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Designation: E 122 00
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers simple methods for calculating how
many units to include in a random sample in order to estimate
with a prescribed precision, a measure of quality for all the
units of a lot of material, or produced by a process. This
practice will clearly indicate the sample size required to
estimate the average value of some property or the fraction of
nonconforming items produced by a production process during
the time interval covered by the random sample. If the process
is not in a state of statistical control, the result will not have
predictive value for immediate (future) production. The practice treats the common situation where the sampling units can
be considered to exhibit a single (overall) source of variability;
it does not treat multi-level sources of variability.
N
n
nj
nL
p8
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 456 Definitions of Terms Relating to Statistical Methods2
s0
s
p0 =
p =
R =
Rj
R
s
e
k
=
=
3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsUnless otherwise noted, all statistical
terms are defined in Definitions E 456.
3.2 Symbols:
E
=
=
=
=
=
sp
sj
t
V
Vo
v
vj
X
X
(8.2.1).
= pooled (weighted average) s from k samples, not all of
the same size (8.2).
= standard derivation of sample j.
= a factor (the 99.865th percentile of the Students
distribution) corresponding to the degrees of freedom
fo of an advance estimate so (5.1).
= s/, the coefficient of variation of the lot or process.
= an advance estimate of V (8.3.1).
= s/ X, the coefficient of variation estimated from the
sample.
= coefficient of variation from sample j.
= numerical value of the characteristic of an individual
unit being measured.
= n
( Xi/ni average of n observations, Xi, i = 1 to n.
i51
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 122 00
when quality is expressed as either the lot average for a given
property, or as the lot fraction not conforming to prescribed
standards. The level of a characteristic may often be taken as an
indication of the quality of a material. If so, an estimate of the
average value of that characteristic or of the fraction of the
observed values that do not conform to a specification for that
characteristic becomes a measure of quality with respect to that
characteristic. This practice is intended for use in determining
the sample size required to estimate, with prescribed precision,
such a measure of the quality of a lot or process either as an
average value or as a fraction not conforming to a specified
value.
(1)
where:
so = the advance estimate of the standard deviation of the
lot or process,
E = the maximum allowable error between the estimate to
be made from the sample and the result of measuring
(by the same methods) all the units in the lot or
process, and
3 = a factor corresponding to a low probability that the
difference between the sample estimate and the result
of measuring (by the same methods) all the units in
the lot or process is greater than E. The choice of the
factor 3 is recommended for general use. With the
factor 3, and with a lot or process standard deviation
equal to the advance estimate, it is practically certain
that the sampling error will not exceed E. Where a
lesser degree of certainty is desired a smaller factor
may be used (Note 1).
6. Precision Desired
6.1 The approximate precision desired for the estimate must
be prescribed. That is, it must be decided what maximum
deviation, E, can be tolerated between the estimate to be made
from the sample and the result that would be obtained by
measuring every unit in the lot or process.
6.2 In some cases, the maximum allowable sampling error is
expressed as a proportion, e, or a percentage, 100 e. For
n 5 ~3 Vo/e! 2
(2)
where:
Vo = (coefficient of variation) = so/o the advance estimate
of the coefficient of variation, expressed as a fraction
(or as a percentage),
2
E 122 00
where the value of the correction factor, c4, depends on the
size of the individual data sets (nj) (Table 13 ).
8.2.2 An even simpler, and slightly less efficient estimate
fors omay be computed by using the average range ( R) taken
from the several previous data sets that have the same group
size.
R
so 5 d
2
(3)
where:
po = the advance estimate of the lot or process fraction
nonconforming p81 and E # po
7.4 When the average for the production process is not
needed, but rather the average of a particular lot is needed, then
the required sample size is less than Eq 1, Eq 2, and Eq 3
indicate. The sample size for estimating the average of the
finite lot will be:
nL 5 n/[1 1 ~n/N!#
(4)
n [~3 3 203!/50!# 2 5
where:
n = the value computed from Eq 1, Eq 2, or Eq 3, and
N = the lot size.
This reduction in sample size is usually of little importance
unless n is 10 % or more of N.
( ~nj 2 1!#1/2
j51
j51
(6)
where:
sj = the standard deviation for sample j,
nj = the sample size for sample j.
8.2.1 If each of the previous data sets contains the same
number of measurements, nj, then a simpler, but slightly less
efficient estimate for so may be made by using an average ( s)
of the s values obtained from the several previous samples. The
calculated s value will in general be a slightly biased estimate
of so. An unbiased estimate of so is computed as follows:
s
so 5 c
(9)
j51
j51
(10)
where:
vj = the coefficient of variation for sample j, and
nj = the sample size for sample j.
8.3.2 Example 2Use of V, the estimated coefficient of
variation:
8.3.2.1 ProblemTo compute the sample size needed to
estimate the average abrasion resistance of a material when the
desired value of e is 0.10 or 10 %, and practical certainty is
desired.
(5)
5 149 bricks
i51
(8)
3
ASTM Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, ASTM STP
15D, 1976, Part 3, Table 27.
(7)
C4
d2
2
4
5
8
10
.798
.921
.940
.965
.973
1.13
2.06
2.33
2.85
3.08
E 122 00
8.3.2.2 SolutionThere are no data from previous samples
of this same material, but data for six samples of similar
materials show a wide range of resistance. However, the values
of estimated standard deviation are approximately proportional
to the observed averages, as shown in the following text table:
Lot No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Avg
Sample
Sizes
Avg
Cycles
Observed
range, R
10
10
10
10
10
10
90
190
350
450
1000
3550
40
100
140
220
360
2090
Estimate of
so =
/3.08A
R
13.0
32.5
45.5
71.4
116.9
678.6
p = 21/390 = 0.054
n = (3/0.04)2(0.054) (0.946)
= [(9 3 0.0511)/0.0016] 287.4 = 288
If the desired value of E were 0.01 the required sample size
would be 4600. With a lot size of 2000, equation (4) gives
nL = 1934 items. Although this value of nLrepresents about
70 % of the lot, the example illustrates the sample size required
to achieve the desired value of E with practical certainty.
Coefficient
of Variation, %
14
17
13
16
12
19
15.2
A
Values of standard deviation, s, may be used instead of the estimates made
from the range, if they are preferred or already available. The use of s would be
more efficient.
5 21.2 22 specimens
(11)
(12)
Sample
Size
75
100
90
125
390
No. Nonconforming
3
10
4
4
21
Fraction
onconforming
0.040
0.100
0.044
0.032
NOTE 1What is shown here for the normal distribution is somewhat arbitrary, because the normal distribution has no finite endpoints.
FIG. 1 Some Types of Distributions and Their Standard Deviations
E 122 00
n 5 [~3 3 245!/50!# 2 5
(13)
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