= 1.128 x 108 Pa
What would be the inward force on a 20cm diameter
circular window on a sub?
F = P*A = 1.128x108 Pa * (0.10)2
= 3.54 x 106 N
( 8x105 lbs or 400 tons)

Consider the four points in the lake. The points are all at
the same depth below the surface, but the depth of the
bottom of the lake underneath the points varies. At which
point is the pressure the greatest?

(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
(5) All the
same
Pressure only depends on depth of point where pressure is measured.

Two beakers are filled with fluid. One is filled with water. The
other is filled with a mixture of oil (specific gravity 0.8) and
water to the same level. Which beaker has the greatest
pressure at the bottom of the beaker.
(1) The Water beaker
(2) The Oil and Water beaker
(3) Both the same
Pressure at depth where oil and water meet is lower in the oil and
water mixture (oil less dense).
Increase in pressure from this level is same, since water in both
columns.

Measuring Pressure
P = Force/Area
Absolute Pressure, P
Gauge Pressure = P Po

Manometer
P

Po

Po = Atmospheric Pressure
= 1.01 x 105 Pa = 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg
Barometer
P=0

P = Po + gh

Po

Blood Pressure

Same level as the heart

P2 > P1 standing

120 mm of Mercury/80mm of Mercury

Systolic (peak)/Diastolic (bottom)
Gauge pressure (relative to atmosphere)

Archimedes Principle - Buoyancy

Difference in pressure
Any time in fluid, buoyant force
upwards
What determines force?
FB = weight of fluid displaced
FB = FLUID g VFLUID DISPLACED

Archimedes principle
An immersed body is buoyed up by a force equal
to the weight of the fluid it displaces

Flotation
If an object floats buoyant force is equal to
its weight
its density < that of fluids

Floating versus Completely Submerged

Floating:
FB = W

VDISPLACED< VOBJECT

Completely Submerged (it sinks!)

VDISPLACED=VOBJECT
FB = g VOBJECT

OBJ < FLUID

OBJ > FLUID

Example: If ice has a density of 920 kg/m3, what percentage of

an iceberg sticks out above the waterline?

About 8% (92% under water)

Flotation denser fluid

We will float easier in denser fluids Dead Sea float!

Why? Salt water is more dense.
water=1000 kg/m3
Dead Sea Water=1170 kg/m3

Consider two identical glasses. One contains water. One

contains a combination of ice and water. The water level is the
same in both glasses. Which weighs more?
(1) The glass without ice cubes
(2) The glass with ice cubes
(3) The two weigh the same

Ice less dense, but occupies more volume.

Each cube displaces the weight of the cube in water.
Think of the following: two beakers filled to the edge with
water. Add an ice cube. The weight of the fluid lost over the
edge equals the weight of the ice cube.

Fluids in Motion

Ideal Fluid:
incompressible: density constant
nonviscous: no friction between
layers
Flow:
Steady: v doesn't change at point
Unsteady: v changes magnitude
Turbulent: v erratic

Equation of Continuity
m = Vol
m = (A vt)
m/t = A v = mass flow rate

Equation of continuity:
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2
If incompressible fluid:
Q = A1 v1 = A2 v2
Q: Volume flow rate

Example:
Block off the end of a
hose: Less A, higher v

An incompressible fluid is flowing through a pipe. At

which point is the fluid traveling the fastest?

(6) All points have the same speed

Smallest cross-sectional area, highest speed

Bernoulli's Equation
What if the fluid is
moving and
changes height?
Need to consider
change in
gravitational PE!

WNC =
KE +
Pressure.A (1/2)mv2

PE
mgh

For two points in incompressible, nonviscous fluid

with steady flow:

P1 + (1/2)v12 + gy1 = P2 + (1/2)v22 + gy2

Careful! In many cases continuity determines speed!

An incompressible fluid flows through a pipe. Compare

the pressure at points 1 and 2.

(1) Greater at 1
(2) Greater at 2
(3) Both the same
(4) Not enough
information

P + (1/2) v2 + gh = constant
(1/2) v2 is larger (higher v due to smaller A)
gh is larger (higher)
Therefore

Consider a small, horizontal artery in which there is a

constriction due to plaque. This constriction reduces the
cross sectional area of the artery. The pressure in the
constricted region is _____ the pressure in the
unconstricted region.

1. greater than
2. less than
3. the same as
Continuity: greater speed in constriction
Bernoulli: greater speed, lower pressure
Vascular flutter: If pressure too low, can close, then open,
close, then open, .

I will attempt to levitate a beach ball using an air blower.

Under which scenarios will the beach ball levitate in a
stable state (it may bounce around a little, but it won't fall).

(1) A
(6) A and B

(2) B
(7) B and C

(3) C
(8) A and C

(4) None

(5) All

Gravity has to bring the ball back closer to the nozzle to keep the
speed of the air high enough.

Example:
Calculate the lift force of an airplane wing with a surface area
of 12.0m2. Assume the air above the wing is traveling at
70.0 m/s and the air below the wing is traveling at 60.0m/s.
Assume the density of the air to be constant at 1.29 kg/m3.
FLIFT = FUP - FDOWN
= PBELOW A PABOVE A
= (P) A
From Bernoulli, find (P) assuming y negligible.
PA + (1/2)vA2 + gyA = PB + (1/2) vB2 + gyB
(P) = PB PA = ((1/2)vA2 (1/2)vB2) + (gyA gyB)
(assume PE negligible if yA-yB = 10cm, only 1.26 Pa)
P = (1/2) (1.29)(702 602 ) = 838.5 Pa
FLIFT = (838.5Pa)(12m2) = 1.01 x104 N

The Water Tank

Water is leaving a tank at a
speed of 3.0 m/s. The tank
is open to air on the top.
What is the height of the
water level above the
spigot?
Assume the area of the tank
is much larger than the
area of the spigot.
P2+gh2=P1+gh1+(1/2) (v1)2
Since P1=P2
h2-h1=h = 0.459m
What would happen if the tank were
closed at the top and filled to the top?

Chapter 11

M
=
V
P = F/A

m/t = A v = mass flow rate

1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2
Q = A1 v1 = A2 v2

FB = weight of fluid displaced

= FLUID g VFLUID DISPLACED

P1 + (1/2)v12 + gy1 = P2 + (1/2)v22 + gy2

R 4 ( P2 P1 )
Q=
8L

PATMOSPHERE = 1.013x105 Pa