Brief Contents

Preface xvi

PART

PART

PART

PART

vi

The Practice of Public

Speaking

Adapt for Speaking

Success 2

2
3

Manage Speech Anxiety 14

Speak Ethically 37

Practice and Promote

Effective Listening 25

Getting Started with

Your Speech

Know and Adapt

to Your Audience 50

Determine Your Purposes

and Select a Topic 69

Supporting Your Speech

Locate Supporting
Materials 84

Evaluate Supporting
Materials 104

Cite Sources in
Your Speech 120

Organizing and Developing

Your Speech

10
11

Outline Your Speech 136

Organize the Body of
Your Speech 152

PART

PART

12

Introduce and Conclude

Your Speech 167

13

Use Language Expertly 181

Forms of Speeches

14
15
16
17
18
19

Speak to Inform 206

Presenting Your
Speech

20

Choose and Rehearse a

Method of Delivery 336

21

Use Your Body and Voice

Effectively 353

22

Use Presentation Aids

Effectively 368

Speak to Persuade 228

Practice Persuasiveness 254
Speak in Small Groups 274
Speak on the Job 292
Speak on Special
Occasions 314

Appendix: Sample
Speeches 392
Glossary 401
Notes 409
Credits 416
Index 419

Brief Contents

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Contents
PART

The Practice of Public

Speaking

Note the professional benefits

Note the personal benefits

Desensitize yourself
Stay positive

Trace the History of Public Speaking 9

Acknowledge the Fear of Public
Speaking 9
Adapt to Anxiety Visualizing
Communication Success 10
Appreciate the Importance of Ethical
Speaking 11
Adapt to Ethics Deciding Where to Draw
the Line with Offensive Language 11
Prepare to Succeed Use This Handbook
to Build Your Public Speaking Ability 12
Exercises: Apply It Now 12

21

23

Exercises: Apply It Now 24

Practice and Promote Effective

Listening 25
Understand the Importance of Listening 26
Appreciate how often you listen

26

Distinguish hearing from listening

26

Acknowledge the difference between active

and passive listening

27

Describe the Listening Process 28

Hearing

28

Understanding

28

Remembering

28

Understand Why Public Speaking

Can Be Frightening 15

Interpreting
Evaluating

Speaking anxiety makes your mind go

22

Prepare to Succeed Manage Speech

Anxiety Effectively 23

Manage Speech Anxiety 14

Responding

29
29
29

Identify the Forms of Listening 30

15

Speaking anxiety makes you want to flee 15

Recognize Speech Anxiety as a Form

of Stress 16
Adapt to Ethics Maintaining an
Environment of Respect 17
Speaking anxiety affects the mind

21

Adapt to Technology Rehearsing

in Virtual Reality 22

Know the components of communication 6

blank

21

Visualize a successful performance

Understand Public Speaking as a Type

of Communication 5

19

Focus your nervous energy

Know the types of communication

Speaking anxiety affects behavior

Accept speaking anxiety as normal

Consider the Benefits of Public Speaking 3

3

18

Consider How to Use Stress to Your

Advantage 21

Adapt for Speaking Success 2

Note the educational benefits

Speaking anxiety affects the body

18

Practice appreciative listening

30

Practice informational listening

30

Adapt to Context Shifting Your

Listening Style 31
Practice critical listening

31

Practice empathic listening

32

Contents

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Avoid Barriers to Effective Listening

Avoid pseudolistening
Limit external noise

32

Adapt to Ethics Using Inclusive

Language 54

32

Appreciate listeners cultural values

33

Adapt to Culture Making Language

Culturally Accessible 33
Reduce internal noise

characteristics

Manage receiver apprehension

Consider the purpose of the audiences

34

attendance

34

61

Identify the audiences prior knowledge

61

Acknowledge listeners competing

Speak Ethically 37

demands

Prepare your speech ethically

38

Do formal research

Present your speech ethically

38

Administer a questionnaire or a poll

Establish your credibility

41
42

Deliberately misguiding listeners

Defaming others

Avoid Plagiarism

63

65

44

Find common ground

45

Adapt to Technology Using Online

Materials Responsibly 45
Prepare to Succeed Apply Ethical
Principles to Every Skill in This Course 47
Exercises: Apply It Now 47

Getting Started with

Your Speech

66

Prepare to Succeed Apply Audience

Analysis to a Successful Speech 66
Exercises: Apply It Now 67

Determine Your Purposes and

Select a Topic 69
Articulate the General Purpose of Your
Speech 70
Speak to inform

Know and Adapt to Your

Audience 50

70

Speak to persuade
Speak to entertain

51

Recognize listeners demographic traits

65

Adapt to Culture Giving Voice to

Dissenting Opinions 65

44

Know Who Your Listeners Are

Get your listeners attention

Use compelling evidence

Plagiarism comes in several forms

63

Choose your language

42

43

Plagiarism is a serious offense

Select an appropriate topic

LIVE WORK SPEAK Know Your

Audience 64

Confront Ethical Challenges 42

Fabricating evidence

62

63

Adapt to Your Audience 63

40

Adapt to Culture Building Credibility 41

Generate goodwill

62

Conduct casual observations

Earn and Keep Your Listeners Trust 40

PART

61

Consider Ways to Gather Audience

Information 62

Know What It Means to Speak

Ethically 38

viii

60

Be mindful of listeners time

Exercises: Apply It Now 35

60

Know the audience size

Prepare to Succeed Help Your Audience

Listen Better 35

59

Understand Your Listeners Situation 60

34

Minimize closed-mindedness

56

Determine listeners social

51

70
70

Adapt to Context Observing the

Boundaries of Your Assignment 71

Contents

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Speak to introduce

LIVE WORK SPEAK Conduct Supporting

Research 100
Create Effective Research Notes 101
Prepare to Succeed Find The Right
Supporting Materials for Your Needs 102

71

Speak to mark a special occasion

Brainstorm Potential Topics

Consider what you care about

See whats popular online

Choose a Specific Topic

71

72
73

73

Exercises: Apply It Now 103

74

Identify topics that are right for you

74

Identify topics that are right

for your audience

75

Distinguish Among Types of Sources

Identify topics that are right

for the occasion

Evaluate Supporting
Materials 104
Distinguish between primary and secondary

75

sources

Adapt to Anxiety Not Giving Up

on Finding a Good Topic 76
State Your Specific Purpose 76
Identify Your Thesis Statement 78
Prepare to Succeed Find the Best Topic
for You 81
Exercises: Apply It Now

105

Distinguish between scholarly and popular

sources

106

Adapt to Anxiety Facing the Dilemma of

I Cant Find Any Good Evidence! 107
Evaluate the Merits of Supporting
Material 108

81

Check the relevance

PART

Appraise the credibility

Supporting Your Speech

Locate Supporting Materials

109

Gauge the objectivity

109

Assess the accuracy

110

Consider the currency

84

108

110

Calculate the completeness

Assess the Forms of Support

You Need 85
Consider several forms of support

85

Match your claim to your evidence

86

Consult a general search engine

Use a research search engine

89

Quote or paraphrase evidence

91

Adapt to Technology Researching

Online: What About Wikipedia? 91
Take Advantage of Library
Resources 92
Conduct a Personal Observation 96
Do a Survey 97
97

Distribute a questionnaire

97

Refer to evidence in multiple ways

91

Conduct a website-specific search

111

Avoid the Confirmation Bias 111

Adapt to Ethics Dealing with Data That
Dont Quite Fit 114
LIVE WORK SPEAK Evaluate Supporting
Material 115
Incorporate Supporting Material
Effectively 116

Adapt to Context Choosing the Right

Evidence for Your Audience 88
Locate Supporting Materials Online 89

Perform an interview

116

116

Prepare to Succeed Become a Critical

Consumer of Research 117
Exercises: Apply It Now 118

Cite Sources in Your

Speech 120
Gather the Details Necessary to Cite
Your Sources 121
Deliver Verbal Footnotes 123
Contents

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Adapt to Ethics Using Material Without

Citing Sources Is Stealing 126
Use an Appropriate Style Manual to Create
a Bibliography 126
Adapt to Technology Using Citation
Management Software 127
Establish the Credibility of Your
Sources 129
Note your sources education

11

Articulate Your Main Points 153

Point out your sources affiliations

130
131

132

10

Understand the Benefits of Outlining 137

Identify the Components of an Outline 137
Follow the Guidelines for Creating an
Effective Preparation Outline 138
138

Adapt to Culture Being Sensitive to

Language as You Outline 139
140

Follow the rule of subordination

Observe the rule of division

141

Cite sources in your outline

141

140

Put everything in a proper outline

format

142

Draft a Preparation Outline 143

Adapt to Technology Applying the
Outlining Function in Microsoft Word 144
Create a Speaking Outline 147
Prepare to Succeed Craft a User-Friendly
Outline 150
Exercises: Apply It Now 151

157

158

Include nonverbal transitions

158

Understand the Options for Organizing

Your Speech Body 159
Adapt to Anxiety Keeping Perspective
When Organizing Your Speech 164
Prepare to Succeed Select the Right
Organizational Strategy 165

Outline Your Speech 136

Address one idea at a time

155

Incorporate signposts

Organizing and Developing

Your Speech

Write in complete sentences

155

Provide previews and summaries

Exercises: Apply It Now 133

Make your main points distinct

important

Prepare to Succeed Give Credit Where

Credit Is Due 133

PART

153

Adapt to Context Determining the

Importance of Your Points 155
Support Your Main Points
with Subpoints 156
Incorporate Effective Transitions 157

Explain your sources professional

reputations

Keep your main points related

Ensure that your main points are equally

130

Describe your sources experience

Organize the Body

of Your Speech 152

Exercises: Apply It Now 166

12

Introduce and Conclude

Your Speech 167
Capture Your Listeners Attention 168
Adapt to Ethics Going Too Far for
Attention 171
Build Your Credibility 172
Preview Your Main Points 173
LIVE WORK SPEAK Craft a Powerful
Introduction 174
Signal the End of Your Speech 175
Summarize Your Central Message 176
Create a Memorable Moment 176
Adapt to Technology Using Technology
to Create Memorable Moments 178
Prepare to Succeed Make Your
Introduction and Conclusion Work
Together 179
Exercises: Apply It Now 179

Contents

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13

Choose a Method of Informing 211

Use Language Expertly 181

Know Why Your Words Matter
Connect words to meaning

Speak to define

182

182

Connect words to culture

182

Connect words to ethics

184

Speak to explain

Create Clear and Credible Language

Select concrete language
Use the active voice

186

186

187

187

Make your message understandable

188

Aim for correct grammar

and word usage

189
192

Adapt to Culture Speaking Sensitively

About People with Disabilities 192
Attack ideas, not people

193

Beware of euphemistic language

194

Connect with Your Listeners 195

Adapt your speaking style

195

Incorporate personal pronouns

Make your speech distinctive

197

Add rhythm to your language

198

Exercises: Apply It Now 201

14

15

Speak to Persuade 228

Understand What It Means
to Persuade 229
Select a Type of Persuasive Speech 230
Persuade beliefs with propositions

197

Prepare to Succeed Make Your Speech

Personal 201

PART

215

Bring It All Together: An Informative

Speech 222
Exercises: Apply It Now 226

Speak Ethically and Civilly 191

Speak respectfully about others

214

Fit Your Method of Informing into an

Organizational Pattern 216
LIVE WORK SPEAK Choose a Method
of Informing 217
Rehearse Your Delivery 218
Adapt to Anxiety Slowing Your
Speaking Rate 220
Speak Ethically 221
Prepare to Succeed Maintain a Focus
on Informing 222

185

Choose speech-ready words

213

Speak to demonstrate

Adapt to Context Speaking Like Your

Listeners 185
Connect words to power

212

Speak to describe

Forms of Speeches

of fact

230

Persuade opinions with propositions

of value

231

Persuade actions with propositions

of policy

232

Adapt to Context Talking Values with

Different Audiences 232
Use more than one type of proposition
if necessary

233

Choose a Method of Persuading 233

Speak to Inform 206

Understand What It Means to
Inform 207
Select a Type of Informative Speech 208
Adapt to Technology Mining Online
Resources for Informative Speech
Topics 211

Appeal to character
Appeal to emotion
Appeal to reason

234
235

236

Appeal to human needs

Appeal to relevance

238

Appeal to personal gain

Appeal to harmony

237
239

240
Contents

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Use an Effective Organizational

Pattern 241
Use a refutational approach

241

Try the comparative advantage method 242

Bring It All Together: A Persuasive

Speech 248
Exercises: Apply It Now 252

Practice Persuasiveness 254

Maximize Your Credibility 255
Showcase your competence
Highlight your similarity

255
256

Identify the Parts of an Argument 257

Recognize the claim
Find the evidence

257

257

Spot the warrant

258

Consider Various Types of

Arguments 260
Argue by deduction
Argue by induction
Argue by analogy

260
261
262

Adapt to Ethics Cherry-Picking Evidence

for an Inductive Argument 263
263

Argue by authority

264

Avoid Logical Fallacies 264

Adapt to Your Audience 269
Prepare to Succeed Choose the Right
Argument for Your Situation 271
Adapt to Culture Considering Cultural
Influences in Persuasion 272
Exercises: Apply It Now 272

xii

are interdependent

275

275

Note the many functions of small

groups

275

Understand that people are socialized into

small groups in stages

277

Adapt to Technology Communicating

Successfully in Online Groups 277
Observe that small groups often interact
online

278

Distinguish Among the Styles of

Group Leadership 278
Recognize democratic leadership

278

Acknowledge autocratic leadership

Identify laissez-faire leadership

255

Enhance your attractiveness

Argue by cause

Recognize Small Group

Communication 275
Recognize that members of small groups

243

Rehearse Your Delivery 245

Practice Ethical Persuasive Speaking 246
Adapt to Ethics Coming Along
on a Guilt Trip 247
Prepare to Succeed Be Persuasive,
not Manipulative 248

16

Speak in Small Groups 274

Distinguish small groups by their size

Consider Monroes motivated

sequence

17

279

279

Appreciate the strengths of each

leadership style

280

Understand the Roles of Group

Membership 280
Respect task roles

281

Value relational roles

281

Avoid counterproductive roles

282

Explain the Processes of Group

Decision Making 282
Understand unanimous consensus
Investigate majority rule

282

283

Consider minority rule

283

Explore expert opinion

284

Appreciate authority rule

284

Recognize that decision-making

processes vary

284

Create a Group Presentation

Select an appropriate format
Craft your presentation

285
286

287

Rehearse and deliver your

presentation

287

Contents

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LIVE WORK SPEAK Plan a Group Oral

Report 288
Prepare to Succeed Avoid the Pitfalls
of Group Communication 289
Adapt to Anxiety Im Doing All
the Work! Responding to Social
Loafing 290
Exercises: Apply It Now 290

18

Prepare to Succeed Communicate

Ethically in the Workplace 312
Exercises: Apply It Now 312

19

Speak on Special
Occasions 314
Appreciate the Functions of a Special
Occasion Speech 315
Some speeches celebrate

Speak on the Job 292

Some speeches inspire

Deliver an Impressive Business

Presentation 293

Some speeches commemorate

Some speeches entertain

Determine your general purpose

Identify your audience

293
294

Adapt to Context Choosing an

Organizational Pattern for Your Sales
Proposal 295
295

Determine the function and type

Consider cultural factors

296

Create presentation aids

297

of speech

Rehearse, evaluate, and revise

297

298

Create and distribute an agenda

End on time

301
301

Learn to read your audience

301

Practice your delivery

Be ethical
302

Adapt to Anxiety Responding to Illegal

Questions in a Job Interview 305
Prepare to conduct a successful
306

Prepare for electronically mediated

interviews

326

Know the various forms of humor

Communicate Constructively in
an Employment Interview 302

interview

324

LIVE WORK SPEAK Prepare

a Toast 325
Incorporate Humor Effectively 326

299

Prepare to be interviewed successfully

321

321

Rehearse and revise your speech

299

Keep the conversation on-topic

320

Understand the tone of the event

Outline your presentation

Lead a Meeting Effectively 299

Communicate the purpose

320

Know your audience

Adapt to your communication channel

Begin on time

315

315

Understand the Types of Special Occasion

Speeches 316
Adapt to Technology Finding Special
Occasion Speeches Online 319
Articulate Your Priorities for a Special
Occasion Speech 319

293

Choose an organizational pattern

Do your homework

315

315

308

326

327

328

Adapt to Culture Accommodating

Cultural Preferences in Humor 329
Prepare to Succeed Adapt to the
Moment 330
Bring it All Together: An Introduction
Speech 330
Exercises: Apply It Now 333

Participate in a Performance Review 310

Receive a performance review
Deliver a performance review

310
311
Contents

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PART

20

21

Presenting
Your Speech

Focus on Your Personal Appearance 354

Monitor Your Facial Expressions
and Eye Contact 356

Choose and Rehearse a Method

of Delivery 336

Communicate with facial expressions

Distinguish Among Methods

of Delivery 337
Impromptu speaking
Scripted speaking

Keep an eye on eye contact

337

338

Memorized speaking

338

Move your body

Practice Speaking Impromptu 340

Dont panic

340

Draw from what has happened

340

Find your rate

Adapt your volume

Rehearse an Extemporaneous
Speech 342

Vary your pitch

Avoid sounding underprepared

Attend to articulation

345
346

349

349

Practice recovering from memory

350

Prepare to Succeed Learn to Think

on Your Feet 350
Exercises: Apply It Now 351

xiv

365

Exercises: Apply It Now 366

Adapt to Culture Modifying Eye

Contact 348
Memorize Your Presentation 349

failures

Focus on fluency

363
364

Prepare to Succeed Look and Sound

Confident, Even When Youre Nervous 366

345

Handle the manuscript properly

Polish your delivery

363

Practice pronunciation

343

LIVE WORK SPEAK Rehearse an

Extemporaneous Speech 344
Practice Speaking from a
Manuscript 345

Commit your text to memory

361

Keep Your Voice Clear and Fluent 363

342

Avoid sounding overprepared

Maintain sufficient eye contact

361

Adapt to Technology Making the

Microphone Your Ally 362

341

Avoid readers voice

359

Speak at an Appropriate Rate, Volume,

and Pitch 361

Adapt to Anxiety Avoiding Paralysis

Through Reframing 341
Be brief

358

Generate effective gestures

340

Think in threes

356

356

Adapt to Ethics Feigning Emotions

for Effect 357
Use Movement and Gestures
Deliberately 358

337

Extemporaneous speaking

Use Your Body and Voice

Effectively 353

22

Use Presentation Aids

Effectively 368
Understand the Benefits of Presentation
Aids 369
Presentation aids help you capture
attention

369

Presentation aids improve listeners

learning

369

Presentation aids generate emotion

369

Presentation aids assist with audience

recall

369

Contents

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Presentation aids facilitate communication

across cultures

369

Presentation aids help a speaker stay

organized

Focus on your message

370

Consider the context

Plan your timing

Be ethical and safe

Have a backup plan

375

Begin with a plan

376

Choose a template

376

Select slide layouts

376

388
388

375

389

Prepare to Succeed Make Your

Presentation Aids Work for You Rather
Than against You 390
APPENDIX: SAMPLE SPEECHES 392

380

GLOSSARY

401

NOTES 409

Rehearse your slide show

381

381

CREDITS 416
INDEX 419

Contents

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389

Exercises: Apply It Now 390

Place slides in order and select

Consider using Prezi

382

388

Practice with your presentation aids

Learn to Use Presentation Software

transitions

Concentrate on the visual presentation

373

Video and audio

382

Adapt to Culture Noting Cultural

Meanings for Color 386
Ensure the Success of Your Delivery 387

373

Graphic slides

382

Forget the bells and whistles

Identify the Types of Presentation

Aids 370
Adapt to Context Choosing the
Right Presentation Aids for the
Situation 372
Create Compelling Audiovisual
Aids 373
Text slides

Design Presentation Aids for Maximum

Impact 382

xv

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Public Speaking Matters

Skills for Life, Not Just for School
Public Speaking Matters provides the essential skills that todays
diverse student population needs and teaches them that adapting
to the situation is crucial to speaking success across all segments
of their lives. The Public Speaking Matters program provides a
revolutionary learning system that combines a continually adaptive experience with personalized learning resources.
In virtually all walks of life today, speaking effectively to groups, large and small,
is a fundamental life skill. College students increasingly find their academic and
professional success hinging on their proficiency in conveying messages to public audiences. Research demonstrates that public speaking skills greatly enhance
competence and credibility, two key predictors of success in a wide range of industries and professions, as well as effective engagement in personal and civic life.
With the rise of online communication, especially social media, most students are used to communicating information and sharing themselves regularly
in forums that are virtual, public, or both. However, many find the leap between
enacting those digital, often casual, interactions and speaking competently and
engagingly to a live audience to be a bigand dauntingone.
Public Speaking Matters provides the essential skills public speaking requires
to help todays students develop speaking confidence and bridge the gap:

Proficiency in finding, evaluating, and using research

Adeptness in speechcrafting

Listening-related skills and knowledge

Polished delivery skills

Proficiency with a variety of communication media

THE BEST SPEAKERS ARE ADAPTABLE SPEAKERS

Whatever the communication medium, audience characteristics, or speaking
occasion, students will learn that success as a public speaker depends on their
ability to adaptnot to change their messages to suit what they believe the audience wants to hear, but rather to adapt to the audience, to the occasion, and to the
situation at hand. An expert public speaker knows how to modify speech topics,
language, examples, level of detail, use of humor, sensory aids, volume, formality, and gesture size to adapt to the occasion. Adaptability is a key to success.

xvi

Preface

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