Practice Solutions

Summer 2006 - Calculus II
Mike Limarzi
Practice Problems Solutions
Section 10.2: #11, 13, 17, 29, 35, 36, 37, 42
11. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.
n + (1)n
.
n
Solution:
The sequence starts by increasing, but then begins to decrease. Therefore, it is not
monotone.
The sequence {an } is bounded by M = 2. The lub is
3
2
and the glb is 0.

(0.9)n .
Solution:
The sequence {an } is monotone decreasing.
The sequence an = (0.9)n is bounded by M = 1. The lub is .9 and the glb is 0.
4n
.
4n2 + 1
Solution:
The sequence {an } is monotone increasing.
The sequence {an } is bounded by M = 2. The lub is 2 the glb is
4 .
5

2n 1
.
2n
Solution:
The sequence {an } is monotone increasing.
The sequence {an } is bounded by M = 2. The lub is 1 and the glb is 12 .

1
1
k k+1
Solution:
The sequence {an } is bounded by M = 21 . The lub is
1
2
and the glb is 0.

cos n.
Solution:
Lets look at the first few terms:
a1 = cos = 1
a2 = cos 2 = 1
a3 = cos 3 = 1
So, the sequence starts by increasing, but then begins to decrease. Therefore, it is not
monotone.
To show the sequence is bounded, we must show there exists some M such that |an | M
for all n.
2
|an | = | cos n| 1
This is true since cos x is bounded by 1.
So, {an } is bounded by M = 2. The lub is 1 and the glb is -1.

ln n + 2
.
n+2
Solution:
The sequence {an } is bounded by M = 1. The lub is
42. Let M be a positive integer. Show that an =
1
3
ln 3 and the glb is 0.
Mn
decreases for n M .
n!
Solution:
To show the sequence decreases, we must show an > an+1 for all n M .
nM
n+1M
Multiply through by M n > 0:
M n (n + 1) > M n+1
Divide through by (n + 1)! > 0:
M n+1
Mn
>
n!
(n + 1)!
an > an+1
So, we have shown that {an } is decreasing when n M .
Section 10.3: #17, 20, 21, 24, 30

17. State whether the sequence converges, and, if it does, find the limit.
(2n + 1)2
.
(3n 1)2
Solution:
The sequence {an } converges to 49 .
n4 + 1
n4 + n + 6
Solution:
We look at this sequence as n approaches .
n4 + 1
n n4 + n + 6
lim
Multiply top and bottom by n4 to get:

lim
Since we know
1
np
1+
1
n4
1
n3
1+
6
n4
0 when p > 0, we get:

lim
1+
1+
1
n3
1
n4
6
n4
1
=1
1
So, the sequence converges to 1.
cos n
Solution:
The sequence {an } oscillates between 0 and 1. Thus, the sequence diverges.
r
1
4
n
Solution:
r
4
lim
1
n
Since 4 x is a continuous function for x < 4, and

the limit inside, to get:
r
1
lim 4
n
n
r
1
= 4 lim
n n
= 40=2
1
n
is bounded by 1, we can bring

1
1+
n
n/2
Solution:

lim
1
1+
n
We rewrite this as:

lim
1
1+
n
s
= lim
n/2
n !1/2
1
1+
n
n

Again, we know x is a continuous function for x > 0, and 1 + n1 > 0, we can bring the
limit inside, to get:
s

1 n
lim 1 +
=
n
n
We recognize the inside as e, so we get:
=
So, the sequence converges to
e.
Section 10.4: #6, 16, 20, 24, 25, 28, 31

6. State whether the sequence converges as n ; if it does, find the limit.
3n
4n
Solution:
3n
n 4n
lim
Using properties of exponents, we can group the top and the bottom to get:
n
3
lim
n 4
Since | 34 | < 1, we can use Proposition 10.4.2 to see that
n
3
=0
lim
n 4
So, this sequence converges to 0.
23n1
7n+2
Solution:
23n1
n 7n+2
lim
Simplifying, we get:
1 3 n
2 (2 )
n 49 7n
= lim
1 8n
n 98 7n
= lim

1 8 n
n 98 7
= lim
But, since | 87 | > 1, this sequence diverges.
n2 sin n
Solution:
Look at the first few terms:
a1 = 1 sin = 0
a2 = 4 sin 2 = 0
a3 = 9 sin 3 = 0
In fact, for every n, sin n = 0. So, this means that the sequence converges to 0.
n!
2n
Solution:
lim
n!
2n
Simplify:
lim
(n 1)!
2
= lim
1
(n 1)!
2
And, since (n 1)! , the sequence diverges.
5n+1
42n1
Solution:
The sequence converges to 0.
Z
1/n
dx
Solution:
Z
lim
n 1/n
dx
To solve this, we integrate:

1
lim 2 x
n
1/n
= lim 2 1 2 1/n
n
p
= lim 2 2 1/n
n
=22 0=2
nn
2n2
Solution:
Section 10.5: #13, 15, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35

13. Calculate the indicated limit.
lim
x + sin x
x sin x
Solution:
lim
x + sin x
1+
=
x sin x
1

ex + ex 2
x 1 cos 2x
lim
Solution:
ex + ex 2
1
=
x 1 cos 2x
2
lim
lim
n0+
x + sin x
Solution:
Verify that we can use LHopitals rule:
0
0
=
0
0 + sin 0
So, we apply LHopitals rule:

1 1/2
2x
lim
n0+ 1 x1/2
2
+ cos
x 12 x1/2
Cancelling out, we get:

lim
n0+
1
1
=
2
1 + cos x
So, the limit is 21 .

lim
cos x cos 3x
sin(x2 )
Solution:
lim
cos x cos 3x
=4
sin(x2 )
10
lim
n0
a+x
x
ax
Solution:
a a
0
=
0
0
lim
n0
1
2 (a
+ x)1/2 + 21 (a x)1/2
1
Letting x 0, we get:
1 1/2
2a
+ 12 a1/2
1
a1/2
1
=
1
a
1
So, this limit is .
a
34. Find the limit of the sequence.

lim
ln(1 1/n)
sin(1/n)
Solution:
ln(1 0)
0
=
sin(0)
0
lim
1/n2
11/n
cos(1/n) (1) n12
11
Cancelling, we get:
lim
Let n :
1
11/n
cos(1/n)
1
1
cos(0)
= 1
So, the sequence converges to -1.

We could solve this a different way. We can make the substitution: x = n1 . So, when
n , we get that x 0+ . Making this substitution simplifies our derivatives.
lim
ln(1 1/n)
sin(1/n)
Make the switch x = n1 :

lim
x0+
ln(1 x)
sin(x)
Apply LHopitals rule:

lim
x0+
Let x 0+ :
1
1x
cos(x)
11
= 1
cos(0)
So, we do get the same answer, but the derivatives in the second way are easier to
compute.
35. Find the limit of the sequence.

lim
1
n[ln(n + 1) ln n]
Solution:
Section 10.6: #5, 19, 25, 27, 30
12

1
lim x2 sin .
x
x
Solution:
lim x2 sin
1
=
x

lim
cos
1
x
x
.
Solution:

lim
1
cos
x
x
=1

lim
x2 + 2x x.
Solution:
lim
x2 + 2x x = 1

1
lim (x3 + 1) ln x .
13
Solution:
1
lim (x3 + 1) ln x = e3

lim
1
1+
x
3x
Solution:
From our knowledge of limits, we guess that the answer will be e3 .
To solve this using LHopitals rule, we look at eln :
3x
ln 1+ x1
lim e
x
ex is continuous everywhere, so bring limit inside:

3x
limx ln 1+ x1
e
Now, look just at the ln term:

1
lim ln 1 +
x
x
3x
Slap down the exponent:

1
= lim 3x ln 1 +
x
x
Bring out 3 and rewrite as quotient:

ln 1 +
= 3 lim
1
x
1
x
Make the substitution n = x1 :

= 3 lim
n0+
ln(1 + n)
n
Verify we can use LHopitals rule:

=3
ln(1)
0
=
0
0
14
Apply LHopitals rule:

1
1+n
= 3 lim
n0+
Let n 0+ :
1
1
=3
=3
Plugging back in we get:

3x

limx ln
1+ x1
= e3
So, the limit is e3 , as we suspected.
Section 10.7: #6, 14, 22, 23, 30

6. Evaluate the improper integrals that converge.
Z
dx
.
x
Solution:
We note that the problem occurs as b 0+. So, we look at:
Z 1
dx
.
lim
+
x
b0
b
Integrate:

1
lim 2 x
b0+
= lim 2 1 2 b
b0+
= lim 2 2 b
b0+
Letting b 0:
= 2 2 0 = 2.
15
So, the integral converges to 2.

Z
dx
.
x ln x
e
Solution:
We look at this integral as b :
b
Z
lim
b e
dx
.
x ln x
Integrate with u substitution:

Let u = ln x.
Let du = x1 .
Bounds change from e to 1 and from b to b:
Z
= lim
b 1
du
.
u
Integrate:
b

= lim ln u
b
Plug back in for x:

b

= lim ln(ln x)
b
= lim ln(ln b) ln(ln e)

b
But, we note that

lim ln(ln b) =
Therefore, this integral diverges.

Z
xex dx.
16
Solution:
We look at this integral as b :
Z
xex dx.
lim
b b
Integrate by parts:
u=x
v = ex
du = dx
dv = ex dx.
Z
= lim xe
b
ex dx.
0

= lim xe e
b
x
0

= lim (x 1)e
b
x
= lim (0 1)e0 (b 1)eb

b
The first term is -1. We must analyze second term:

lim (b 1)eb
This is equivalent to:

lim
b+1
eb
Verify we can use LHopitals rule:
+1
=
e

lim
1
eb
Now, we let b :
1
=0
So, we get
lim (b 1)eb = 0
17
This means we get

Z
xex dx = 1
lim
b b
We must be careful since the integral gives us a negative result. In this case, on the
interval (, 0], x < 0 and ex > 0, so xex < 0. So, this makes sense. Our integral
converges to -1.

5
x
dx.
9
x2
Solution:
5
x
dx = 4
9
x2

4
Z
1
x2
dx
5x + 6
Solution:
We first factor the denominator:
Z
1
dx
(x 2)(x 3)
We note that there are problems at x = 2 and x = 3. But, before we look at these
problems, we use partial fractions to make the integrand easier for us to integrate.
A
B
1
+
=
x2 x3
(x 2)(x 3)
A(x 3) + B(x 2) = 1
3A 2B + AX + Bx = 1 + 0x
Solving, we get:
A = B
3B 2B = 1
A = 1
B = 1,
So, we get:
Z
1
1
1
+
dx
x2 x3
18
We must deal with the problems at 2 and 3, so we get 3 integrals:

Z 2
Z 3
Z 4
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
dx +
+
dx +
+
dx
x
2
x
3
x
2
x
3
x
2
x
3
1
2
3
If any of these three integrals goes to infinity, the whole integral diverges. So, we look
at the first integral:
2
1
1
+
dx
x3
1 x2
Z b
1
1
+
dx
= lim
x3
b2
1 x2

b
x 3

= lim ln
x 2
b2
1

b 3
1 3

= lim ln
ln
b 2
1 2
b2
Z
Letting b go to 2, we see that:

1
= ln ln 2
0
And since ln x when x , we get that the first of the 3 integral diverges.
Therefore,
4
Z
1
dx
x2 5x + 6
diverges.
Section 11.1: #27, 33, 47, 52, 68

27. Find the sum of the series:
X
k=1
1
k(k + 3)
Solution:
X
k=1
1
11
=
k(k + 3)
18
33. Find the sum of the series:
X
2k+3
k=0
3k
19
Solution:
X
2k+3
= 24
3k
k=0
47. Find a series expansion for the expression:

x
1 + x2
|x| < 1
Solution:
X
x
=
(1)k x2k+1
1 + x2
k=0
52. Show the series diverges:
X
k k2
k=2
3k
Solution:
So, we look at the term we are summing:
k k2
3k
We take the limit:
k k2
k 3k
lim
Cancelling out:
k k3
k 3
lim
Now, we see that:

k k3
=
k 3
So, the terms do not go to 0. By the basic divergence test, the sum diverges.
lim
68. Show that:

k

X
k
k+1
k=1
diverges.
20
Solution:
We look at the term we are summing:

k
k+1
k
We take the limit:

lim
k
k+1
k
Rewriting, we get:

= lim
1
1+
k
1
k
= lim
1+

1 k
k
Letting n , we get:
=
1
e
So, we get that

lim
k
k+1
k
=
1
e
So, by the basic divergence test, since ak does not go to 0, the sum diverges.
Section 11.2: #1, 2, 3, 10, 14, 17, 19, 25, 31, 32

1. Determine whether the series converges or diverges:
X
k3
k
+1
Solution:
The series converges.
X
1
3k + 2
Solution:
P1
This sum looks like
k , which we know diverges. To show this series diverges, we use
the limit comparison test.
1
Let ak =
.
3k + 2
1
Let bk = .
k
Look at:
1
3k+2
k 1
k
lim
21
Simplifying, we get:
k
k 3k + 2
lim
Multiplying through by k1 , we get:

lim
1
3+
2
k
Letting k :
1
1
=
2
k 3 +
3
k
P1
P1
and
k have the same convergence. And since
k
lim
Since 13 > 0, we know that

diverges, we get that
1
3k+2
1
3k + 2
diverges.

X
1
(2k + 1)2
Solution:
X ln k
k3
Solution:
We guess that this series converges, since x3 goes to infinity much faster that ln x. We
will use the basic comparison test.
ln k
Let ak = 3 .
k
1
Let bk = 2 .
k
We know that x > ln x for all x. So, we get:
k
k3
P ln k
So, this means that
converges only
k3
converges by the p-series test, and also by
comparison test:
ln k
k3
P 1
P 1
if
converges. We know that
k2
k2
the integral test. Therefore, by the basic
X ln k
k3
converges.
22

X
1
1 + 2 ln k
Solution:
Since ln x goes to infinity slowly, we guess that this series diverges. We use the basic
comparison test.
1
Let ak =
.
1 + 2 ln k
1
Let bk = .
k
We know that x > ln x for all x, and similarly
P 11 + 2x > 1 + 2 ln x. This means
1
that 1+2x
< 1+21ln x . So, all we must show is
diverges. We know this diverges
P 11+2x
by the limit comparison test, comparing it to
x , as was done in # 2. So, we get that
X
1
1 + 2 ln k
diverges.

X
1
2 + 3k
Solution:
The series diverges since an does not go to 0.
X 2k + 5
5k 3 + 3k 2
Solution:
X 2k + 1
k4 + 1
Solution:
The series diverges.
X 2 + sin k
k2
23
Solution:

X 2 + cos k
k+1
Solution:
We again guess that this sum diverges. We will again use the basic comparison test.
2 + cos k
Let ak =
.
k+1
1
Let bk =
.
k+1
We know that | cos x| 1, so we get 1 2 + cos x. So, we know that
P 1
Now, we use the integral test on

.
k+1
1
k+1
<
2+cos
k
.
k+1
(k + 1)1/2
b

= lim 2(k + 1)
k
1
1/2
= lim 2(b + 1) + 2 2
1/2
Taking k , we get:
Z
(k + 1)1/2 =
So, we get that this integral is infinite. This means that

basic comparison test,
X 2 + cos k
k+1
diverges.
24
1
k+1
diverges. So, by the

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Summer 2006 - Calculus II

and the glb is 0.

13. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.

17. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.

29. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.

35. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.

and the glb is 0.

36. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.

37. Determine the boundedness and monotonicity of the sequence.

42. Let M be a positive integer. Show that an =

ln 3 and the glb is 0.

Section 10.3: #17, 20, 21, 24, 30

Multiply top and bottom by n4 to get:

0 when p > 0, we get:

So, the sequence converges to 1.

Since 4 x is a continuous function for x < 4, and

is bounded by 1, we can bring

So, the sequence converges to 2.

We rewrite this as:

So, the sequence converges to

Section 10.4: #6, 16, 20, 24, 25, 28, 31

But, since | 87 | > 1, this sequence diverges.

And, since (n 1)! , the sequence diverges.

To solve this, we integrate:

Section 10.5: #13, 15, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35

15. Calculate the indicated limit.

26. Calculate the indicated limit.

So, we apply LHopitals rule:

Cancelling out, we get:

So, the limit is 21 .

27. Calculate the indicated limit.

28. Calculate the indicated limit.

34. Find the limit of the sequence.

cos(1/n) (1) n12

So, the sequence converges to -1.

Make the switch x = n1 :

Apply LHopitals rule:

35. Find the limit of the sequence.

Section 10.6: #5, 19, 25, 27, 30

5. Calculate the indicated limit.

19. Calculate the indicated limit.

25. Calculate the indicated limit.

27. Calculate the indicated limit.

30. Calculate the indicated limit.

ex is continuous everywhere, so bring limit inside:

Slap down the exponent:

Bring out 3 and rewrite as quotient:

Make the substitution n = x1 :

Verify we can use LHopitals rule:

Apply LHopitals rule:

Plugging back in we get:

Section 10.7: #6, 14, 22, 23, 30

So, the integral converges to 2.

14. Evaluate the improper integrals that converge.

Integrate with u substitution:

Plug back in for x:

= lim ln(ln b) ln(ln e)

But, we note that

Therefore, this integral diverges.

22. Evaluate the improper integrals that converge.

= lim (0 1)e0 (b 1)eb

The first term is -1. We must analyze second term:

This is equivalent to:

Verify we can use LHopitals rule: