Voltage stability study

Ref: Kundur and Taylor

Voltage stability is a problem in power networks, which are heavily load, faulted, or
with insufficient reactive power supply
:the following are the principal causes of voltage instability

.The load on the transmission lines is too high

.The voltage sources are too far from the load centres

.The source voltages are too low

.There is insufficient load reactive compensation

voltage instability is caused by a combination of many factors which includes

the transmission capability of the network,
generator reactive power and voltage control limits,
voltage sensitivity of the load,
characteristics of reactive compensation devices,
action of voltage control devices such as transformer under load tap changers
(ULTCs) etc.
Long-term voltage stability involves rather slow acting equipment such as
tapchanging transformers, thermostatically controlled loads, and generator current
limiters. the study period of interest may extend to several minutes,
Short-term voltage stability involves dynamics of fast acting load components such as
induction motors, electronically controlled loads, and HVDC converters. The study
period of interest is in the order of at most several seconds, this is similar to analysis of
rotor angle stability. This kind of voltage instability could easily happen in the result of
a serious fault.
small-disturbance or steady state voltage stability and large-disturbance voltage
stability.
Large-disturbance stability deals with larger disturbances such as loss of generation,
loss of line etc.

Modelling : DYNAMIC, STATIC, Quasi-static, and Time domain

The power system is modeled as a set of first order differential equations and a set of
algebraic equations

where :
y are the algebraic variables, i.e. voltage amplitudes V and phases at the
network buses and all other algebraic variables such as generator field voltages,
AVR reference voltages, etc.,
x are the state variables,
u are controllable input variables, such as reference voltages of AVRs,
are non-controllable variables such as the wind speed.
Equations g are the algebraic equations that include power flow equations,
and f are the differential equations.
Equations (1) and (2) are usually solved in the time domain by means of the numerical
integration and power flow analysis methods (Power flow programs).
Through linearization Equations (1) and (2) are expressed as follows

The static bifurcation will occur when det (D) = 0.

standard time domain simulations (TDS) present non-negligible time derivatives during
the transients.
The dynamic voltage stability model includes:
the nonlinear machine model with a 2-axis representation of the generator excitation
system,(and its limits)
the power system stabilizer, and
the continuous model for the tap-changing transformer.

not all responses to disturbances do occur instantaneously but require some time. See
fig
In Quasi-static, The changes that are assumed to be constant in static changes, but not
realistically modeled.
o

DYNAMIC AND STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF

POWER SYSTEMS LEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 1, February
1993

((2))"Assessing Adequate Voltage Stability Analysis Tools for

Networks with High Wind Power Penetration" IEEE 2008 DRPT
CONFERENCE, NANJING, CHINA

The load is too important because load value is dependant on V

The accurate modeling of loads is a difficult task due to several factors such as;

large number of diverse load components,

location of load devices are not directly accessible

changing load composition with time

Therefore, load representation in power system studies is based on considerable amount
of simplifications.
proximity to voltage collapse
Most of the static methods for assessing the proximity to voltage collapse are of two
categories.
Linear indicator for voltage collapse in power systems IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm.
Distrib., Vol. 144, No. 2, March 1997
1)
The first determines a static bifurcation point then uses it to determine some
margin to voltage collapse, This point may be (Depend on the continuation PF we
discuss below)

(i)the closest saddle-node bifurcation to the operating point

New methods for computing a closest saddle node bifurcation and worst case load
power margin for voltage collapse. Presented at IEEE 1992 summer meeting, 1993,
Paper 92SM 587-6 PWRS
(ii)the point of collapse in an assumed direction of load increase
Point of collapse and continuation methods for large AC/DC systems, IEEE Trans.,
Feb. 1993, PWRS-8, (l), pp. 1-8
(iii)the maximum loading point calculated through :
maximizing the total system load,or minimizing the load margin, or maximizing the
reactive power load in some area in the system to determine the reactive power margin.
Calculation of the extreme loading condition of a power system for the assessment of
voltage stability, IEEE Trans 1991, PWRS-6, (l), pp 307-312
VAN CUSTEM, T.: A method to compute reactive power margins with respect to
voltage collapse, IEEE Trans., 1991, 6, (l), pp. 145-156
2)
calculates some index that has a definite value at the point of collapse:
(Depend on the Modal analysis we discuss below)
smallest singular value (uninvertable )of the load flow Jacobean or the minimum
eigenvalue
P-v
The available amount of active power margin before the point of voltage instability, For
large meshed networks, P can be the total active load in the load area and V can be the
voltage of the critical or representative bus

As the power transfer increases the critical (nose) point is reached where any further
increase in active power transfer will lead to very rapid decrease in voltage magnitude.
V-Q
A fictitious synchronous generator with zero active power and no reactive power limit is
connected to the test bus. The power-flow program is run and reactive power at the bus
is noted from the power flow solutions and plotted against the specified voltage.

The reactive power margin is the MVAR distance between the operating point and either
the nose point of the V-Q curve or the point where capacitor characteristics at the bus
are tangent to the V-Q curve

Discussion of Voltage Stability Analysis: Power Flow Simulation Versus

Dynamic Simulation
Advantages of theV Q Curve Method
1) Convergence is normally not a problem
2) the method is fast.
4) The slope of the curve indicates voltage stiffness.
5) Generator reactive power and remaining reserve at the operating point may be noted.
6) The reactive power margin from the operating point to the critical point (bottom of
curve) for the bus is directly provided this margin is used as a reliability index or
criterion.
Disadvantages of the Curve Method
There are enough disadvantages of the method that over reliance
must be discouraged.
1) The method is artificial, involving stress at a single bus for local area evaluation
2) QV curves at many busses may be required per contingency and per power level.
3) The allowable power loading or interface flow is not directly given.
4) QV curves indicate local compensation needs for a given operating condition rather
than global optimal compensation needs.
5) Similar to other power flow based methods, simple generator and load models are
generally used (e.g., constant power loads at high voltage busses). Also, the timedependent aspects of control actions are not
represented.
CONCLUSION

Although power flow analysis is suitable for screening, final decisions involving
expensive reinforcements or operating limits should be confirmed by more accurate
time domain simulation. Thus we believe that relatively simple power flow simulation
followed by dynamic simulation of critical cases is the best approach.

Static Continuation Power Flow

The stability information is typically associated to the maximum loading margin of the
system limited by (saddle-node bifurcation or limit-induced bifurcation) If the Jacobian
matrix is singular (non-invertible), the system has reached a point where it has no
solution i.e. a saddle node bifurcation
The Continuation method starts from a known solution and uses predictor-corrector
steps at increasing load levels (Figure). The predictor consists of an appropriately sized
step along the tangent vector in the previous solution point.[((11))]

Modal analysis (using eigenvalue)

B. Gao, G. K. Morison, and P. Kundur, Voltage stability evaluation using modal
analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 15291542, Nov. 1992.
Direct application:
((8))Power System Voltage Stability as Affected by
Large-scale PV Penetration 2011 International
Conference

Keeping real power as constant

which is the reduced V-Q Jacobian matrix, the Q-V modal analysis can be performed.
Therefore, the bus, branch and generator participation factors are obtained. Moreover,
the stability margin and the shortest distance to instability will be determined
The advantage of modal analysis is that it clearly identifies groups of buses which
participate in the instability. The Q-V analysis, being a single-bus approach, is unable to
provide any connection between results obtained for individual buses. For large
practical systems it may be necessary to compute a very large number of Q-V curves in
order to find the problem area. The modal analysis approach eliminates this problem
.and easily identifies, on a system-wide basis, areas which are potentially troublesome

Probabilistic Approach
The use of statistical techniques to analyze power systems, the historical
data input is treated as an RV
Thefoundation for PLFs was established in 2
((9))Voltage Stability Probabilistic Assessment in
Composite Systems: Modeling Unsolvability and
Controllability Loss: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
SYSTEMS,, 2010
Probabilistic load flow, IEEE Trans. Power App.
Syst., vol. PAS-93, pp. 752759, 1974.
APLICATIONS TO WIND
((10))Optimal wind power location on transmission
systemA probabilistic load flowapproach, in Proc.

Int. Conf. Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power

System, 2008.
((11)) "A Probabilistic Formulation of Load Margins in
Power Systems with Stochastic Generation" IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, 2009

The presence of the voltage instability mechanisms in a system state can be identified
through the combination of the following techniques:
1) DMM (D Matrix Method) or modal analysis to detect controllability
loss problems;
2) OPF (Optimal power flow) or continuation power flow to assess the solvability
of the power flow equations.

A Maximum Loading Margin Method for Static Voltage Stability in Power

Systems IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 2, MAY
2006

KUNDUR

Allen POWER GENERATION,OPERATION, AND CONTROL

the expected values of the nodal VSM can be used to identify vulnerable buses and
areas to voltage instability problems;
In 11 The probabilistic margin is assessed by use of a stochastic response surface
method implementation.