Problemas Impares PDF

C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1
The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem . . . 53
Section 2.2
Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change . 60
Section 2.3
The Product and Quotient Rules and

Higher-Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Section 2.4
The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Section 2.5
Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Section 2.6
Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
C H A P T E R
Differentiation
Section 2.1
The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. (a) m 0
(c) y
3. (a), (b)
(b) m 3
y
f )4)
4
f )1)
)x
1
f )1)
1)
f 4 f 1
x 1 f 1)
41
3
x 1 2
3
1x 1 2
f )4)
x1
5
)4, 5)
f )4)
f )1)
3
2
f )1)
)1, 2)
x
1
5. f x 3 2x is a line. Slope 2
7. Slope at 1, 3 lim
x0
g1 x g1

x
1 x2 4 3
x0
x
lim
lim
x0
1 2x x2 1
x
lim 2 2x 2
x0
9. Slope at 0, 0 lim
t0
f 0 t f 0
t
3t t2 0
t0
t
lim
lim 3 t 3
t0
11. f x 3
f x lim
x0
lim
x0
f x x f x
x
33
x
lim 0 0
x0
13. f x 5x

fx lim
x0
lim
x0
15. hs 3
f x x f x
x
5x x 5x
x
lim 5 5
x0
hs lim
2
s
3
s0
hs s hs

s
2
2
3 s s 3 s
3
3
lim
s0
s
2
s
3
2

lim
s0 s
3
53
54
Chapter 2
Differentiation
17. f x 2x2 x 1

f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
lim
x0
2x x2 x x 1 2x2 x 1

x
2x2 4xx 2x2 x x 1 2x2 x 1

x0
x
lim
4xx 2x2 x
lim 4x 2x 1 4x 1
x0
x0
x
lim
19. f x x3 12x

f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
lim
x0
x x3 12x x x3 12x

x
x3 3x2x 3xx2 x3 12x 12x x3 12x

x0
x
lim
3x2x 3xx2 x3 12x

x0
x
lim
lim 3x2 3xx x2 12 3x2 12

x0
21. f x
1
x1
fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
1
1

x x 1 x 1
lim
x0
x
lim
x 1 x x 1
xx x 1x 1
lim
x
xx x 1x 1
lim
1
x x 1x 1
x0
x0
x0
1
x 12
23. f x x 1
fx lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
f x x f x
x
x x 1
x
x 1

x x 1 x 1
xx x 1 x 1
1
x x 1 x 1
1
1

x 1 x 1
2x 1
x x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
Section 2.1
25. (a) f x x2 1

fx lim
x0
17. (b)
f x x f x
x
(2, 5)
5
x x2 1 x2 1

lim
x0
x
5
2
2xx x2
x0
x
lim
lim 2x x 2x

x0
At 2, 5, the slope of the tangent line is

m 22 4. The equation of the tangent line is
y 5 4x 2
y 5 4x 8
y 4x 3.
27. (a) f x x3
fx lim
x0
18. (b)
10
(2, 8)
f x x f x
x
x x3 x3
lim
x0
x
3x2x 3xx2 x3

x0
x
lim
lim 3x2 3xx x2 3x2

x0
At 2, 8, the slope of the tangent is m 322 12.

The equation of the tangent line is
y 8 12x 2
y 12x 16.
29. (a) f x x
fx lim
x0
lim
18. (b)
f x x f x
x
x x x
x
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
(1, 1)
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
1
x x x
1
2x

m
1
1
.
21 2

y1
y
1
x 1
2
1
1
x .
2
2
5
1
55
56
Chapter 2
31. (a) f x
Differentiation
(b)
4
x
(4, 5)
f x x f x
fx lim
x0
x
lim
x x
x0
12
4
4
x
x x
x
x
xx xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x

xxx x
lim
x3 2x 2x xx2 x3 x 2x 4x

xxx x
x0
12
lim
x0
10
x2x xx2 4x

x0
xxx x
lim
x2 xx 4
x0
xx x
lim
x2 4
4
1 2
x2
x

m1
4
3

16 4

3
y 5 x 4
4
3
y x2
4
33. From Exercise 27 we know that fx 3x2. Since the
slope of the given line is 3, we have
fx
3x2 3
x 1.
1
.
2xx
Since the slope of the given line is 12 , we have
Therefore, at the points 1, 1 and 1, 1 the tangent

lines are parallel to 3x y 1 0. These lines have
equations
y 1 3x 1
35. Using the limit definition of derivative,
and
y 3x 2
y 1 3x 1
y 3x 2.
1
1

2xx
2
x 1.
Therefore, at the point 1, 1 the tangent line is parallel to

x 2y 6 0. The equation of this line is
1
y 1 x 1
2
1
1
y1 x
2
2
1
3
y x .
2
2
37. g5 2 because the tangent line passes through 5, 2

g5
20
2
1

5 9 4
2
39. f x x fx 1
b
Section 2.1
43.
41. f x x fx matches (a)
57
y
4
decreasing slope as x
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
1
x
1
2
3
4
Answers will vary.

Sample answer: y x
45. (a) If fc 3 and f is odd, then fc fc 3
(b) If fc 3 and f is even, then fc f c 3
47. Let x0, y0 be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By the limit definition for the derivative, fx 4 2x. The slope of the
y
line through 2, 5 and x0, y0 equals the derivative of f at x0:
7
5 y0
4 2x0
2 x0
(2, 5)
5
4
5 y0 2 x04 2x0
3
2
5 4x0 x02 8 8x0 2x02
(3, 3)
(1, 3)
1
x
0 x0 4x0 3
2
0 x0 1x0 3 x0 1, 3
Therefore, the points of tangency are 1, 3 and 3, 3, and the corresponding slopes are 2 and 2. The equations of the tangent
lines are
y 5 2x 2
y 5 2x 2
y 2x 1
y 2x 9
49. (a) g0 3

(b) g3 0
(c) Because g1 3 , g is decreasing (falling) at x 1.
8
(d) Because g4 3 , g is increasing (rising) at x 4.

7
(e) Because g4 and g6 are both positive, g6 is greater than g4, and g6 g4 > 0.
(f) No, it is not possible. All you can say is that g is decreasing (falling) at x 2.
1
51. f x 4 x3
By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx
3 2
4x .
2
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1.5
f x
2
27
32
14
1
32
1
32
1
4
27
32
fx
27
16
3
4
3
16
3
16
3
4
27
16
58
Chapter 2
Differentiation
55. f 2 24 2 4, f 2.1 2.14 2.1 3.99
f x 0.01 f x
0.01
53. gx
2x 0.01 x 0.012 2x x2 100
f2
3.99 4
0.1 Exact: f2 0
2.1 2
g
f
2
4
1
The graph of gx is approximately the graph of fx.

57. f x
1
x
and fx
1
.
2x3
2
As x , f is nearly horizontal and thus f 0.
f
2
f
5
59. f x 4 x 32

Sx x
f 2 x f 2
x 2 f 2
x
4 2 x 32 3
1 x 12
x 2 3
x 2 3 x 2x 2 3
x
x
1: Sx x 2 3 x 1
(a) x
S 0.1

3
3
x 2 3 x
x 0.5: Sx
2
2
x 0.1: Sx

19
19
4
x 2 3 x
10
10
5
S1
2
S 0.5 1
(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 3.

61. f x x2 1, c 2
f x f 2
x2 1 3
x 2x 2
lim
lim
lim x 2 4
x2
x 2
x2
x2
x2
x2
f2 lim
x2
63. f x x3 2x2 1, c 2

f x f 2
x2x 2
x3 2x2 1 1
lim
lim
lim x2 4
x 2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
f2 lim
x2
67. f x x 62

3, c 6
65. gx x , c 0
g0 lim
x0
As x 0 ,
As x 0 ,
x
gx g0
lim
. Does not exist.
x0
x0
x
f6 lim
x6
f x f 6
x6
1
lim
x 62
3 0
x6
lim
1
x 61
3
x
x
x
x
x6
x6
Does not exist.
Section 2.1
69. h x x 5, c 5

h5 lim
x5
x 5 0
lim
x 5
x5
x5
71. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 3.

(Sharp turn in the graph.)
hx h5
x 5
lim
x5
x5
Does not exist.

(Discontinuity)

(Sharp turn in the graph)
77. f x is differentiable on the interval 1, .

(At x 1 the tangent line is vertical)

(Discontinuity)
83. f x
81. f x x 1
The derivative from the left is

lim
x1
xx 11 ,, xx > 11

3
2
The derivative from the left is
f x f 1
x1 0
lim
1.
x1
x1
x1
lim
x1
f x f 1
x 13 0
lim
x1
x1
x1
lim x 12 0.
The derivative from the right is

lim
x1
x1
f x f 1
x1 0
lim
1.
x1
x1
x1
The one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not

differentiable at x 1.
The derivative from the right is

lim
x1
f x f 1
x 12 0
lim
x1
x1
x1
lim x 1 0.
x1
These one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is

differentiable at x 1. f1 0
85. Note that f is continuous at x 2. f x
4xx 1,3, xx > 22

2
f x f 2
x2 1 5
lim
lim x 2 4.
x2
x2
x2
x2
The derivative from the left is lim

x2
The derivative from the right is lim

x2
f x f 2
4x 3 5
lim
lim 4 4.
x2
x2
x2
x2
The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x 2. f2 4

87. (a) The distance from 3, 1 to the line mx y 4 0 is
d
Ax1 By1 C
A2 B2
m3 11 4 3m 3 .
m2 1
m2 1
1
x
(b)
The function d is not differentiable at m 1. This corresponds to the line

y x 4, which passes through the point 3, 1.
4
1
59
60
Chapter 2
Differentiation
89. False. the slope is lim
x0
f 2 x f 2
.
x
91. False. If the derivative from the left of a point does not equal the derivative from the right of a point, then the derivative does
not exist at that point. For example, if f x x , then the derivative from the left at x 0 is 1 and the derivative from the
right at x 0 is 1. At x 0, the derivative does not exist.

93. f x
0,x sin1x,
x0
x0

Using the Squeeze Theorem, we have x x sin1x x , x 0. Thus, lim x sin1x 0 f 0 and f is continuous at
x0
x 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative we have
lim
x0
f x f 0
x sin1x 0
1
lim
lim sin .
x0
x0
x0
x0
x

Since this limit does not exist (it oscillates between 1 and 1), the function is not differentiable at x 0.
gx
x0, sin1x, xx 00
2
Using the Squeeze Theorem again we have x2 x2 sin1x x2, x 0. Thus, lim x2 sin1x 0 f 0 and f is continux0
ous at x 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative again we have
lim
x0
f x f 0
x2 sin1x 0
1
lim
lim x sin 0.
x0
x0
x0
x0
x
Therefore, g is differentiable at x 0, g0 0.
Section 2.2
Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change
y x12
1. (a)
y 12 x12
y1 12
3. y 8
y 0
11. f x x 1
fx 1
19. y
y

sin cos
2

cos sin
2
(b)
y x32
y x2
(c)
y 32 x12
(d)
y 2x
y1 32
y 3x2
y1 2
5. y x6
7. y
y 6x5
y1 3
1
x7
x7
y 7x8
5 x x15
9. y
1
1
y x45 45
5
5x
7
x8
15. gx x 2 4x3
13. f t 2t2 3t 6
17. st t3 2t 4
gx 2x 12x 2
fx 4t 3
21. y x2
1
cos x
2
y 2x
1
sin x
2
y x3
st 3t2 2
23. y
1
3 sin x
x
y
1
3 cos x
x2
Section 2.2
Function
Rewrite
Derivative
Simplify
5
y x2
2
y 5x3
y
5
x3
3
2x3
3
y x3
8
y
y
9
8x4
y x12
1
y x32
2
5
25. y 2
2x
27. y
29. y
31. f x
3
3x2, 1, 3
x2
fx
6x3
9 4
x
8
y
1 7
33. f x x3,
2 5
6
3
x
1
2x32
0, 21
4x2 4x 1
21
fx x2
5
y 8x 4
y0 4
f0 0
f1 6
2
2
39. f x x 5 3x
37. f 4 sin , 0, 0
41. gt t2
fx 2x 6x3 2x
f 4 cos 1
6
x3
4
t2 4t3
t3
gt 2t 12t4 2t
f0 41 1 3
43. f x
y 2x 12, 0, 1
35.
x3 3x2 4
x 3 4x2
x2
45. y xx2 1 x3 x
y 3x2 1
8
x3 8
fx 1 3
x
x3
3 x x12 6x13
47. f x x 6
1
1
2

fx x12 2x23
2
2 x x23
49. hs s45 s23

4
2
4
2
h(s s45 s13 15 13
5
3
5s
3s
51. f x 6 x 5 cos x 6x12 5 cos x

fx 3x12 5 sin x
3
x
5 sin x
55. (a) f x
53. (a) y x4 3x2 2

y 4x3 6x
fx
At 1, 0: y 413 61 2.

y 0 2x 1
Tangent line:
2x34
3 74
3
x
74
2
2x
At 1, 2, f1
2x y 2 0
(b)
2
4 3

x
Tangent line:
3
2
3
y 2 x 1
2
3
7
y x
2
2
(1, 0)
3x 2y 7 0
(b)
(1, 2)
2
7
1
12
t4
61
62
Chapter 2
Differentiation
59. y
57. y x4 8x2 2
y 4x3 16x
1
x2
x2
y 2x3
4xx2 4
4xx 2x 2
2
cannot equal zero.
x3
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
y 0 x 0, 2
Horizontal tangents: 0, 2, 2, 14, 2, 14
61. y x sin x, 0 x < 2
63. x 2 kx 4x 9
y 1 cos x 0
2x k 4
cos x 1 x
x 2 2x 4x 4x 9 x 2 9 x 3.
Horizontal tangent: ,
3
k
x3
x
4
k
3

x2
4
Equate derivatives
Hence, k 2x 4 and
At x , y .
65.
Equate functions
For x 3, k 2 and for x 3, k 10.
Equate functions
Equate derivatives
3 2
x
3 2
3
3
4
3
3

x 3 x x 3 x 3 x 2 k 3.
Hence, k x and
4
x
4
4
4
2
67. (a) The slope appears to be steepest between A and B.
(c)
(b) The average rate of change between A and B is

greater than the instantaneous rate of change at B.
f
B C
A
E
x
69. gx f x 6 gx fx
71.
3
f
f
x
3
If f is linear then its derivative is a constant function.

f x ax b
fx a
Section 2.2
73. Let x1, y1 and x2, y2 be the points of tangency on y x2 and y x2 6x 5, respectively. The derivatives of
these functions are
y 2x m 2x1
and
y 2x 6 m 2x2 6.
m 2x1 2x2 6
x1 x2 3
Since y1 x12 and y2 x22 6x2 5,
m
y2 y1 x22 6x2 5 x12

2x2 6.
x2 x1
x2 x1
4
3
)2, 3)
)1, 1)
x22 6x2 5 x2 32

2x2 6
x2 x2 3
x
2
)1, 0) 2
x22 6x2 5 x22 6x2 9 2x2 62x2 3

2x22 12x2 14 4x22 18x2 18
2x22 6x2 4 0
2x2 2x2 1 0
)2, 4)
x2 1 or 2
x2 1 y2 0, x1 2 and y1 4
x
1
Thus, the tangent line through 1, 0 and 2, 4 is
40
y0
x 1 y 4x 4.
21
x2 2 y2 3, x1 1 and y1 1
Thus, the tangent line through 2, 3 and 1, 1 is
y1
32 11x 1 y 2x 1.
75. f x x, 4, 0
77. f1 1
1
1
fx x12
2

2 x
1
2 x
3.64
0y
4 x
0.77
3.33
4 x 2 x y
4 x 2 x x
4 x 2x
x 4, y 2
The point 4, 2 is on the graph of f.
Tangent line:
y2
02
x 4
4 4
4y 8 x 4
0 x 4y 4
1.24
63
64
Chapter 2
Differentiation
79. (a) One possible secant is between 3.9, 7.7019 and 4, 8:
y8
20
8 7.7019
x 4
4 3.9
(4, 8)
2
y 8 2.981x 4
12
2
y Sx 2.981x3.924
3
3
(b) fx x12 f4 2 3
2
2
Tx 3x 4 8 3x 4
Sx is an approximation of the tangent line Tx.
(c) As you move further away from 4, 8, the accuracy of the approximation T gets worse.
20
f
T
12
(d)
3
f 4 x
T4 x
1
2
1
0.5
2.828
5.196
6.548
6.5
81. False. Let f x x2 and gx x2 4. Then

fx gx 2x, but f x gx.
0.1
0.1
0.5
7.702
8.302
9.546
11.180
14.697
18.520
7.7
8.3
9.5
11
14
17
83. False. If y 2, then dydx 0. 2 is a constant.
85. True. If gx 3f x, then gx 3fx.
87. f t 2t 7,
1, 2
ft 2
Instantaneous rate of change is the constant 2.
Average rate of change:
f 2 f 1
22 7
21 7

2
21
1
(These are the same because f is a line of slope 2.)
1
89. f x ,
1, 2
x
fx
1
x2
Instantaneous rate of change:
1, 1 f1 1
2, 21 f2 41

Average rate of change:
f 2 f 1 12 1 1

21
21
2
Section 2.2
91. (a) st 16t2 1362
st 4.9t2 v0t s0
93.
4.9t2 120t
vt 32t
(b)
65
vt 9.8t 120
s2 s1
1298 1346 48 ftsec
21
v5 9.85 120 71 msec
(c) vt st 32t
v10 9.810 120 22 msec
When t 1: v1 32 ftsec.

When t 2: v2 64 ftsec.
(d) 16t2 1362 0
t2
(e) v
1362
1362
9.226 sec
t
16
4
1362
32
1362
8 1362 295.242 ftsec

2
97. v 40 mph 3 mimin
23 mimin6 min 4 mi
Velocity (in mph)
60
50
40
v 0 mph 0 mimin
30
0 mimin2 min 0 mi
20
10
v 60 mph 1mimin
t
2
Distance (in miles)
95.
10
Time (in minutes)
10
8
(10, 6)
6
(6, 4)
4
(8, 4)
2
(0, 0)
t
2
1 mimin2 min 2 mi
(The velocity has been converted to miles per hour)

(b) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
99. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain

R 0.167v 0.02.
B 0.00586v2 0.0239v 0.46.
(c) T R B 0.00586v2 0.1431v 0.44
(d)
60
dT
0.01172v 0.1431
(e)
dv
B
R
For v 40, T40 0.612.
For v 80, T80 1.081.
(f) For increasing speeds, the total stopping distance

increases.
For v 100, T100 1.315.
101. A s2,
dA
2s
ds
100
103.
When s 4 m,
dA
8 square meters per meter change in s.
ds
C
1,008,000
6.3Q
Q
dC
1,008,000

6.3
dQ
Q2
C351 C350 5083.095 5085 $1.91
When Q 350,
dC
$1.93.
dQ
105. (a) f1.47 is the rate of change of the amount of gasoline sold when the price is $1.47 per gallon.
(b) f1.47 is usually negative. As prices go up, sales go down.
10
Time (in minutes)
66
Chapter 2
Differentiation
107. y ax2 bx c
Since the parabola passes through 0, 1 and 1, 0, we have
0, 1: 1 a02 b0 c c 1

1, 0: 0 a12 b1 1 b a 1.
Thus, y ax2 a 1x 1. From the tangent line y x 1, we know that the derivative is 1 at the point 1, 0.
y 2ax a 1
1 2a1 a 1
1a1
a2
b a 1 3
Therefore, y 2x2 3x 1.
109. y x3 9x
y 3x2 9
Tangent lines through 1, 9:
y 9 3x2 9x 1
x3 9x 9 3x3 3x2 9x 9

0 2x3 3x2 x22x 3
x 0 or x 32
3
81
3
9
The points of tangency are 0, 0 and 32 , 81
8 . At 0, 0 the slope is y0 9. At 2 , 8 the slope is y 2 4 .
Tangent lines:
y 0 9x 0
9
3
y 81
8 4 x 2
and
y 94 x 27
4
y 9x
9x y 0
111. f x
9x 4y 27 0
xax , b,
3
x 2
x > 2
f must be continuous at x 2 to be differentiable at x 2.

lim f x lim ax3 8a
x2
x2
lim f x lim x2 b 4 b
x2
x2
fx
3ax ,
2x,
2
8a 4 b
8a 4 b
x < 2
x > 2
For f to be differentiable at x 2, the left derivative must equal the right derivative.
3a22 22
12a 4
a 13
4
b 8a 4 3
Section 2.3
The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives
67
113. Let f x cos x.

f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
lim
cos x cos x sin x sin x cos x

x
lim
cos xcos x 1
sin x
lim sin x
x0
x
x
x0
x0
0 sin x1 sin x
Section 2.3
1. gx x 2 1x 2 2x

gx x 2 12x 2 x 2 2x2x
2x3 2x 2 2x 2 2x3 4x 2
4x3 6x 2 2x 2
3
tt2 4 t13t2 4
3. ht
1
ht t132t t 2 4 t 23
3
2t 43
7t2 4
3t23

5. f x x 3 cos x
x
x2 1
7. f x
fx x 3sin x cos x3x 2

3x cos x
2
9. hx
x3
sin x
3 x

x13
3
x3 1
x 1
1
x 3 1 x23 x133x 2
3
hx
x 3 12

1 x2
x 2 11 x2x
2
2
2
x 1
x 12
fx
11. gx
t2 4
3t23
sin x
x2
gx
x 2cos x sin x2x x cos x 2 sin x

x 22
x3
x3 1 x9x 2
3x23x 3 12
1 8x 3
x 3 12
3x23
13. f x x3 3x2x2 3x 5

fx x3 3x4x 3 2x2 3x 53x2 3
10x4 12x3 3x2 18x 15
15. f x
fx
x2 4
x3
x 32x x 2 41 2x 2 6x x 2 4

x 32
x 32
f0 15

f1
f x x cos x
17.
fx xsin x cos x1 cos x x sin x

f
4
2

2
2

4
4 2
8
164
1

1 32
4
x 2 6x 4
x 32
68
Chapter 2
Differentiation
Function
Rewrite
Derivative
Simplify
2x 2
3
19. y
x 2 2x
3
1
2
y x2 x
3
3
2
2
y x
3
3
y
21. y
7
3x3
y
7 3
x
3
y 7x4
y
23. y
4x32
x
y 4x, x > 0
y 2x12
y
25. f x
fx
7
x4
2
x
3 2x x2
x2 1
x2 12 2x 3 2x x22x

x2 12
2x2 4x 2 2x 12

2
x2 12
x 12
2
,x1
x 12
27. f x x 1
fx 1
4
4x
x
x3
x3
x 34 4x1 x 2 6x 9 12

x 32
x 32
29. f x
2x 5
2x12 5x1 2
x
5
5
fx x12 x32 x32 x
2
2
x 2 6x 3
x 32
31. hs s3 22 s6 4s3 4

hs 6s5 12s2 6s2s3 2
1
2x 1
x
2x 1

33. f x
x3
xx 3 x 2 3x
2
fx
x 2 3x2 2x 12x 3 2x 2 6x 4x 2 8x 3

x 2 3x2
x 2 3x2
2x 2 2x 3
2x 2 2x 3
2
x 2 3x2
x x 32
35. f x 3x3 4xx 5x 1

fx 9x2 4x 5x 1 3x3 4x1x 1 3x3 4xx 51
9x2 4x2 4x 5 3x 4 3x 3 4x 2 4x 3x 4 15x3 4x2 20x
9x 4 36x3 41x 2 16x 20 6x 4 12x 3 8x 2 16x
15x 4 48x 3 33x 2 32x 20
37. f x
fx
x2 c2
x2 c2
x2 c22x x2 c22x

x2 c22
4xc
x2 c22
2
39. f x t2 sin t

ft t2 cos t 2t sin t
tt cos t 2 sin t
2x 5 2x 5

2x32
2xx
Section 2.3
41. f t
ft
cos t
t
43. f x x tan x
t sin t cos t
t sin t cos t

t2
t2
4 t 8 sec t t14 8 sec t

45. gt
1
1
gt t34 8 sec t tan t 34 8 sec t tan t
4
4t
fx 1 sec2 x tan2 x
47. y
31 sin x 3
sec x tan x
2 cos x
2
3
3
y sec x tan x sec2 x sec xtan x sec x
2
2
3
sec x tan x tan2 x 1
2
51. f x x2 tan x
49. y csc x sin x
fx x2 sec2 x 2x tan x
y csc x cot x cos x

xx sec2 x 2 tan x
cos x
cos x
sin2 x
cos xcsc2 x 1
cos x cot2 x
53. y 2x sin x x 2 cos x
55. gx
y 2x cos x 2 sin x x 2sin x 2x cos x

4x cos x 2 sin x x 2 sin x
57. g

g

1 sin

cos
sin
12
y
y
61.
(form of answer may vary)
1 csc x
1 csc x
1 csc xcsc x cot x 1 csc xcsc x cot x 2 csc x cot x

1 csc x2
1 csc x2
6 212 2 3 43

ht
ht

h
2x2 8x 1
x 22
1 sin
y
59.
gx
xx 122x 5
sec t
t
tsec t tan t sec t1
t2
sec tt tan t 1
t2
sec tan 1
1
2
2

(form of answer may vary)
69
70
Chapter 2
Differentiation
63. (a) f x x3 3x 1x 2, 1, 3
53. (b)
10
fx x3 3x 11 x 23x2 3

10
4x3 6x2 6x 5
10
(1, 3)
f1 1 slope at 1, 3.
10
Tangent line: y 3 1x 1 y x 2

65. (a) f x
x
, 2, 2
x1
51. (b)
fx
1
x 11 x1

x 12
x 12
f2
1
1 slope at 2, 2.
2 12
(2, 2)
3
Tangent line: y 2 1x 2 y x 4
4 , 1
f x tan x,
67. (a)
fx sec2 x
f
55. (b)
( (
,1
4
4 2 slope at 4 , 1.
Tangent line:
y12 x
y 1 2x

4

2
4x 2y 2 0
69. f x
fx
x2
x1
6
x 23 3x1

x 22
x 22
71. fx
x 12x x21
x 12
gx
x2 2x
xx 2

x 12 x 12
gx
fx 0 when x 0 or x 2.
6
x 25 5x 41

x 22
x 22
5x 4
3x
2x 4

f x 2
x 2 x 2 x 2
f and g differ by a constant.
Horizontal tangents are at 0, 0 and 2, 4.

73. f x x n sin x
fx x n cos x nx n1 sin x
x
n1
x cos x n sin x
When n 1: fx x cos x sin x.
75. Area At 2t 1t 2t32 t12

At 2
When n 4: fx x3x cos x 4 sin x.

For general n, fx x n1 x cos x n sin x.
12
3t12
When n 2: fx xx cos x 2 sin x.

When n 3: fx x2x cos x 3 sin x.
32t 21t
12
1 12
t
2
6t 1 2
cm sec
2t
Section 2.3
77.
C 100
x

,
200
x
x 30
2
1 x
dC
400
30
100 3
dx
x
x 302
79.
Pt 500 1
4t
50 t2
50 t24 4t2t

50 t22
Pt 500
200 4t 2
50 t
(a) When x 10:
dC
$38.13.
dx
500
(b) When x 15:
dC
$10.37.
dx
2000
(c) When x 20:
dC
$3.80.
dx
2 2
50 t2
50 t
2 2
P2
31.55 bacteria per hour
As the order size increases, the cost per item

decreases.
1
cos x
sec x
81. (a)
d
d
1
cos x0 1sin x
sin x
1
sec x

dx
dx cos x
cos x2
cos x cos x cos x
d
d 1
sin x0 1cos x
cos x
1
csc x

dx
dx sin x
sin x2
sin x sin x
sin x
cot x
(c)
sin x
cos x sec x tan x
1
sin x
csc x
(b)
cos x
csc x cot x
sin x
cos x
sin x
d
d cos x
sin xsin x cos xcos x
sin2 x cos2 x
1
2 csc2 x
cot x

2
dx
dx sin x
sin x
sin2 x
sin x
85. f x
83. f x 4x32

fx 6x12
f x 3x12
fx
1
x 11 x1

x 12
x 12
f x
2
x 13
x
87. f x 3 sin x
89. fx x2
fx 3 cos x
f x 2x
f x 3 sin x
93.
95. f x 2gx hx
y
4
fx 2gx hx
f2 2g2 h2
22 4
1
x
1
f 2 0
One such function is f x x 22.
0
x
x1
91. f x 2x

f 4x
97. f x
1
1
2x12
2
x
gx
hx
fx
hxgx gxhx
hx2
f2
h2g2 g2h2
h22
12 34
12
10
71
72
Chapter 2
Differentiation
101. vt 36 t2, 0 t 6
99.
f
at 2t
v3 27 msec
x
a3 6 msec
The speed of the object is decreasing.

f
It appears that f is cubic; so f would be quadratic and

f would be linear.
103. vt
at
100t
2t 15
(a) a5
2t 15100 100t2

2t 152
(b) a10
1500
1.2 ftsec2
210 152
1500
2t 152
(c) a20
1500
0.5 ftsec2
220 152
1500
2.4 ftsec2
25 152
105. f x gxhx

fx gxhx hxgx
(a)
f x gxhx gxhx hxgx hxgx

gxhx 2gxhx hxgx
f x gxh x gxh x 2gxhx 2gxhx hxg x hxg x
gxh x 3gx hx 3gxhx g xhx
f
4x
gxh4x gxh x 3gxh x 3gxhx 3gxhx 3g xhx
g xhx g4xhx
gxh4x 4gxh x 6gxhx 4g xhx g4xhx
(b) f nx gxhnx
nn 1n 2 . . . 21

nn 1n 2 . . . 21
gxhn1x
gxhn2x
1n 1n 2 . . . 21
21n 2n 3 . . . 21
nn 1n 2 . . . 21

g xhn3x . . .
321n 3n 4 . . . 21
nn 1n 2 . . . 21 n1

g
xhx gnxhx
n 1n 2 . . . 211
gxhnx

n!
n!
gxhn1x
gxhn2x . . .
1!n 1!
2!n 2!
n!
gn1xhx gnxhx
n 1!1!
Note: n! nn 1 . . . 3
2 1 (read n factorial.)
Section 2.4
3 cos 3 12
fx sin x
f
3 sin 3 23
f x cos x
f
3 cos 3 21
107. f x cos x
(a) P1x fax a f a
3
x 3 21
(b)

1
x
4
3
3
P2
1
P2x f ax a2 f ax a f a
2
The Chain Rule

2
x 3 21
(c) P2 is a better approximation.
109. False. If y f xgx, then
P1
(d) The accuracy worsens as you move farther away

from x a 3.
111. True
dy
f xgx gxfx.
dx
113. True
hc f cgc gcfc

f c0 gc0
0
115. f x x x
x , if x 0
x
, if x < 0
2
2x, if x 0
2
x
2x,
if x < 0
2, if x > 0
f x
2, if x < 0
fx
f 0 does not exist since the left and right derivatives
are not equal.
Section 2.4
The Chain Rule
y f gx
u gx
y f u
1. y 6x 54
u 6x 5
y u4
3. y x2 1
u x2 1
y u
5. y csc3 x
u csc x
y u3
7. y 2x 73
y 32x 722 62x 72
11. f x 9 x223
2
4x
fx 9 x2132x
3
39 x213
9. gx 34 9x4

gx 124 9x39 1084 9x3
13. f t 1 t12
1
1
ft 1 t121
2
21 t
73
74
Chapter 2
Differentiation
17. y 24 x 214
15. y 9x2 413

1
6x
y 9x2 42318x
3
9x2 423
y 2
2 34
2x
x
4 4 x 23
21. f t t 32
19. y x 21
y 12 x21
23.
144 x
1
x 22
ft 2t 33
2
t 33
25. f x x2x 24
y x 212
fx x24x 231 x 242x
dy
1
1
x 232
dx
2
2x 232
2xx 232x x 2
2xx 233x 2
27. y x1 x2 x1 x212
121 x
y x
2 12
29. y
2x 1 x2121
x21 x212 1 x212

1 x
xx 52
x2 132x2 x2 1

35. y
y
1
x2 132
33. f v
gx 2
x5
x2 2
x 2 2 x 52x
x 2 22
x2x2 132 x2 112
1 2x2

1 x2
31. gx
xx2 112
1
y x x2 1322x x2 1121
2
x 1 x
2 12
x
x2 1
112vv
fv 3
2x 52 10x x 2

x 2 23
1 2v
1v
1 2v
1 v2

1 v
2
91 2v2
1 v4
3t 2
37. gt 2
t 2t 1
x 1
x 1
2
1 3x2 4x32
2xx2 12
gt
The zero of y corresponds to the point on the graph of

y where the tangent line is horizontal.
3tt2 3t 2
t2 2t 132
The zeros of g correspond to the points on the graph of

g where the tangent lines are horizontal.
24
y
1
y
2
3
2
Section 2.4
x x 1
39. y
y
41. st
x 1x
st
2xx 1
The Chain Rule
22 t1 t
3
t
1 t
The zero of st corresponds to the point on the graph of

st where the tangent line is horizontal.
y has no zeros.
4
y
s
y
s
2
3
43.
y
cos x 1
x
dy x sin x cos x 1

dx
x2
x sin x cos x 1

x2
The zeros of y correspond to the points on the graph of y where the tangent lines are horizontal.
45. (a)
(b) y sin 2x
y sin x
y cos x
y 2 cos 2x
y0 1
y0 2
1 cycle in 0, 2
2 cycles in 0, 2
The slope of sin ax at the origin is a.
47.
49. gx 3 tan 4x
y cos 3x
gx 12 sec2 4x
dy
3 sin 3x
dx
51. y sin x2 sin 2 x 2
y cos x22 2x 2 2x cos 2x 2
55. f x
53. hx sin 2x cos 2x

hx sin 2x2 sin 2x cos 2x2 cos 2x
2
cos2
75
2x 2
sin2
2x
2 cos 4x.
Alternate solution:
fx
hx
1
sin 4x
2
hx
1
cos 4x4 2 cos 4x
2
cos x
cot x
2
sin x
sin x
sin2 xsin x cos x2 sin x cos x
sin4 x
sin2 x 2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x

sin3 x
sin3 x
76
Chapter 2
Differentiation
57. y 4 sec2 x
y 8 sec x sec x tan x 8 sec2 x tan x
59. f
14 sin2 2
14 sin 2
2
f
2 14 sin 2
cos 2
2
sin 2
cos 2
12 sin 4
61. f x 3 sec2 t 1
63.
ft 6 sec t 1 sec t 1 tan t 1

6 sin t 1
6 sec t 1 tan t 1
cos3 t 1
y x
1
sin2x 2
4
x
1
sin4x2
4
dy 1 12 1
x
cos4x28x
dx 2
4
1
2x cos2x2
2x

65.
y sincos x
67.
dy
coscos x sin x
dx
st t 2 2t 812, 2, 4

st
sin x coscos x

s2
69.
f x
3
3x3 41,
x3 4
fx 3x3 423x2

f1
1, 53
9x2
x3 42
71. f t
ft
1 2
t 2t 8122t 2
2
t1
t 2 2t 8
3
4
3t 2
, 0, 2
t1
5
t 13 3t 21

t 12
t 12
f0 5
9
25
y 37 sec32x, 0, 36
73.
y 3 sec22x2 sec(2x tan2x

6 sec32x tan2x
y0 0
75. (a) f x 3x2 2 , 3, 5
77. (a) f x sin 2x, , 0

fx 2 cos 2x
1
fx 3x2 2126x
2
f 2
3x

3x2 2
f3
Tangent line:
y 2x 2x y 2 0
9
5
63. (b)
Tangent line:
9
y 5 x 3 9x 5y 2 0
5
(b)
(3, 5)
5
( , 0)
2
Section 2.4
79. f x 2x2 13
The Chain Rule
77
81. f x sin x 2
fx 6x2 122x
fx 2x cos x 2
12xx 4 2x2 1
f x 2x2xsin x2 2 cos x2
12x5 24x3 12x
2cos x2 2x2 sin x2
f x 60x 4 72x2 12

125x2 1x2 1
83.
85.
x
2
f
2
The zeros of f correspond to the points where the graph

of f has horizontal tangents.
The zeros of f correspond to the points where the graph

of f has horizontal tangents.
87. gx f 3x

gx f3x3 gx 3 f3x
89. (a) f x gxhx
73. (b) f x ghx
fx gxhx gxhx
fx ghxhx
f5 32 63 24
f5 g32 2g3

Need g3 to find f5.
73. (c) f x
gx
hx
fx
hxgx gxhx
hx2
f5
36 32 12 4

32
9
3
73. (d) f x gx3

f x 3gx 2gx
f5 3326 162
(b) f 132,400331 v1
91. (a) f 132,400331 v1
f 1132,400331 v21
f 1132,400331 v21
132,400
331 v 2
When v 30, f 1.016.
When v 30, f 1.461.

93.
0.2 cos 8t
The maximum angular displacement is
0.2 (since
1 cos 8t 1.
d
0.28 sin 8t 1.6 sin 8t

dt
When t 3, d
dt 1.6 sin 24 1.4489 radians per
second.
132,400
331 v 2
95.
S CR 2 r 2
dR
dr
dS
C 2R
2r
dt
dt
dt
Since r is constant, we have drdt 0 and

dS
1.76 10521.2 102105
dt
4.224 102 0.04224.
78
Chapter 2
Differentiation
97. (a) x 1.6372t3 19.3120t2 0.5082t 0.6161

(b) C 60x 1350
601.6372t3 19.3120t2 0.5082t 0.6161 1350
dC
604.9116t2 38.624t 0.5082
dt
294.696t2 2317.44t 30.492
The function
dC
is quadratic, not linear. The cost function levels off at the end of the day, perhaps due to fatigue.
dt
99. f x sin x
101. (a) rx fgxgx

r1 fg1g1
(a) fx cos x

f x 2 sin x
Note that g1 4 and f4
f x 3 cos x
Also, g1 0. Thus, r1 0
f 4 4 sin x
(b) f x 2 f x 2 sin x 2sin x 0
f 2kx 1k 2k sin x
(c)
f 2k1x 1k1 2k1 cos x
(b) sx gf xf x

s4 gf 4f 4
5
64 1
5

and
Note that f 4 , g
2
2
62 2
5
f4 .
4
Thus, s4
103.
g xx n
2x n
2x2 nx
2x n2
xx n
x x n2
xx n
a
g
107. hx x cos x
2x 3
,
gx 2
2x 3
dg 1 2
x nx122x n
dx
2
hx x sin x
1 5
5
.
2 4
8
105. gx 2x 3
nx
x2
50 5

62 4
cos x,
x 0
3
2
Section 2.5
109. (a) f x tan
x
4
f 1 1
f x

x
sec2
4
4
f x

x
sec2
2
4
tan
x
4 4

P1x f1x 1 f 1

P2x
(b)
Implicit Differentiation
f1

2
4
2
f 1

21
8
4

x 1 1.
2

1
x 12 f1x 1 f 1 x 12 x 1 1
2 4
8
2

P1
P2
f
0
3
0
(c) P2 is a better approximation than P1

(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away from x c 1.
111. False. If y 1 x12, then y 12 1 x121.
Section 2.5
1.
113. True
x2 y2 36
3.
2x 2yy 0
y
1 12 1 12
x
y
y 0
2
2
x
y
y
x3 xy y2 4
5.
7.
3x2 xy y 2yy 0
y
3x 2 3x 2y 6xy 4xyy 2y2 0
4xy 3x 2y 6xy 3x 2 2y 2

y1
6xy 3x
4xy 3x 2
2y 2
yx
x3y3 y x 0
3x3y2 1y 1 3x2y3
y 3x2
2y x
9. x3 3x 2 2xy 2 12
x12

y12
3x3y2y 3x2y3 y 1 0
2y xy y 3x2
x12 y12 9
y
11.
1 3x2y3
3x3y2 1
sin x 2cos 2y 1
cos x 4sin 2yy 0
y
cos x
4 sin 2y
79
80
Chapter 2
Differentiation
13. sin x x1 tan y

cos x x
sec2
y
y sinxy
15.
yy 1 tan y1
y xy y cosxy
y x cosxyy y cosxy
cos x tan y 1
x sec2 y
y
17. (a) x2 y2 16
y2
16
(b)
x2
y 16 x2
(c) Explicitly:
y=
16 x 2
2x 2yy 0
y
x
x
x

2
y
16 x2

16 x
19. (a) 16y2 144 9x2
(b)
x
y
y
6
1
9
144 9x2 16 x2
16
16
y = 34
16 x2
3
y 16 x2
4
x
2
4
6
y = 43
16 x2
(d) Implicitly:
(c) Explicitly:
18x 32yy 0
dy
3
16 x2122x
dx
8
y
3x
3x
9x

416 x2 443y
16y
xy 4
23.
xy y1 0
x y y
y
x
At 4, 1: y
(d) Implicitly:
dy
1
16 x2122x
dx
2
y
16 x 2
21.
y=
2
6
y2
y cosxy
1 x cosxy
1
4
y2
9x
16y
x2 4
x2 4
2yy
x 2 42x x 2 42x
x 2 42
2yy
16x
x 2 42
y
8x
yx 2 42
At 2, 0, y is undefined.
Section 2.5
25.
x23 y23 5
1 y sec2x y 1
1 sec2x y
y
sec2x y
tan2x y
sin2x y

tan2x y 1
x2
2
x 1
yx
x13

y13
81
tanx y x
27.
2 13 2 13
x
y
y 0
3
3
y
1
At 8, 1: y .
2
At 0, 0: y 0.
29.
x2 4y 8
x2 y22 4x2y
31.
2x2 y22x 2yy 4x2y y8x
x2 4y y2x 0

y
4x3 4x2yy 4xy2 4y3y 4x2y 8xy
2xy
x2 4
4x2yy 4y3y 4x2y 8xy 4x3 4xy2
2x8x2 4
x2 4
4yx2y y3 x2 42xy x3 xy2

y
16x
2
x 42
At 2, 1: y
At 1, 1: y 0.
32
1

64
2
Or, you could just solve for y: y x
33.
8
4
tan y x

35.
ysec2 y 1
x 2 y 2 36
2x 2yy 0
1

y
cos2 y, < y <
sec2 y
2
2
y
sec2 y 1 tan2 y 1 x2
x2 y2 16
2x 2yy 0
y
x
y
x yy 0
1 yy y2 0
xy
39.
y
3x2 3x2

2y
2y
y
2x3y 3y2
4x2
y2 y3y x2
y
y2 x2 16
3
y3
y
y2
y 2 x 2 36
3
y3
y
2yy 3x2
yx
y x
y2 x3
0
1 yy
x
y
y1 xy
y

y2
1
y
1 x2
37.
2xy x3 xy2
x2y y3 x2
2x3
xy
3y
3y2x 6y
4x2
3y
3x

4x2 4y
x3
3y
xy 2x y2 2x
82
Chapter 2
Differentiation
41. x y 4
1 12 1 12
x
y
y 0
2
2
y
(9, 1)
y
x
14
1
At 9, 1, y
1
3
1
Tangent line: y 1 x 9
3
1
y x4
3
x 3y 12 0
43. x2 y2 25
y
x
y
At 4, 3:
Tangent line: y 3
4
x 4 4x 3y 25 0
3
(4, 3)
9
3
Normal line: y 3 x 4 3x 4y 0.
4
At 3, 4:
3
Tangent line: y 4 x 3 3x 4y 25 0
4
Normal line: y 4
45.
4
x 3 4x 3y 0.
3
(3, 4)
9
x2 y2 r 2
2x 2yy 0
y
x
slope of tangent line
y
y
slope of normal line
x
Let x0, y0 be a point on the circle. If x0 0, then the tangent line is horizontal, the normal line is vertical and, hence, passes
through the origin. If x0
0, then the equation of the normal line is
y y0
y
y0
x x0
x0
y0
x
x0
which passes through the origin.
Section 2.5
47. 25x2 16y2 200x 160y 400 0
( 4, 10)
50x 32yy 200 160y 0

y
200 50x
160 32y
2516
( 8, 5)
(0, 5)
4
( 4, 0)
Horizontal tangents occur when x 4:

16y2
10
10 8 6 4
2004 160y 400 0
y y 10 0 y 0, 10
Horizontal tangents: 4, 0, 4, 10.
Vertical tangents occur when y 5:
25x2 400 200x 800 400 0
25xx 8 0 x 0, 8
Vertical tangents: 0, 5, 8, 5.
49. Find the points of intersection by letting y2 4x in the equation 2x2 y2 6.
2x2 4x 6
x 3x 1 0
and
The curves intersect at 1, 2.
y 2 = 4x
Parabola:
Ellipse:
4x 2yy 0
y
(1, 2)
6
2yy 4
2x
y
y
(1, 2)
2x 2 + y 2 = 6
2
y
At 1, 2, the slopes are:

y 1
y 1.

y 1
y 1.
Tangents are perpendicular.

51. y x and x sin y
x = sin y
Point of intersection: 0, 0
y x:
x sin y:
y 1
1 y cos y
(0, 0)
x+y=0
y sec y
y 1
y 1.
Tangents are perpendicular.

53.
xy C
x2 y2 K
xy y 0
2x 2yy 0
y
y
x
y
x
y
At any point of intersection x, y the product of the

slopes is yxxy 1. The curves are orthogonal.
C=4
3
C=1
K = 1
2
K=2
2
83
84
Chapter 2
Differentiation
55. 2y2 3x4 0

(a) 4yy 12x3 0
(b) 4y
4yy 12x3
dx
dy
12x3 0
dt
dt
y
12x3 3x3

y
4y
y
dx
dy
3x3
dt
dt
57. cos y 3 sin x 1

(b) sin y
(a) sin yy 3 cos x 0

y
3 cos x
sin y
dy
dx
3 cos x 0
dt
dt
dy
dx
sin y 3 cos x
dt
dt
59. A function is in explicit form if y is written as a function

of x: y f x. For example, y x3. An implicit equation
is not in the form y f x. For example, x 2 y 2 5.
61. (a) x4 44x2 y2
10
4y2 16x2 x4
10
10
1
y2 4x2 x4
4
y
(b)
10
1
4x2 x4
4
1
y 3 9 4x 2 x4
4
36 16x2 x4
x4 16x2 36 0
x2
16 256 144
8 28
2
Note that x2 8 28 8 27 1 7 2.

Hence, there are four values of x:
1 7, 1 7, 17, 1 7
To find the slope, 2yy 8x x3 y
x8 x2
.
23
1
For x 1 7, y 3 7 7, and the line is
1
1
y1 37 7x 1 7 3 37 7x 87 23 .
1
y2 137 7x 1 7 3 137 7x 23 87 .

1
y3 137 7x 1 7 3 137 7x 23 87 .

1
1
1
y4 37 7x 1 7 3 37 7x 87 23 .
CONTINUED
10
10
10
y1
y3
y2
10
y4
Section 2.6
Related Rates
61. CONTINUED
(c) Equating y3 and y4,
1
7 7 x 1 7 3 13 7 7 x 1 7 3
3
7 7 x 1 7 7 7 x 1 7
7x 7 7 7x 7 77 7x 7 7 7x 7 77
167 14x
x
If x
87
7
87
87
, then y 5 and the lines intersect at
,5 .
7
7
63. Let f x xn xpq, where p and q are nonzero integers and q > 0. First consider the case where p 1. The derivative of
f x x1q is given by
d 1q
f x x f x
f t f x
x lim
lim
x0
tx
dx
x
tx
where t x x. Observe that
f t f x t1q x1q
t1q x1q

1q q
tx
tx
t x1qq

t1q
x1q
t11q
t1q x1q
. . . t1qx12q x11q
t12qx1q
1
.
t11q t12qx1q . . . t1qx12q x11q
As t x, the denominator approaches qx11q. That is,

d 1q
1
1
x 11q x1q1.
dx
qx
q
Now consider f x xpq xp1q. From the Chain Rule,
1
1
d
p
p
p
fx xp1q1 xp xp1q 1pxp1 xpqp p1 xpq 1 nxn1 n .
q
dx
q
q
q
q
Section 2.6
1.
Related Rates
y x
xy 4
3.
1 dx
dy

dt
2x dt
dx
dy
y 0
dt
dt

dx
dy
2x
dt
dt
y dx
dy

dt
x dt
(a) When x 4 and dxdt 3,
dx
x dy

dt
y dt
dy
1
3

3 .
dt
24
4
(b) When x 25 and dydt 2,
dx
225 2 20.
dt

(a) When x 8, y 12, and dxdt 10,

dy
12
5

10 .
dt
8
8
(b) When x 1, y 4, and dydt 6,
1
3
dx
6 .
dt
4
2
85
86
5.
Chapter 2
Differentiation
y x2 1
7.
y tan x
dx
2
dt
dx
2
dt
dy
dx
2x
dt
dt
dy
dx
sec2 x
dt
dt
(a) When x 1,
(a) When x 3,
dy
212 4 cmsec.
dt
(b) When x 0,
dy
222 8 cmsec.
dt
(b) When x 4,
dy
202 0 cmsec.
dt
(c) When x 1,
dy
212 4 cmsec.
dt
9. (a)
dy
dx
negative positive
dt
dt
(b)
dy
dx
positive negative
dt
dt
13.
dy
2 22 4 cmsec.
dt
(c) When x 0,
dy
122 2 cmsec.
dt
dy
dx
a .
11. Yes, y changes at a constant rate:
dt
dt
No, the rate
dy
dx
is a multiple of .
dt
dt
D x2 y2 x2 x2 12 x4 3x2 1

dx
2
dt
dx
2x3 3x
dx
4x3 6x
dD 1 4
x 3x2 1 124x3 6x

4
2
dt
2
dt
x 3x 1 dt
x4 3x2 1
15.
A r2
17. (a) sin
dr
3
dt
cos
12b

b 2s sin
2
s
2
h

h s cos
2
s
2
A
dA
dr
2 r
dt
dt
(a) When r 6,
1

1
bh 2s sin
2
2
2
s cos 2
s2

s2
2 sin cos
sin
2
2
2
2
dA
2 63 36 cm2min.
dt
(b) When r 24,
s
h
dA
2 243 144 cm2min.
dt
(b)
dA s2
d
d 1

cos where
radmin.
dt
2
dt
dt
2
When
12
dA s2 3
,

6 dt
2 2
3s 2
dA s2 1 1
s2
,

3 dt
2 2 2
8
(c) If d dt is constant, dAdt is proportional to cos .
When

Section 2.6
dV
4
800
V r 3,
3
dt
19.
21.
ds
dx
12x
dt
dt

dr
1
dV
1

800
dt
4 r 2 dt
4 r 2
(a) When r 30,
dr
1
2

800
cmmin.
dt
4 302
9
(b) When r 60,
dr
1
1

800
cmmin.
dt
4 60 2
18

1
1 9
V r 2h h2 h
3
3 4
s 6x2
dx
3
dt
dV
dr
4 r 2
dt
dt
23.
(a) When x 1,
ds
1213 36 cm2sec.
dt
(b) When x 10,
ds
12103 360 cm2sec.
dt
since 2r 3h
3 3
h
4
dV
10
dt
dh 4dVdt
dV 9 2 dh

h

dt
4
dt
dt
9h2
When h 15,
25.
8
410
dh

ftmin.
dt
9 152 405
12
Related Rates
3
1
(a) Total volume of pool
1
2126 1612 144 m3
2
Volume of 1m. of water
1
166 18 m3
2
2
h=1
(see similar triangle diagram)

18
% pool filled 144
100% 12.5%
(b) Since for 0 h 2, b 6h, you have

1
V bh6 3bh 36hh 18h2
2
dV
dh 1
dh
1
1
1
36h

mmin.
dt
dt
4
dt
144h 1441 144
12
b=6
87
88
Chapter 2
Differentiation
x2 y2 252
27.
2x
dx
dy
2y
0
dt
dt
dy x

dt
y
dx
dx 2x

since
2.
dt
y
dt
25
(a) When x 7, y 576 24,
dy 27 7

ftsec.
dt
24
12
When x 15, y 400 20,

When x 24, y 7,
dy 215 3

ftsec.
dt
20
2
dy 224 48

ftsec.
dt
7
7
(b)
1
A xy
2
dx
dA 1 dy
x
y
dt
2 dt
dt
From part (a) we have x 7, y 24,

and
dx
2,
dt
dy
7
.
dt
12
7
dA 1
Thus, dt 2 7 12 242
527

21.96 ft2sec.
24
tan
(c)
sec2
x
y
d 1

dt
y
dx
x
2
dt
y
d
1
cos2
dt
y
Using x 7, y 24,
dy
dt
dx
x
2
dt
y
dy
dt
d
dx
dy
7
24
24
2,
and cos , we have

dt
dt
12
25
dt
25

241 2 247 127 121 rad
sec.
29. When y 6, x 122 62 63, and

12 y
s x2 12 y2
2x
s
x
108 36 12.
x2
25
( x, y )
y
12
12 y
2
s2
dy
ds
dx
212 y1 2s
dt
dt
dt
x
dx
dy
ds
y 12 s
dt
dt
dt
Also, x2 y2 122
2x
dy
dy x dx
dx
2y
0

.
dt
dt
dt
y dt
Thus, x
x dx
ds
dx
y 12
s
dt
y dt
dt
12x
ds
dx
sy
dx
xx
s

dt
y
dt
dt
12x
dy x dx 63

dt
y dt
6
ds
126
1
3

0.2

msec (horizontal)
dt
15
12 63
53
3 1 msec (vertical).
15
Section 2.6
s2 x2 y2
31. (a)
dx
450
dt
les
in
e(
dy
600
dt
mi
c 200
tan
Di
100
x
200
100
dx
dy
ds
2x
2y
2s
dt
dt
dt
Distance (in miles)
ds xdxdt ydydt

dt
s
When x 150 and y 200, s 250 and
ds 150450 200600

750 mph.
dt
250
(b) t
250 1
hr 20 min
750 3
s2 902 x2
33.
2nd
x 30
30 ft
dx
28
dt
2s
3rd
1st
s
ds
ds x
dx
2x
dt
dt
dt
s
dx
dt
90 ft
Home
When x 30,
s 902 302 3010
ds
28
30

28
8.85 ftsec.
dt
10
3010
35. (a)
15
y

15y 15x 6y
6
yx
y
5
x
3
15
dx
5
dt
dy 5

dt
3
(b)
dx 5
25
5
ftsec
dt
3
3
10
d y x dy dx 25

5
ftsec
dt
dt
dt
3
3
x
y
Related Rates
89
90
Chapter 2
37. xt
Differentiation
39. Since the evaporation rate is proportional to the surface

area, dVdt k4 r 2. However, since V 43 r 3,
we have
1
t
sin , x 2 y 2 1
2
6
(a) Period:
2
12 seconds
6
1
(b) When x , y
2
Lowest point:
1 12
2
dr
dV
4 r 2 .
dt
dt
2
3
m.
0, 23
1
(c) When x , y
4
Therefore,
k4 r 2 4 r 2
1 14
15
dr
dr
k .
dt
dt
and t 1
dx 1
t

t

cos

cos
dt
2 6
6
12
6

x2 y2 1
2x
dx
dy
dy x dx
.
2y
0

dt
dt
dt
y dt
Thus,
dy
14

dt
154

Speed

12 cos 6
1 23 24 15 1205.

15 12
5
5
msec

120
120
pV1.3 k
41.
1.3 pV 0.3
dV
dp
V1.3
0
dt
dt
dV
dp
V
0
dt
dt
V 0.3 1.3p
1.3p
tan
43.
dV
dp
V
dt
dt
y
30
dy
3 msec.
dt
sec2
d
1 dy

dt
30 dt
1
d

cos2
dt
30
dy
dt
When y 30, 4 and cos 22. Thus,

d
1
1 1
3

radsec.
dt
30 2
20

30
Section 2.6
y
tan , y 5
x
45.
dx
600 mihr
dt
d
5
sec2 2
dt
x
y=5
dx
dt
d
5 dx
x2
5 dx
cos2 2
2 2
dt
x dt
L
x dt

L5 15dxdt sin 15600 120 sin

47.
(a) When 30,
d 120
1

30 radhr radmin.
dt
4
2
(b) When 60,
d
3
3
120
90 radhr radmin.
dt
4
2
(c) When 75,
d
120 sin2 75 111.96 radhr 1.87 radmin.
dt

d
10 revsec2 radrev 20 radsec
dt
x
(a) cos
30
P
30
d
1 dx

sin
dt
30 dt
dx
d
30 sin
30 sin 20 600 sin
dt
dt
(b)
2000
2000

is
least
when
dxdt

n or n 180.

(c) dxdt 600 sin is greatest when sin 1 2 n or 90 n
(d) For 30,
For 60,
49. tan
dx
1
600 sin30 600 300 cmsec.
dt
2
3
dx
600 sin60 600
3003 cmsec
dt
2
x
x 50 tan
50
d
dx
50 sec2
dt
dt
2 50 sec2
d
dt
d
1

cos2 ,
dt
25
4
4
180
Related Rates
91
92
Chapter 2
Differentiation
51. x2 y2 25; acceleration of the top of the ladder
First derivative: 2x
d 2y
dt 2
dy
dx
2y
0
dt
dt
dy
dx
y
0
dt
dt
x
Second derivative: x
d 2x dx

dt 2
dt
d 2y dy
dx
y 2
dt
dt
dt
dy
0
dt
xddt x dxdt dydt
1
d 2y

dt 2
y
When x 7, y 24,
dy
7
dx
dx
d 2x
, and
2 (see Exercise 27). Since
is constant, 2 0.
dt
12
dt
dt
dt
d 2y
1
7

70 22
dt 2
24
12
49
1
625
241 4 144
24 144 0.1808 ft sec
2
53. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain ms 0.881s2 29.10s 206.2
(b)
dm dm ds
ds

1.762s 29.10
dt
ds dt
dt
(c) If t s 1995, then s 15.5 and

Thus,
ds
1.2.
dt
dm
1.76215.5 29.101.2 2.15 million.
dt
Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1. f x x2 2x 3
fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
x x2 2x x 3

x2 2x 3
x0
x
lim
x2 2xx x2 2x 2x 3 x2 2x 3

x0
x
lim
2xx x2 2x

lim 2x x 2 2x 2
x0
x0
x
lim
5. f is differentiable for all x 1.
3. f x x 1
fx lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
f x x f x
x
x x 1 x 1
x
x x x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x
xx x x
1
x x x
1
2x
7. f x 4 x 2
1
4
9. Using the limit definition, you obtain gx x .
3
6
(a) Continuous at x 2.
(b) Not differentiable at x 2 because of the sharp turn
in the graph.
4 1 3
At x 1, g1
3 6
2
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
3
11. (a) Using the limit defintion, fx 3x 2.
13. g2 lim
x2
At x 1, f1 3. The tangent line is

y 3x 1
x3 x 2 4
x2
x2
lim
x 2x 1 4
x2
x2
lim
y 2 3x 1
(b)
gx g2
x2
lim
(1, 2)
x2
x 2x 2 x 2
x2
lim x 2 x 2 8
x2
15.
19. f x x8
17. y 25
fx 8x7
y 0
x
1
21. ht 3t 4
23. f x x3 3x2
ht 12t 3
fx 3x2 6x 3xx 2
3 x 6x1 2 3x1 3
25. hx 6x 3
hx 3x1 2 x2 3

29. f 2 3 sin
f 2 3 cos
3
x
2
27. gt t2
3
1
3 x2

gx
4 3 4
t 3
3
3t
31. f 3 cos
sin
4
f 3 sin
cos
4
93
94
Chapter 2
Differentiation
F 200T
33.
Ft
35.
st 16t2 s0
s9.2 169.22 s0 0
100
T
s0 1354.24
(a) When T 4, F4 50 vibrations/sec/lb.
The building is approximately 1354 feet high (or 415 m).
(b) When T 9, F9 3313 vibrations/sec/lb.

37. (a)
(c) Ball reaches maximum height when x 25.
y x 0.02x2
(d)
15
y 1 0.04x
10
y0 1
y10 0.6
x
20
40
60
Total horizontal distance: 50

(b) 0 x 0.02x2
y25 0
y30 0.2
y50 1
x
0x 1
implies x 50.
50
39. xt t2 3t 2 t 2t 1
(a) vt xt 2t 3
(e) y25 0
3
(b) vt < 0 for t < 2 .
(d) xt 0 for t 1, 2.
at vt 2
3
(c) vt 0 for t 2 .
3
3
1 1
1
x 2 2 2 1 2 2 4
v1 21 3 1
v2 22 3 1
The speed is 1 when the position is 0.
43. hx x sin x x1 2 sin x
41. f x 3x2 7x2 2x 3

fx 3x2 72x 2 x2 2x 36x
2
6x3
9x2
16x 7
1
sin x x cos x
2x
x2 x 1
x2 1
x2 12x 1 x2 x 12x
fx
x2 12
2
x 1
2
x 12
45. f x 2x x2
47. f x
fx 2 2x3 2 1
hx
1
x3
2x3 1
x3
51. y
49. f x 4 3x21

fx 4 3x226x
53. y 3x 2 sec x
y 3x 2 sec x tan x 6x sec x
6x
4 3x22
y
x2
cos x
cos x 2x x 2sin x 2x cos x x 2 sin x

cos2 x
cos2 x
55. y x tan x
y x sec2 x tan x
59. gt t3 3t 2
57. y x cos x sin x
gt 3t2 3
y x sin x cos x cos x x sin x
g
t 6t
61. f 3 tan
y 2 sin x 3 cos x
63.
f 3 sec2
y 2 cos x 3 sin x
f
6 sec sec tan 6 sec tan
y
2 sin x 3 cos x
y
y 2 sin x 3 cos x 2 sin x 3 cos x
0
65. f x 1 x31 2
1
fx 1 x31 23x2
2
3x2
21 x3
s2
1
s
s2
1
3s2
xx 31x
11 x 32x
x 2 12
2x 3x 2 6x 1
x 2 13
71. y 3 cos3x 1
5 1 2s
5 2
x3
x2 1
hx 2
69. f s s2 15 2s3 5

fs
67. hx
s3
5
2
s2
3 2
y 9 sin3x 1
3s 1 5 5
3 2
s2
s3
ss2 13 28s3 3s 25
73. y
1
csc 2x
2
1
y csc 2x cot 2x2
2
y
csc 2x cot 2x
77. y
x
sin 2x

2
4
75. y
1 1
cos 2x2
2 4
1
1 cos 2x sin2 x
2
2 3 2
2
sin x sin7 2x
3
7
y sin1 2 x cos x sin5 2 x cos x
79. y
y
cos xsin x1 sin2 x
sin x
x2
x 2 cos x sin x
x 22
cos3 xsin x
81. f t t2t 15
83. gx 2xx 11 2
ft tt 147t 2

The zeros of f correspond to the points on the graph of f
where the tangent line is horizontal.
0.1
gx
g does not equal zero for any value of x in the domain.

The graph of g has no horizontal tangent lines.
0.1
1.3
f
0.1
x2
x 13 2
g
2
95
96
Chapter 2
Differentiation
85. f t t 11 2t 11 3 t 15 6

ft
87. y tan1 x
5
6t 11 6
y
f does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The

graph of f has no horizontal tangent lines.
sec21 x
21 x
y does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The graph
has no horizontal tangent lines.
f
20
f
2
91. f x cot x
89. y 2x2 sin 2x
93. f t
t
1 t2
ft
t1
1 t3
f
t
2t 2
1 t4
fx csc2 x
y 4x 2 cos 2x
f
2 csc xcsc x cot x
y
4 4 sin 2x
2 csc2 x cot x
95. g tan 3 sin 1

g 3 sec2 3 cos 1
g
18 sec2 3 tan 3 sin 1
97. T 700t2 4t 101
T
1400t 2
t2 4t 102
(a) When t 1,
T
(b) When t 3,
14001 2
18.667 deg hr.
1 4 102
T
(d) When t 10,
(c) When t 5,
T
14003 2
7.284 deg hr.
9 12 102
14005 2
3.240 deg hr.
25 30 102
T
140010 2
0.747 deg hr.
100 40 102
x2 3xy y3 10
99.
2x 3xy 3y 3y2y 0
3x y2y 2x 3y
2x 3y
3x y2
y
yx xy 16
101.
y
12x x
1 2
y x
1 2
12y
1 2
y y1 2 0
x 2x yy y 2y x
2xy x
2xy y
y
2y
2x
y
2xy y
2x
2y
2xy x
2yx yy
2xy xx
x sin y y cos x
103.
105.
x cos yy sin y y sin x y cos x
(2, 4)
2x 2yy 0
9
yx cos y cos x y sin x sin y

y
x2 y2 20
97
x
y
y
y sin x sin y
cos x x cos y
1
At 2, 4: y
2
1
Tangent line: y 4 x 2
2
x 2y 10 0
Normal line: y 4 2x 2
2x y 0
107.
y x
dy
2 units sec
dt
dx
dy
1 dx
dy
2x 4x
dt
dt
dt
2x dt
1 dx
22 units/sec.
(a) When x ,
2 dt
109.
(b) When x 1,
dx
4 units/sec.
dt
(c) When x 4,
dx
8 units/sec.
dt
s
1 2

h
2
111. st 60 4.9t2

st 9.8t
1
s h
4
s 35 60 4.9t2
4.9t2
dV
1
dt
w 2 2s 2 2
14h 4 2 h
tan 30
dV 5
dh
4 h
dt
2
dt
2dV dt
dh

dt
54 h
When h 1,
dh
2

m min.
dt
25
1
2
1
3
5
4.9
st
xt
xt 3 st
4h
5
5
2
h 8 hh
2
2
4
25
t
Width of water at depth h:
V
s (t)
ds
5
dx
3 39.8
dt
dt
4.9
1
2
38.34 m sec
s
2
h
2
30
x(t )

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C H A P T E R 2

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem . . . 53

Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change . 60

The Product and Quotient Rules and

The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

5. f x 3 2x is a line. Slope 2

7. Slope at 1, 3 lim

g1 x g1

9. Slope at 0, 0 lim

13. f x 5x

hs s hs

17. f x 2x2 x 1

2x x2 x x 1 2x2 x 1

2x2 4xx 2x2 x x 1 2x2 x 1

19. f x x3 12x

x x3 12x x x3 12x

x3 3x2x 3xx2 x3 12x 12x x3 12x

3x2x 3xx2 x3 12x

lim 3x2 3xx x2 12 3x2 12

25. (a) f x x2 1

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

x x2 1 x2 1

lim 2x x 2x

At 2, 5, the slope of the tangent line is

3x2x 3xx2 x3

lim 3x2 3xx x2 3x2

At 2, 8, the slope of the tangent is m 322 12.

At 1, 1, the slope of the tangent line is

The equation of the tangent line is

31. (a) f x

xx xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x

x3 2x 2x xx2 x3 x 2x 4x

x2x xx2 4x

At 4, 5, the slope of the tangent line is

The equation of the tangent line is

Since the slope of the given line is 12 , we have

Therefore, at the points 1, 1 and 1, 1 the tangent

35. Using the limit definition of derivative,

Therefore, at the point 1, 1 the tangent line is parallel to

37. g5 2 because the tangent line passes through 5, 2

39. f x x fx 1

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

41. f x x fx matches (a)

Answers will vary.

5 4x0 x02 8 8x0 2x02

49. (a) g0 3

(d) Because g4 3 , g is increasing (rising) at x 4.

By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx

55. f 2 24 2 4, f 2.1 2.14 2.1 3.99

2x 0.01 x 0.012 2x x2 100

The graph of gx is approximately the graph of fx.

As x , f is nearly horizontal and thus f 0.

59. f x 4 x 32

(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 3.

63. f x x3 2x2 1, c 2

67. f x x 62

Does not exist.

69. h x x 5, c 5

71. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 3.

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

Does not exist.

g1 x g1

hs s hs

2x x2 x x 1 2x2 x 1

2x2 4xx 2x2 x x 1 2x2 x 1

x x3 12x x x3 12x

x3 3x2x 3xx2 x3 12x 12x x3 12x

3x2x 3xx2 x3 12x

lim 3x2 3xx x2 12 3x2 12

x x2 1 x2 1

lim 2x x 2x

3x2x 3xx2 x3

lim 3x2 3xx x2 3x2

xx xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x

x3 2x 2x xx2 x3 x 2x 4x

x2x xx2 4x

39. f x x fx 1

41. f x x fx matches (a)

49. (a) g0 3

(d) Because g4 3 , g is increasing (rising) at x 4.

By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx

The graph of gx is approximately the graph of fx.

As x , f is nearly horizontal and thus f 0.

(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 3.

77. f x is differentiable on the interval 1, .

The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x 2. f2 4

Therefore, g is differentiable at x 0, g0 0.

37. f 4 sin , 0, 0

At 1, 0: y 413 61 2.

At 1, 2, f1

Horizontal tangent: ,

69. gx f x 6 gx fx

83. False. If y 2, then dydx 0. 2 is a constant.

85. True. If gx 3f x, then gx 3fx.

1, 1 f1 1

2, 21 f2 41

(c) vt st 32t

For v 40, T40 0.612.

For v 80, T80 1.081.

For v 100, T100 1.315.