50 0364 BK 01 LabManual

Biology
LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc.
sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773
A laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments

for the independent Study of
general Biology
50-0364-BK-01
LabPaq is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in
this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on
experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that
years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and
Published by:
Hands-On Labs, Inc.

3880 S. Windermere St.
Englewood, CO 80110
Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252
Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773
www.LabPaq.com
E-mail: info@LabPaq.com
Printed in the United States of America.
The experiments in this manual have been and may be conducted in a regular formal laboratory
contained herein.
responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions or any other inconsistency herein. Any slight of
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Table of Contents
5
To the instructor
To the Student
How to Perform an Experiment
Safety Concerns
11
Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement
Experiments
32
Habitats and Humans
54
Taxonomy of living Things
85
Kingdom Animalia: The invertebrates
114
Kingdom Animalia: The Protostomes
137
Kingdom Animalia: The Deuterostomes
154
Kingdom Animalia: Class Mammalia
172
Tissues, organs, and Homeostasis
196
The Macrobiome
APPENDiX
257
laboratory Equipment and Techniques
262
Material Safety Data Sheets
264
How to Write lab Notes and lab Reports
270
laboratory Drawings
282
How to Handle Preserved Biological Specimens
290
The T-Test
296
The Chi-Square Test

www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
To the instructor
As an increasing number of students embrace online and independent-study courses, laboratory
This does not mean that some experiments cannot or should not be replaced or reinforced by
complexity.
behavior.
technology careers.
The knowledge gained from science courses with strong laboratory components enables students
by maintaining hands-on laboratory experiences in our curricula that the brightest and most
them. The experiments are based on the principles of micro-scale science which have been
be performed at home, in a dorm room, or at a small learning center that lacks a formal laboratory.
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
To the Student
change and interact with each other, makes it easier to understand ourselves and our physical
lives and our planet. Science credits are impressive on an academic transcript and your science
What are Micro-scale Experiments?

You may be among the growing number of students to take a full-credit, laboratory science course
of LabPaqs: academically aligned, small-scale experiments that can be performed at home.
campus-based peers.
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
How to Perform an Experiment
Choose the Right Place for your Home laboratory: The best place to perform at-home experiments
will be determined by the nature of the individual experiments. However, this place is usually an
area. Because some of the equipment and supplies in your LabPaq may pose dangers to small
an area where you cannot be disturbed by children or pets.
Use a lab Partner: While the experiments in the LabPaq can be performed independently, it is
reinforce your learning process. Whether your partner is a parent, spouse, sibling, or friend, you
line up a partner if needed.

Knowing what you are going to do before you do it
Review Basic Safety:
problems.
It is hard to organize your thoughts in
a disorganized environment. Assemble all required equipment and supplies before you begin
working.
outline your lab Notes:
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
your experiment. What changes occurred? Why? What do they mean? How do they relate to the
understanding.
Clean Up:
can. Discard used pipets and other waste in your normal trash. Return cleaned equipment and
supplies to their LabPaq box and store the box out of reach of children and pets.
your Lab Report. If you have properly followed all the above steps, the conclusion will be easy.
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
Safety Concerns
CAUTioN for Women:
If you are pregnant or could be pregnant, you should seek advice from your personal physician before
doing any type of science experimentation.
You, as a responsible science student and researcher, are solely responsible for safely storing
manner.
Items in your LabPaq can be especially dangerous to children and pets, so the LabPaq should
always be kept safely stored out of their reach. The LabPaq may contain acids or other chemicals
that can cause burns if mishandled plus serious illness and/or death if consumed.
cause injury. LabPaqs contain small items and materials that could cause choking, injury, or death
if misused.
not necessarily dangerous, they can pose hazards which means you should always undertake
to take measurements, make sure any stool, chair, or ladder you use is sturdy and take ample
to ensure that items cannot go astray and cause injury to people or property.
If you or anyone accidentally consumes or otherwise comes into contact with a substance that
could be toxic or cannot be easily washed away, immediately call:
Your eyesight is precious and should be protected against chemical spills or splashes as well as
face and by wearing old clothing that fully covers your arms, legs, and feet.
to aid in cleanup.
www.LabPaq.com
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
it, and Hands-On Labs, Inc. the publisher of the lab manual and the producer of LabPaqs
and users accept full and complete responsibility for all and any liability related to their use of
available at www.LabPaq.com.
www.LabPaq.com
10
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement
organize all required equipment and supplies.

I will select a work area that is inaccessible to children and pets while experiments are in
a chemical equipment is set up unless the room is locked.
I will wear safety goggles when working with chemicals or items that can get into my eyes.
I know that except for water, most solvents, such as toluene, alcohols, acetone, ethers,
I know it is wise to wear rubber gloves and goggles when handling acids and other
wash acid spilled on skin or clothes immediately with plenty of cold water.
be used when smelling any chemical. When I wish to smell a chemical, I will never hold it
Even a small crack can cause glass to break, especially when heated. To avoid cuts and
injuries, I will immediately dispose of any broken glassware.
www.LabPaq.com
11
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Introduction
for several minutes.

I know that serious accidents can occur when wrong chemicals are used in an experiment.
I will always read labels before removing chemicals from their containers.
chemical to its original container. To avoid waste I will try to pour only the approximate
amount of chemicals required.
I know
doctor if required.
other materials as well.

I will never eat, drink, or smoke while performing experiments.
laboratory equipment in a safe place inaccessible to children and pets.
safety and the safety of others whenever and wherever I am involved with any type of
prescribed in this lab manual for laboratory work and for the use of a LabPaq. Accordingly, I
any and all liability related to my purchase and/or use of a science LabPaq or any other science
products or materials provided by Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL).
____________________________________________________
www.LabPaq.com
12
____________
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
LABPAQ BY
HANDS-ON LABS
EXPERIMENTS
ExpErimEnt
Climate Change and the
Hands on labs, inc.
Version 42-0045-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
Experiment Summary:
soil samples with simulated pollen grains to assist
in determining climate changes that have occurred
collected in the soil pollen analysis to enhance their
www.LabPaq.com
14
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
OBJECTIVES
Recognize how plant pollen can be used as an indicator of climate.
inhabited the area.
Learn how to create a climate change model from pollen data.
2 hours
www.LabPaq.com
15
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS
lABEl oR
BoX/BAg
Student provides
LabPaq provides
QTy
1
1
iTEM DESCRiPTioN
Large aluminum foil pie pan
following: Bent Probe, Dropping Pipet,
Probe, Ruler in pocket, Scalpel with 2
Scissors, Tweezers
1
1
1
1
1
1
Soil Sample with Beads #1

16
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
Experiment
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW

Climate
used to describe the climate of a region includes temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure,
change, and, as a result, the climate of that region will also change. This change in climate over a
climate change
In order to study a climate change beyond the past 200 years, indirect evidence must be collected.
Paleobotanists
in a sediment core sample.
Figure 1: Pollen samples as seen through an

electron microscope
www.LabPaq.com
17
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Pollen Study
contributed to the whole pollen sample.
PROCEDURE
The model sediment core depicted in Figure 2 below comprises six separate layers of the earth
ago.
Figure 2: Soil core, representing sediment layers that have

developed over a period of time.
1.
NoTE:
NoTE:
2. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to the Data Tables in the Lab Report Assistant
www.LabPaq.com
18
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
3. Open soil sample #1.

4. Empty the soil sample #1 bag into the pie pan.
5.
from the soil sample.
6. Using the pollen and plant species color guide found in Table 1, count and record the number
7. Re-bag the soil and beads, clean the pie pan.
8. Repeat steps #3 through #7 for soil sample bags 26.
Table 1: Pollen and plant species color guide

Plant Species
Ponderosa pine
Bead Color
Red
Warm temperatures, dry air.
Yellow
Warm temperatures, dry air. Thrives in warmtemperate meadowlands.
Aspen
Blue
Thrives in areas with good soil moisture, such as

near creeks or rivers.
Engelmann spruce
Green
limber pine
White
Meadow grasses and
Cold temperatures with sub-alpine terrain.

Harsh climates. Strong winds, extreme cold
dominant species on mountains at tree line.
lodgepole pine
Pink
Bristlecone pine
Orange
Harsh temperatures and climates similar
Purple
Sedges and mosses
Black
Alpine grasses and Daisies
Brown
Very cool temperatures. Thrives in alpine and

subalpine meadow sites with cool summers and
cold winters.
Cool temperatures and moist air. Thrive in higher
cold winters.
Willows
Tan
Alpine sage
Silver
www.LabPaq.com
Prefer glaciated regions of sub-alpine areas.

Thrive in wetland or areas with rivers.
19
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
9. Calculate the percentage of pollen that comes from each species.

NoTE: To calculate the percentage of pollen from each species, total up the number of pollen
#2 had 13 aspen pollen grains, and the sediment layer had a total of 30 pollen grains, you
10.
plant type in Table 2, predict the climate for each sediment layer in Data Table 2.
www.LabPaq.com
20
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
in Figure 3.
Figure 3: The general steps of the scientific method.
will use the second step to research what is already published and known about their broad
www.LabPaq.com
21
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
The third step is to make a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess of what you expect the
results of an experiment to show. A hypothesis is generally framed as a statement, which will
either be proved or disproved through the remainder of the steps.
The sixth step is to determine if your conclusions support, or disprove your hypothesis. It is very
www.LabPaq.com
22
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
PROCEDURE
NoTE:
In Exercise 1, simulated soil samples were analyzed for pollen content to reconstruct a past climate
= What is the climate of this
= Analyzed sediment samples

to reconstruct climate.
Figure 4: Scientific method steps, incorporating Exercise 1.
Hypotheses
www.LabPaq.com
23
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
1.
hypotheses in Data Table 3.
2.
2 to test each hypothesis.
NoTE:
layer to determine if the climate temperature generally increased from layer 6 to layer 1.
3. Compile your research for each hypothesis and record it in Data Table 4.
4.
each hypothesis. Record your results and conclusions in Data Table 5.
NoTE:
4, your results and conclusions should be a sentence summary of your research and data
one sentence.
5. From your result and/or conclusion determine if the hypothesis was correct or incorrect, and
record in Data Table 6.
6. For any hypothesis that was found to be incorrect, rewrite it to support your results and/or
NoTE:
7. Share your results with another person by explaining your hypotheses to a friend. Record the
name of the friend you shared your results with in Data Table 8.
8. Clean-up from Exercise 1 and Exercise 2 by cleaning and returning all equipment to your
LabPaq box for future use.
www.LabPaq.com
24
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Hands on labs, inc.

Version 42-0045-00-01
LAB REPORT ASSISTANT
Exercise 1: Pollen Study

OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1: Sediment Layer Data
1
Plant Species
Meadow
grasses and
Count
2
%
Count
3
%
Count
4
%
Count
5
%
Count
Aspen
limber pine
lodgepole
pine
Sedges and
Mosses
Ponderosa
pine
Engelmann
spruce
Bristlecone
pine
Willows
Alpine
grasses and
Daisies
Alpine sage
Total pollen
count
www.LabPaq.com
25
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
6
%
Count
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
26
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
layer
1
2
3
5
6
www.LabPaq.com
27
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A. Discuss the importance of a large sampling of data such as pollen. Give an example to support
your statement.
B. Clearly describe why pollen grains are good climate indicators.
C.
D.
layer 6 to layer 1.
www.LabPaq.com
28
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
OBSERVATIONS
Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
Data Table 4: Hypothesis research

Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
www.LabPaq.com
29
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Data Table 5: Hypothesis Results and Conclusions

Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
general Result and/or Conclusion ( one sentence)
www.LabPaq.com
30
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Data Table 6: Hypothesis Correct?

Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
Correct / incorrect
Data Table 7: List of the Final Hypotheses

1
2
3
4
5
Data Table 8: Share your results
www.LabPaq.com
31
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Habitats and Humans
Margaret Vorndam, M.S.
Version 42-0065-00-01
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to describe
the community.
www.LabPaq.com
32
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
OBJECTIVES
The student will have the opportunity to:
Describe the impacts that humans cause on the environment.
: Allow 4-8 hours for this experiment.
www.LabPaq.com
33
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg
Student provides
QTy
1
1
1
1
iTEM DESCRiPTioN
Paper
Pens or pencils in several colors
Computer,
word
processor,
or
spreadsheet program (recommended)
Calculator
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
34
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans

Humans are part of an ecosystem/ecoregion
ecosystem/ecoregion as the non-human species that populate it. Humans have been able to
address concerns about lifestyle in ecosystems/ecoregions with tools, like symbolic language,
The earth has seven types of biomes or bioregions: tundra, taiga, temperate forest, tropical
rainforest, desert, grassland, and ocean. Each biome has its own unique climate, biological
by plants (
) and animals (fauna
shelter available to them.
that could inhabit any given area. The animals and plants we see today had to successfully adapt
www.LabPaq.com
35
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 1: Classify your Habitat

In this exercise you will explore the natural infrastructure that supports human occupancy. First,
take a look at the physical world in which you live. You may reside in a city or on a ranch, but focus
PROCEDURE
Explore the website, Ecological Subregions of the United States, located at www.fs.fed.us/land/
pubs/ecoregions/index.html.
1.
2. Record your town, state or province, and country in Data Table 1.
3. Go to www.fs.fed.us/land/pubs/ecoregions/ecoregions.html and locate the area in which you
live on the map.
4.
Table 1.
5.
Contents at www.fs.fed.us/land/pubs/ecoregions/toc.html.
a.
b.
c.
and fauna habits and ecology.
d.
Conduct an Internet search or call the local nature center, library, or Audubon Society for
6.
walk in several undisturbed areas such as parks, roadsides, river trails, or nature centers and
www.LabPaq.com
36
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
7.
www.LabPaq.com
37
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 2: Human impacts on the Environment

niches
constantly recycles. The system has been sustainable for as long as it has existed. Consider this
example habitat: soil-plant-bug-robin-waste-fungus breakdown. Every niche in this example
performs nicely in recycling,
on their food source, the plants. Eventually the plants would disappear and the bugs would starve.
and decomposer. As an example, birds are consumers that eat seeds. Towhees eat seeds on the
ground, while Red-wing Blackbirds eat seeds primarily from the heads of wetland plant species.
between species. If the community structure is disturbed in some way, the associated niches are
Table 1
www.LabPaq.com
38
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Just like plants and animals, humans need air, water, food, and shelter. Our employment, whether
If one of the items that supports our niche is somehow changed, our niche must adjust. Beyond
the human community cause the niches of the plants and animals found in the larger natural
community to adjust.
Figure 1: Source of air pollution.

Ideally, both humans and non-humans would share resources, so the needs for all could be met.
areas. Leaded gasoline, burned in automobiles, resulted in the buildup of lead in roadside soils
www.LabPaq.com
39
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
environment and ourselves.
Figure 2: Water pollution. How might this affect the food supply?
or disturbed, non-vegetated areas cause turbidity in streams and lakes. This increases the growth
www.LabPaq.com
40
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
PROCEDURE
1. Label the items on Figure 3 that would be equivalent to the producer, consumer, and
decomposer roles of the food chain.
2.
represent the recyclable pathway for the movement of energy and nutrients.
3. Label the energy input and nutrient input sources that drive the growth and storage of
carbohydrates in the grain used to make the bread.
4.
create the bread.
5.
if you think of other impacts.
www.LabPaq.com
41
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Figure 3: Environmental impacts in human food production
www.LabPaq.com
42
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Table 2
Acid mine drainage to waterways caused
Increased salt content in agricultural

raising river alkalinity
or damage
soil areas to waterways that increases

water turbidity
natural habitat
waterways
Flight and electrical hazards for birds of
Use
of
non-renewable
resources
etc.
which are not easily degraded
solvents that contaminate waterways

niches in the natural community
(Footnotes)
www.LabPaq.com
43
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Habitats and Humans

Version 42-0065-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1:
Town, Province or State, Country
Average Annual Temperature:

Annual high, month of occurrence:
Annual low, month of occurrence:
Average wind speed:
Describe the climate.
Other climate factors of importance:
species1.
Describe the fauna (animals).
area during parts of the year.
www.LabPaq.com
44
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
www.LabPaq.com
45
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 1: Classify your Habitat

QUESTIONS
A.
B. What did you learn about the species that you did not know before?
C. Do any of the species have economic value to humans? If so, how are they used?
D. What steps are being taken in your community to preserve open space areas? You may be
E.
www.LabPaq.com
46
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
F.
G.
was the cause?
H.
www.LabPaq.com
47
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
I.
J.
www.LabPaq.com
48
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 2: Human impacts on the Environment

PROCEDURE
QUESTIONS
A.
necessarily occur in your local community?
B.
www.LabPaq.com
49
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
C.
D. Draw a similar diagram to Figure 3 that documents ways that bread could be produced with
www.LabPaq.com
50
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
E.
F.
sustainable? What will have to change for this to happen?
www.LabPaq.com
51
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
G.
www.LabPaq.com
52
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Habitats and Humans
H.
uses of the environment?
I.
www.LabPaq.com
53
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S.
Version 42-0123-00-01
Experiment Summary:
Students will learn the Carolus Linnaeus method
Fungi. Students will choose a virus to research
mushroom spores and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

microscopically. Students will gather a lichen sample
www.LabPaq.com
54
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Taxonomy of Living Things
OBJECTIVES
Describe the ecology and physiology of these organisms.
Understand their importance in the environment.
www.LabPaq.com
55
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg
Student provides
QTy
1
1
1
1
1
1
iTEM DESCRiPTioN
Envelope to store lichen sample

Small bowl or glass jar
Tablespoon
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
open
Pen knife or similar tool
Sharp knife
Sugar
Tap water
Scraping of lichen from a rock, generally
found in north-facing or protected areas
1
1
1
1
LabPaq provides
Slide Box BK-2B
www.LabPaq.com
1
1
1
56
Calculator
Computer, word processor and
spreadsheet program recommended
Paper, pen or pencil
Slide - Bacteria types
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

1
name for a given organism includes a:
level of Homo sapiens

is designated in the table also on the second line to show how similar species share much of
Hominoidea superfamily with humans
chimpanzees, the species believed to be most closely aligned in the Pongo family with human
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Eukarya
Animalia
Eukarya
Eukarya
Class
order
Super-family
Family
genus
Species
Chordata
Primates
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Animalia
Chordata
Primates
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Animalia
Chordata
Primates
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Pan
troglodytes
Subspecies
neanderthalensis
Typically, the
genus (capitalized) and the species (lowercased) name and should be italicized or underlined. The
Homo sapiens
www.LabPaq.com
57
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
share.
sequences. All members of any given clade are descended from a single common ancestor,
2
the Domain Prokarya which includes Bacteria and Archaea3, 4
Domain
bound by a membrane,
of organisms in this
group
Asexual and/or sexual
in Prokaryotes.
3
4
Archaea are ancient forms of bacteria, now extant, but present in fossil records.
www.LabPaq.com
58
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom Fungi
Absorb nutrients
heterotrophic saprophytes
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
autotrophic
Ingest nutrients heterotrophic
Absorb, ingest and photosynthesize

Kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryote - unicellular
Absorb or photosynthesize
The Appendix
One should not presume a judgment as to the value of the organism in our environment based
on cellular complexity.
Viruses6
their presence or absence is dictated by nature. That being said, humans have been responsible
5
6
, June 2, 2003. 17:11, p.13.
www.LabPaq.com
59
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Viruses are not living organisms. However, they are so intertwined with our welfare that no study
cells, either plant, bacteria, or animal. Their modus operandi is to access a host cell and then
who have
. Although the symptoms can be controlled, persons with this vexing
Viruses are very small - in the range of 30 to 200 nm, the size of a protein macromolecule of a pin can accommodate hundreds of millions of rhinoviruses that cause the common cold.
Viruses cause serious humans diseases, such as AIDS, Ebola, Rabies and cancer, but they are
who are infected with a virus such as Herpes remain
that are not also toxic to the host.
diseases in humans can be accomplished by the basic hygiene approaches: frequent hand washing
www.LabPaq.com
60
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Viruses
Search Key Words:
PROCEDURE
Choose one of the following virally caused diseases to research online. Write a short report
Adenovirus
Avian Flu
Chicken Pox
Hantavirus
HIV
Rabies
SARS
Shingles
Warts
Parvo
Herpes
www.LabPaq.com
61
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Bacteria
Domain
Prokarya
Kingdom
Bacteria
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Various
Genus
Species
Viruses are in the news now because of the worldwide spread of AIDS and recent outbreaks of
in historical Pandemics7.
very
drug resistant. A single strain of bacteria with resistance to all
products into simple molecules. Others, such as Escherichia coli, are present in the gut and aid in
enhance the gaseous capture of atmospheric nitrogen for use by plants. Others produce medically
exuding enzymes that break down complex organic material to simple nutrients that they then
deep-ocean bacteria that use sulfur and iron as an energy source. Some bacteria are aerobic,
depending on what energy-producing molecules are present in the environment at the moment.
bacteria. Bacteria are the oldest life forms on earth.
7
travel exacerbates their spread.
www.LabPaq.com
62
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Bubonic Plague
Caused by
Caused by
Vibrio cholerae
Bacteria water-borne
Bacteria
Typhus (Camp
Cholera
Fever)
Caused by
Caused by
Various
Viruses Respiratory
Bacteria via body

lice
Smallpox
Caused by
Variola sp.
Virus - respiratory
and direct contact
430 BC-Athens
Plague
1348-1354-Black
Death
Europe & Asia
1489 Spain
1528 Italy
1542 Balkans
1500 Canary Islands

1530 - Peru
1729-1730 Worldwide
1781-Worldwide
1896-1930-China
Plague
1816-1826 India to China

1829-1851 Europe &
America
1852-1860 Russia
1865-1873
Europe & Africa
1857-1859 Worldwide
1889-1890-Worldwide
1899-1923 Russia
1961-1966 Indonesia to
USSR
1918-1919 - Spanish Flu

Worldwide
1957-1958 - Asian Flu
1968-1969 - Hong Kong
Flu
1989-1990 - Britain
Throughout history,
smallpox was
carried by explorers
to vulnerable
1811 - Russia
led to the demise

is believed to have
been eradicated
worldwide in the
1980s.
Figure 1: Human Pandemics and the Organisms that Caused Them
8
Fr.
Phil Hoad, April 3, 2003.
And Pandemics
June 9, 2003. Guardian Unlimited,

, June 12, 2003.
www.LabPaq.com
63
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
thousands of ribosomes carry on protein synthesis within their cell. Some bacteria can form
to see internal cell structure, but a compound light microscope is useful for determining shape.
onto a glass slide, followed by the progressive use of Gram Crystal Violet, Gram Iodine, Gram
thrive or die - is recorded.

Search Key Words:
PROCEDURE
1. View the prepared bacteria slide under the microscope.
2.
3.
4. Are there endospores present? If so, draw and label an endospore.
www.LabPaq.com
64
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
5.
species that carries and transmits the bacteria, but may not harmed by it), the symptoms of
Anthrax
Botulism
Gonorrhea
Helicobacter pylori
Leptospirosis
Lock-jaw
www.LabPaq.com
Strep throat
Tuberculosis
65
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
material enclosed in a nuclear membrane, a variety

of organelles including ribosomes and mitochondria,
in response to their environment. Some such as

the algae and the phytoplankton diatoms contain
are primarily cellular, but there are a few that show
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
The algae9 green, brown and golden. Specimens may be
viewed in health food stores under the following names,
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Eukarya
Protozoa
Chrysophyta
seaweed is generally sold in the desiccated state.

Ulva (Chlorophyta: Ulva
Dulse (Rhodophyta: Palmaria)
Porphyra)
Bladderwrack (Phaeophyta: Fucus)
Wakame (Phaeophyta: Alaria)
Kombu (Phaeophyta: Laminaria Kelp)
are the basis of deepwater food chains
Pyrrophyta
Euglenophyta
Flagellates Euglena
Rhizopoda
Foraminifera
Sarcodines Amoebas
Apicomplexa
Sporozoans
Ciliopora
Ciliates
Acrasiomycota
Oomycota
Slime and water molds
The brown algae9 Fucus

9
green algae are generally included in the Kingdom Bacteria. The student should be aware that discrepancies exist.
www.LabPaq.com
66
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
algae cells that can be over 100 feet long.

parasites within other organisms. They are dependent on their environment for basic nutrients
needed for their survival, so their unicellular structure with all of its parts in contact with the
environment is an asset. As with the bacteria, some are decomposers. Others are pathogenic,
such as the Trypanosomes that can exist in human blood vessels and cause Sleeping Sickness in
humans.
is a protozoan that thrives in the gut of mammals and causes Giardiasis
in hikers and others who drink untreated water.
Search Key Words:
PROCEDURE
1.
water.
2.
Feeding groove gathers food that is stored in vacuole
3. Prepare a wet mount of pond or ditch water and observe it under a microscope. Are any of
4. Observe the prepared slide of green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) under the microscope. Can
Chloroplasts
www.LabPaq.com
67
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 4: Fungi
Domain
Kingdom
Division
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Eukarya
Fungi
Basidiomycota
Duteromycota
Zygospore fungi black bread mold is an example

Sac fungi yeasts are cup fungi, a subgroup of sac
fungi.
Club fungi mushrooms are the bodies of the
mycorrhizal hyphae (mycelium). Include gilled
mushrooms.
Imperfect fungi
Kingdom Fungi, as with bacteria, are primarily associated with
fungi form a mycelial mass of cell strands called hyphae which

grow between the cells of their host whether it is a dead tree or
providing inorganic nutrients to the plant root while the root
host environment from which each cell gains the nutrients and energy necessary for life. Some
fungi are capable of producing complex substances that can be extremely toxic or hallucinogenic
to humans. Thus, fungi found in the wild, especially mushrooms, should be treated with great
diverse. Basidiomycete fungi

produce haploid spores
that are protected in a sac,
released to the environment,
and germinate when a
favorable
environment
occurs. When the haploid
strains grow into each other,
they join to form diploid
hyphae. A mushroom is
body produced from the
diploid hyphae. Within the
mushroom cap are gills on which the basidia are located. Basidia are produced via meiosis, so
they and the basidiospores produced by them are haploid. Although other fungi follow the same
www.LabPaq.com
68
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Search Key Words:
PROCEDURE
Part A
1. Examine one of your purchased mushrooms. Draw the mushroom and label the following
2.
3.
4. Place the cap with the gilled area face down on a sheet of white paper in an area where it will
not be disturbed. Allow the cap to sit for three days and then carefully remove the cap from
the paper. What do you observe? Are the spores the same color as the gills? Spore color is one
5. Wet-mount a scraping of spores from the paper and observe them under a microscope. What
do you observe?
6.
microscope. Can you see individual Basidiomycetes that produce the spores?
Part B
1.
yeasts produce CO2
2.
3.
Allow the yeast and sugar water to sit for three to four
hours.
4.
microscope.
5. Do you see evidence of budding in any yeast cells? What structures are apparent?
6.
www.LabPaq.com
69
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 5: lichen
Lichen are unique in the living world. They represent a
while the middle algae or bacterium layer of cells produce
Lichen are typically found on trees or rocks where they

The fungi may secrete weak acids that aid in breaking
down rock or dead tree parts. Lichen are either crustose
for survival.
rock or plant.
Lichen have many uses for humans and provide food for other animals. Caribou depend on lichen
Some lichen are poisonous.
Search Key Words:
PROCEDURE
1.
under a microscope.
2.
the algae and the fungi.
www.LabPaq.com
70
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
LABORATORY SUMMARY
What have you learned from doing this laboratory that you did not know before you began it?
advance. As you read the lab write out a hypothesis for each exercise.
Footnote:
for all
tables:
List which one.

Ecology describe where this organism is found in nature.
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
Environmental role Is the organism a decomposer, a producer or a consumer in its natural
Importance to Humans How does this organism interact with us? Does it have economic
(Footnotes)
1
Archaea are ancient forms of bacteria, now extant, but present in fossil records.
www.LabPaq.com
71
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

Version 42-0123-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
www.LabPaq.com
72
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Viruses
PROCEDURE
Choose one of the following virally caused diseases to research online. Write a short
report that describes its origins, historical occurrence, host(s), symptoms, course of
Adenovirus
Avian Flu
Chicken Pox
Hantavirus
Hepatitis
Herpes
HIV
Rabies
SARS
Shingles
Warts
West Nile
Parvo
Measles
Mumps
DISCUSSION
A.
B.
www.LabPaq.com
73
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Bacteria
PROCEDURE
4. Are there endospores present? If so, draw and label an endospore.
species that carries and transmits the bacteria, but may not harmed by it), the symptoms of
www.LabPaq.com
74
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
RESULTS
Table 1 Kingdom Bacteria: Common Characteristics
Morphology:
Level of
Organization
Ecology
Where found
Nutrition
Reproduction
Environmental
Role(s)
Importance to
Humans
QUESTIONS
A. Why are bacteria important? What is their role in their environment? Could we live without
them?
B.
C.
www.LabPaq.com
75
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
D. List several ways that bacteria are a problem.
E. How does penicillin disable bacterial cells?
F.
PROCEDURE
Feeding groove gathers food that is stored in vacuole
www.LabPaq.com
76
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
3. Prepare a wet mount of pond or ditch water and observe it under a microscope. Are any of the
4. Observe the prepared slide of green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) under the microscope. Can
Chloroplasts
www.LabPaq.com
77
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
RESULTS
1.
Table 2:
Morphology:
Level of
Organization
Ecology
Where found
Nutrition
Reproduction
Environmental
Role
2.
Amoebic Dysentery
African trypanosomiasis
Giardia
Toxoplasmosis
Trichomoniasis
Place your report here:
www.LabPaq.com
78
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Importance
to Humans
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A.
B.
do they serve that is unique to life on this planet?
C.
D.
E.
www.LabPaq.com
79
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 4: Fungi
PROCEDURE
Part A
1. Examine one of your purchased mushrooms. Draw the mushroom and label the following
2.
3. Place the cap with the gilled area face down on a sheet of white paper in an area where it will
not be disturbed. Allow the cap to sit for three days and then carefully remove the cap from
the paper. What do you observe? Are the spores the same color as the gills? Spore color is one
www.LabPaq.com
80
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Can you see individual Basidiomycetes that produce the spores?
Part B
Allow the yeast and sugar water to sit for three to four
hours.
5. Do you see evidence of budding in any yeast cells? What structures are apparent?
www.LabPaq.com
81
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A. Why does yeast cause bread to rise?
B.
live without them?
C. List several ways that fungi are a problem for humans.
D.
Level of
Ecology
Where found
www.LabPaq.com
Environmental
Role
82
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Importance to
Humans
Experiment
Exercise 5: lichen
PROCEDURE
the algae and the fungi.
QUESTIONS
Fill in the characteristics of lichens in Table 4.
Level of
Ecology
Where
found
www.LabPaq.com
Environmental
Role
83
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Importance
to Humans
Experiment
A.
without them?
B.
LABORATORY SUMMARY
What have you learned from doing this laboratory?
www.LabPaq.com
84
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Kingdom Animalia: The
invertebrates
Version 42-0072-00-01
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to learn the
the Phylum Porifera; a Hydra sp. for the Phylum

Cnidaria; a planarian for the Phylum Platyhelminthes;
a Trichinella sp.
research organisms such as Brachionus sp. for the
the medical importance of some of these species.
www.LabPaq.com
85
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
KIngdOm AnImALIA: THE InvErTEbrATEs
OBJECTIVES
To describe the ecology, morphology, and physiology of these organisms,
To understand their importance in the environment,
To name the phyla in the Animal Kingdom.
Four to eight hours total.
Safety issues:
www.LabPaq.com
86
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS FRoM:
lABEl oR
BoX/BAg:
QTy
1
1
1
1
1
Student Provides
From labPaq
Slide Box BK2B
Drinking glass
Shallow dish or saucer
Tap water
Calculator, Computer, word processor and
1
1
Paper, pen or pencil.

Paper towels, newsprint, or similar
absorbent material
Sponge skeleton - from Paint Department
Apron - Rolled & Banded
Frog, Grasshopper, Earthworm, Hydra,
Slide Box BK-2B
iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
several supplies are loaded in this tray

1
1
Scissors, Tweezers
Gloves packages - 6 pairs
Goggles-Safety
1
1
1
1
Slide - Planarian
Slide Trichinella
Blank slide
Cover slip
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
87
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Some type of a cavity in which food is digested
Organism body is either bilaterally or radially symmetrical on external view. There are
Taxonomically, animals are grouped into phyla depending on basic body structure. Animal origins
from a common ancestor.

Protostomes
mollusks
Annelida
Segmented
worms
Arthropoda
Arthropods
Acoelomates
Platyhelmenthes
Flatworms
Coelom:
(Body cavity
type)
Radial
Two germ
layers
Cnidaria Cnidarians
Ctenophora
Comb
Symmetry &
Types of cells:
Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
Roundworms
Ribbon Worms
Bilateral
Three germ layers
Simple
Level of
Porifera Sponges
www.LabPaq.com
88
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Deuterostomes
Echinodermata
Echinoderms
Chordata Chordates
Experiment
as follows:
Types of cells Cells in animals can be derived from one or more of three cell types: the ectoderm
(inside). These types of cells are referred to as germ layers. Animals may possess none, some, or
all of these germ layers.
Symmetry Animals are either radially symmetrical or bilaterally symmetrical, rarely asymmetrical.
in only one plane through the midpoint and have both halves appear similar. Humans are an
example of bilateral symmetry. Asymmetrical organisms have no discernable symmetry.
Coelom A coelom is understood to represent a circulatory system, either for water or other
with mesoderm.
All animals are heterotrophs, meaning that they derive their food from the
autotrophs, those organisms such as plants that have a means of producing their own food,
protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth, while an anus may or may not form from a
second opening. In contrast, the blastopore in deuterostomes becomes the anus and a mouth is
formed from a second opening.
Animals are generally non-segmented, but some worms and arthropods have
In this laboratory, we will examine invertebrates that belong to the animal phyla listed in the table
below. These phyla include the acoelomates and the pseudocoelomates. Since invertebrates
www.LabPaq.com
89
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom Phylum
Animalia Porifera
Class
Calcarea
Sponges, e.g.,
Haliclona
Demospongiae
Acoelomate
Cnidaria
Anthozoa
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
corals, e.g.,
Acoelomate
Comb jellies
Acoelomate
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Tentaculata
Cestoda
Trematoda
Turbellaria
Taenia, Planaria
Acoelomate
Dorylaimea
Enoplea
Secernentea
Bdelloidea
www.LabPaq.com
90
living roundworms
(unsegmented), e.g.,
Pseudocoelomate
Brachionus,
, Philodina
Pseudocoelomate
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Porifera The Sponges

Porifera have a simple body structure. They can be bilaterally symmetrical, radially symmetrical or
There are three classes of sponges that vary by shape and body material, most of which are
marine, but there are a few freshwater sponges. Class Calcarea sponges make spicules of calcium
Class Demospongiae
Poriferans get their name from the fact that all sponges are
porous with large and small pores through which water containing
microscopic organisms, like plankton, enter and exit. Porifera
have two layers of specialized cells that cooperate to obtain,
are located in the interior body wall of the hollow sponge and
Branch-like Sponge
the collar cells and the outer porous epidermal cells are made of
spicules and wandering amoeboid cells. Amoeboid cells absorb
the food vacuoles containing digested microorganisms from the
collar cells and help to circulate the digested food to other cells in the
water currents. Amoeboid cells also produce the eggs and sperm that
and sperm are released into the interior cavity, unite, and form swimming
Glass-like Sponge
residence in the interior cavity. Examples of sponges are

Aphrocallistes
vastus, Haliclona oculata, and
Spongilla is a freshwater genus of the Porifera.
Search Key Words: Porifera,

coral reef
www.LabPaq.com
Aphrocallistes vastus, Haliclona oculata,
91
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
PROCEDURE
1. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to Data Table 1: Phylum Porifera, in the Lab
2. Perform an online search on the Search Key Words
3. Purchase a sponge skeleton from a Paint Department. Sponge skeletons are currently popular
protein spongin. What parts of the sponge are no longer present? To which class would the
specimen likely belong?
4.
responses.
www.LabPaq.com
92
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Ctenophora

Search Key Words:
A wide variety of forms, colors, and shapes of organisms represent
phylum Cnidaria. Cnidarians (pronounced nai-dair-ee-uns, the C is
and sea anemones, but a few freshwater species also exist. Some
movement to avoid danger.
Corals are responsible for the coral reefs of the world that provide
habitat for numerous organisms from virtually all Kingdoms. Coral
their nutrient cycling is rapid, abundant, and ongoing. Reefs protect
via cyanide poisoning, and coral mining of calcium carbonate for
healthy and thriving at this point.
Reef Coral Sessile polyps

NoAA Photo
Cnidarians belong to one of three classes. Their body form can
include a free-swimming medusa stage and a sessile polyp stage.
These classes also include organisms that do not have a medusa stage or polyp form that can be
mobile.
Class
Anthozoa Sea anemones and corals.
e.g. Aiptasia spp., Tubastrea spp.
Sessile polyps
Polyps and medusae forms
e. g. Physalia spp., Hydraspp.

e.g. Aurelia spp.
www.LabPaq.com
93
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Phylum Ctenophora (pronounced Ten-o-foura) represents the comb
Pleurobrachia is an example of a Ctenophore.
Anemones
Sessile polyps
NoAA Photo
zygote that becomes the polyp body. The polyp is the asexual phase,
The body has two cellular layers: the epidermis on the outside and the
gastrodermis that surrounds the gastrovascular cavity. The cells may
holds the shape of the organism. The organisms are radially symmetrical.
You might recall the tale of Jason and the Argonauts, and his
The mouth is both the entry for food items and the
cells (cnidocytes) on their tentacles that contain
nematocysts. When the organism is touched, the
a poison that stuns and holds the prey or provides
defense from predators. There is a nerve net just
when the organism is touched. Cnidarians can vary in
size from microscopic to many feet long.
Hydra
www.LabPaq.com
94
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
PROCEDURE
Carefully remove the hydra from the container it comes in and place it in a shallow dish or saucer.
1. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to Data Table 2: Phylum Cnidaria/Phylum
2. Carefully remove the hydra from the container it comes in and place it in a shallow dish or
3.
Label the parts that you can see per the previous picture.
4.
apparent? Hydra reproduce asexually by budding and growing whole new hydras from the
bud. Hydras reproduce sexually by producing sperm and eggs. Testes are found just below the
base of the tentacles. Ovaries are found further down the side of the body.
5.
6.
7.
observe live anemones and corals.
responses.
www.LabPaq.com
95
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 3: Phylum Platyhelminthes

Search Key Words: Platyhelminthes, Cestoda,
Dugesia, Planaria
They contain a number of organisms that have
been historically important to humans. The
parasite tapeworms of Class Cestoda and
known mammalian pest species, although
colorful lifestyles.
Typical planarians
However, we will focus this discussion on Class Turbellaria or

the planarians. The genus Dugesia is one example. The other
two classes of organisms share most of the morphological
features of planarians. Planarians are found in fresh and salt
waters where they feed on smaller organisms including snails
There are also terrestrial planarians that live in moist areas of the world. Planarians can be several
three germ layers, but no coelom. Instead, they have a three-part internal cavity that extends
water and wastes are collected and then excreted through an excretory pore. Planarians have a
longitudinal muscles, and lateral muscles.
another planarian by exchange of sperm into the genital pore of the other. Within a few weeks,
an egg sac with young hatching is produced. Planarians can also regenerate asexually from parts
of themselves.
www.LabPaq.com
96
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
PROCEDURE:
1. Before beginning, set up a data
table similar to Data Table 3: Phylum
Platyhelminthes, in the Lab Report
2. View the Planarian prepared slide
under the microscope, compare it to
of the organism.
3. Complete Data Table 3 to summarize the
4. Do an online search on one of the
following parasites to determine its Planarian organ System geochembio.com
hosts and cycle.
(sheep
Dipylidium caninum and Taenia (Dog tapeworms), Schistosoma, and Chinese liver
responses.
www.LabPaq.com
97
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 4: Phylum Nematoda

Search Key Words
Trichinella
crop damage by destroying plant roots, heartworm in dogs (

), trichinosis (Trichinella)
or Brugia spp.) in humans. Pinworms and
agents in that respect.

They have a wide tolerance for extreme environments and can survive in hot
roundworms can vary in size from only 1 mm in length to four feet long. They
separate anus.
Their mouthparts vary, depending on their niche. Some have teeth, some have a
nerve network that connects to their brain. Roundworms reproduce sexually,

not reproduce asexually. They are bilaterally symmetrical with longitudinal
muscles that allow movement in a whip like fashion.
Trichinella is the organism that causes trichinosis in swine. When pigs were free ranging they
readily infected themselves with this organism. Trichinella was passed on to humans when they
ate rare pork.
www.LabPaq.com
98
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
PROCEDURE
1.
2. View the prepared Trichinella slide under a microscope and draw a picture of your specimen.
Label the following: pseudocoelom, dorsal nerve network, muscle layer, brain, and mouth.
3. Research and describe its life cycle. What stage of its life cycle is represented on the slide?
4.
5.
and cycle. Ascaris lumbricoides can be added to your choices. Write a short report on your
responses.
www.LabPaq.com
99
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Search Key
Brachionus
Words
in the same environments and are part of the

zooplankton in lakes and oceans. They feed on
other plankton species and detritus and are an
Their name derives from their appearance.
anus. Although colorless, they may appear to have color depending on what they have recently
allows them to extend and contract. They have a posterior foot that contains a cement gland
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
Brachionus is a typical genus example. Write a short report
responses.
www.LabPaq.com
100
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
LABORATORY SUMMARY
Footnote
for all tables:
level? List which one.
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore?
Environmental role Is the organism a decomposer, a producer, or a consumer in its

www.LabPaq.com
101
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom Animalia: The invertebrates

Version 42-0072-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1: Phylum Porifera
Morphology:
level of
Ecology
Where
found
www.LabPaq.com
Symmetry
102
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Environmental
Role
Experiment
Level of
Data Table 2: Phylum Cnidaria/ Phylum Ctenophora

Ecology:
Where
Symmetry
found
Environmental
Role
Data Table 3: Phylum Platyhelminthes

Morphology:
level of
Ecology
Where
found
www.LabPaq.com
Symmetry
103
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Environmental
Role
Experiment
Data Table 4:
Morphology:
level of
Ecology
Where
found
www.LabPaq.com
Symmetry
104
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Environmental
Role
Experiment
Data Table 5:
Morphology:
level of
Ecology
Where
found
www.LabPaq.com
Symmetry
105
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Environmental
Role
Experiment
Exercise 1: Porifera The Sponges

2. Purchase a sponge skeleton from a Paint Department. Sponge skeletons are currently popular
parts of the sponge are no longer present? To which class would the specimen likely belong?
Place your drawing here:
www.LabPaq.com
106
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A.
without them?
B.
C.
D.
What is the advantage to the species?
www.LabPaq.com
107
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Ctenophora

QUESTIONS
A.
live without them?
B.
C.
D.
www.LabPaq.com
108
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 3: Phylum Platyhelminthes

3. Do an online search on one of the following parasites to determine its hosts and cycle. Fasciola
Dipylidium caninum and Taenia (Dog tapeworms), schistosomiasis,
QUESTIONS
A.
Could we live without them?
B.
www.LabPaq.com
109
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
have studied so far.
Exercise 4: Phylum Nematoda

PROCEDURE
1. View the prepared Trichinella slide under a microscope and draw a picture of your specimen.
Label the following: pseudocoelom, dorsal nerve network, muscle layer, brain, and mouth. Place
your drawing here:
2. Research and describe its life cycle. What stage of its life cycle is represented on the slide?
www.LabPaq.com
110
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
cycle. Ascaris lumbricoides
QUESTIONS
A.
we live without them?
B.
www.LabPaq.com
111
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
studied so far.
PROCEDURE
Brachionus is a typical genus example. Write a short report on
www.LabPaq.com
112
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A.
live without them?
B.
C.
studied so far.
LABORATORY SUMMARY
www.LabPaq.com
113
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Protostomes
Version 42-0073-00-01
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to study the
for the Phylum Annelida; and a grasshopper for the
Protosomes.
www.LabPaq.com
114
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom AnimAliA: The ProTosTomes
OBJECTIVES
To describe the ecology and physiology of these organisms,
To understand their importance in the environment,
Four to eight hours total.
www.LabPaq.com
115
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS FRoM:
Student Provides
QTy
1
1
Single-edged razor blade

Calculator
Computer, word processor and spreadsheet program
recommended
1
1

Book-How-to-Dissect-Berman
1
From labPaq
iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
1
1
loaded in this tray - see below
Probe, Dropping Pipet, Probe, Ruler in pocket, Scalpel with 2
1
1

Goggles-Safety
Note
www.LabPaq.com
116
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

A Note on How to Dissect: Taxonomical and phenological categories are constantly under
version of How to Dissect
is included in these labs, and the small specimens have not been injected. You should be as
How to Dissect so
that you can maximize your learning experience for each organism.
cavity. Organisms which have a completely lined internal cavity belong to the group of organisms
opening develops into the mouth are assigned to the Protostomes. Those that originate from
embryos in which there are two embryonic openings that develop separately into the mouth and
The following Phyla are found in the Protostome group:
Kingdom
Phylum
Domain
Class
Bivalva e.g., Clams

Cephalopoda e.g., Squid
Gastropoda e.g., Snails
Eukarya
Shelled or mantled
animals with a muscular
foot
Polyplacophora e.g.,
Chitons
Hirudinea e.g., Leeches
Animalia
Annelida
Oligochaeta e.g.,
Earthworm
Segmented worms
Polychaeta e.g.,
Sandworm, Fanworm
Arthropoda
www.LabPaq.com
and spiders
117
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Mollusca The Mantled invertebrates
Octopus, Class Cephalopoda
book, How to Dissect

Search Key Words
PROCEDURE
1. From the How to Dissect book, read through Chapter 1 plus pages 51 through the top
paragraph of page 70 in Chapter 5 before proceeding with this exercise. Ensure that you
thoroughly understand what you will be doing before you begin.
2.
How to Dissect pp. 51-70 of Chapter 5 to explore the anatomy

and physiology of the clam.
www.LabPaq.com
118
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: The Segmented Worms

Phylum Annelida includes the segmented worms. These organisms
earthworm, from Class Oligochaeta.
A segmented marine worm.
Search Key Words: Annelida, segmented worms, earthworm
setae.
PROCEDURE
1. From How to Dissect
understand what you will be doing before you begin.
2.
How to Dissect, pp. 9-22 of Chapter 2 to explore the anatomy

and physiology of the earthworm.
www.LabPaq.com
119
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 3: Arthropoda The Jointed Animals with

Phylum Arthropoda is broad and includes three sub-phyla.
Sub-phyla
of Phylum
Arthropoda
Chelicerata
Class in
Subphyla
Arachnida
Horseshoe crabs.
regions are cephalothorax and abdomen.
Crustacea
Crustacea
Isopods, Amphipods
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Insects: All possess chewing or sucking mouthparts. A few
Uniramia
pairs of legs, three body regions: head, thorax, abdomen.
Insecta
undergo development through simple or complete

metamorphosis.
Although diverse, all animals represented in this phylum have
protein. Arthropods are found in every environment on the face
specimen of the grasshopper from the Phylum Arthropoda and
Amphipods are crustaceans
freshwater ponds
Search Key Words: Arthropoda, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Urinamia,

Insecta, grasshopper
PROCEDURE
1. From How to Dissect, read from page 37 through the top of page 47 in Chapter 4 of the book
will be doing before you begin.
2.
How to Dissect, pp. 37-47 of Chapter 4 to explore the anatomy

and physiology of the grasshopper.
www.LabPaq.com
120
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 4: Class insecta

Insects represent the greatest diversity of orders in the Kingdoms. They are the most important
garden plants, but they can also damage crops. Because of their importance, we will explore the
various orders of insects in more detail.
order
general
Anoplura,
Lice, various types
Psocoptera
Order
General
Coleoptera
Largest order of
insects
Simple metamorphosis. Group of small insects that

feed on detritus, mammal and bird hair, feathers or
blood.
Beetles, borers and Complete metamorphosis. Front wing leathery, rear

weevils
wing membranous. Chewing mouthparts. Some
plant feeders.
Potato Beetle
Ladybug Hippodamia convergens, Hollyhock Weevil
Apion longirostre, Shothole Borer Scolytus rugulosus
Dermaptera
Diptera
Earwigs
Flies, midges,
mosquitoes
chewing mouthparts.
. Females
guard eggs in soil trench.
Complete metamorphosis. Front pair of
membraneous wings, rear pair reduced to halteres.
Sucking mouthparts in adults. Larvae (maggots) can
,
Rose midge
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Aedes
Simple metamorphosis. Eggs, nymphs found in and

near water. Adults do not feed and live only a few
True Bugs
Simple metamorphosis. Top (front) wing thickened at
at rest. Sucking mouthparts. Feed on plants,

and terrestrial species. Water boatman, bedbugs
www.LabPaq.com
121
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Homoptera
Aphids,
for plant feeding. Some form plant galls. Can cause
considerable damage to crops.
Hymenoptera
Isoptera
Scales
Ants, Bees, Wasps,
Termites
Lepidoptera
species construct nests and are social. Larvae may be

parasites of other insects or feed on plants, or may
be detritovores. Adults can be carnivores or nectar
feeders. Important plant pollinators. Small Carpenter
Bees
dauber Wasp Sceliphron caementarium
Simple metamorphosis. Social with caste system.
Chewing mouthparts. Feed on wood as detritovores
and can cause damage to buildings.
Complete metamorphosis. Sucking mouthparts in
adults for obtaining nectar. Caterpillars with chewing
mouthparts eat plants. Some are leaf miners, or
,
Papilio
, Luna
Lacewings, antlions
Complete metamorphosis. Chewing mouthparts

1
Odonata
Orthoptera
Crickets,
Grasshoppers,
nymphs and adults are predacious on other insects.

Simple metamorphosis. Chewing mouthparts for
feeding on plants, few are predacious on other
soil or deposit on plants.
Cockroaches
Plecoptera
Siphonaptera
Fleas
Complete metamorphosis. Wingless. Ectoparasites

with sucking mouthparts on birds, mammals.
Ctenocephalides felis and C. canis.
www.LabPaq.com
122
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Thysanoptera
Thrips
Some are vectors of plant diseases.
Trichoptera
Metamorphosis in insecta Species
hormones, called pheromones. The purpose of metamorphosis may be to minimize or eliminate
control
Strategy.
Immature insects look like

miniature versions of the adult
Immature insects do not resemble the adult
hatching from the egg, gradually changing size or shape from molt to molt before it reaches full
adult size. Grasshoppers are an example of incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis
refers to a more comprehensive change in form from the larval structure to the adult form. In this
life cycles are examples of complete metamorphoses, as is the mosquito.
www.LabPaq.com
123
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Search Key Words
PROCEDURE
1.
these orders in nature.
2.
Footnote:
for all
tables:
which one.
(Footnotes)
manual control, and insects are used to control a pest species (animal or plant). For instance, Lacewing adults and
larvae feed on Aphids, a sucking insect that, if present in large numbers, can harm garden and crop plants.
www.LabPaq.com
124
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom Animalia: The Protostomes

Version 42-0073-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
www.LabPaq.com
125
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Mollusca The Mantled invertebrates

RESULTS
A.
Level of
Ecology
Where
found
Symmetry
Refer to
Environmental
Role
, page 23
www.LabPaq.com
126
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
C.
QUESTIONS
A.
without them?
www.LabPaq.com
127
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
C.
D.
E.
www.LabPaq.com
128
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: The Segmented Worms

RESULTS
A.
Table 2: Phylum Annelida
Level of
Ecology
Where
found
Organ
Systems
Present
Refer to
Environmental
Role
, page 23
www.LabPaq.com
129
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
QUESTIONS
A.
without them?
B.
C.
www.LabPaq.com
130
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
D.
E. Provide several examples of Annelids and where they are found.
F.
G. What is vermiculture?
H. How are Annelids used medicinally?
www.LabPaq.com
131
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 3: Arthropoda The Jointed Animals with

RESULTS
A.
Table 3: Phylum Arthropoda
Level of
Ecology
Where
found
Organ
Systems
Present
Refer to
Environmental
Role
, page 23
www.LabPaq.com
132
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
QUESTIONS
A.
live without them?
B.
www.LabPaq.com
133
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
D. Do Arthropods, as a group, undergo metamorphosis? Explain.
E. Provide several examples of Arthropods and where they are found.
Exercise 4: Class insecta

QUESTIONS
A.
they belong.
B.
C. How are insects harmful?
www.LabPaq.com
134
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
D.
examples.
E.
insect life cycle?
F. Why is the process of metamorphosis an advantage?
G. Given the vast numbers of insects on earth, and the ages of certain species such as the
cockroach, are insects a more successful species than are humans? Why or why not?
www.LabPaq.com
135
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
LABORATORY SUMMARY
www.LabPaq.com
136
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Deuterostomes
Version 42-0071-00-01
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to study the
development of Deuterostomes. Students will dissect
class Asteroidea. They will dissect a perch and a frog
www.LabPaq.com
137
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom AnimAliA: The deuTerosTomes
OBJECTIVES
Describe the ecology and physiology of the organisms.
Understand their importance in the environment.
Allow 4-8 hours for this experiment.
www.LabPaq.com
138
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg
Student provides
QTy
1
1
1
1
1

Calculator
Apron
Paper towel or newspaper
Clam, Frog, Grasshopper, Earthworm,
several supplies are loaded in this tray see below
labPaq provides
iTEM DESCRiPTioN

1
1
Scissors, Tweezers
Goggles-Safety
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
139
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

In this laboratory, we will focus on the Deuterostomes, the grouping of animals that have embryos
Phyla represented within the Deuterostomes, the Echinoderms, and the Chordates.
All echinoderms are ocean-dwellers. The adults are
radially symmetrical, protected by a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) endoskeleton, and covered by an
have spines or bristles that extend from the endoskeleton through the exterior body covering and
The immature forms may or may not look like the adults.
echinoderms have the ability to exude their stomach

through their mouth and engulf/digest their prey external
to their bodies. Prey animals for adult echinoderms are
mollusks, but some echinoderms like the sea lilies depend
larger predators feed on them. Echinoderms have a water
echinoderms can reproduce asexually from parts of themselves that become separated from the
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Echinodermata
www.LabPaq.com
Class
Asteroidea
Crinoidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Ophiuroidea
140
Sea stars
Sea lilies
Sea urchins and sand dollars
Sea cucumbers
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: The Deuterostomes

Search Key Words: Echinoderm, sea star, sea lily, sea urchin, sea cucumber
PROCEDURE
1. From How to Dissect, read from page 84 through the top of page 92 of the book before
doing before you begin.
2.
How to Dissect, pp. 84-92 to explore the anatomy and

physiology of the sea star.
www.LabPaq.com
141
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Phylum Chordata Animals with

Notochords
The animal has a notochord during some period of its life. The notochord is dorsal, and
provides support for the structure of the animal. The notochord in immature vertebrates
becomes a spinal vertebrate column in the mature form.
The animal has a dorsal nerve cord. In vertebrates, the nerve cord is protected within the
spinal column.
The animal has a pharyngeal pouch. This pouch becomes the gills in the invertebrate chordates,
structures.
The animal has a tail that extends past the anus during some or all of its life. In humans, the
as the coccyx or tailbone at the base of the spinal cord extending from the pelvis.
Phylum Chordata includes both invertebrate and vertebrate species. The phylum is structured as
follows:
Domain Kingdom Phylum
Eukarya Animalia Chordata
Subphylum
(Invertebrates)
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
(Vertebrates)
Vertebrata
Sea squirts are urochordates. Only

gill slits remain in the adult form as
Chordates.
Sea lancets (Brachyostoma) are
cephalochordates that live in the sand
in shallow marine areas. Adult lancets
have gills, a notochord and a dorsal
tubular nerve cord.
Animals with spinal columns. Birds,
mammals, including humans, are all
chordates.
Subphyla Urochordata and the Cephalochordata each represent a small number of species.
share the Phylum Chordata with the vertebrate species.
www.LabPaq.com
142
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
the two subphyla listed above in that vertebrates have a dorsal
Within subphylum Vertebrata there are two superclasses.

Superclass Agnatha
have jaws or paired appendages, and their skeleton is made
species in this superclass. In contrast, Superclass Gnathostomata
species do have hinged jaws, paired appendages, and at least
a part of their skeleton is bony. All other vertebrates belong in
this superclass. The classes and examples of organisms found in
Superclass Gnathostomata are presented in the table following.
Search Key Words
PROCEDURE
1. From How to Dissect, read from page 110 through the top of page 128 in Chapter 9 of the
you will be doing before you begin.
www.LabPaq.com
143
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Superclass
Agnatha
Class
Fishes that do not have jaws or
paired appendages, and their
lampreys.
Four-legged tetrapod, some with
metamorphosis, three-chambered
Amphibia
ectothermic.
Frogs, toads, salamanders &
newts.
Tetrapod with feathers,
endothermic.
Birds
Aves
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Superclass
Gnathostomata
Chondrichthyes
skeleton, no operculum or swim

bladder, asymmetrical tail.
Rays, skates, sharks
Tetrapod with hair, endothermic,
egg, ectothermic. Snakes, lizards,

turtles.
Osteichthyes
2.
that have bony skeletons, an

operculum, lungs or air bladder,
ectothermic. Salmon, eels, sea
horses, perch.
How to Dissect, pp. 110-128 of Chapter 9 to explore the
3. From How to Dissect, read from page 134 through the middle of page 151 in Chapter 10 of the
you will be doing before you begin.
4.
How to Dissect, pp. 134-151 of Chapter 10 to explore the

anatomy and physiology of the frog.
www.LabPaq.com
144
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Footnote:
for all
tables:
List which one.
www.LabPaq.com
145
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom Animalia: The Deuterostomes

Version 42-0071-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
www.LabPaq.com
146
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: The Deuterostomes

RESULTS
A.
Table 1: Phylum Echinodermata
Morphology:
Ecology
level of
Where
found
Symmetry
Environmental
Role
Refer to Explanation of Table Common Characteristic Categories and Types of Answers Expected, p. 8.
B.
www.LabPaq.com
147
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
these animals?
QUESTIONS
A.
we live without them?
B.
C.
www.LabPaq.com
148
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
D. Provide several examples of echinoderms and where they are found.
E.
Exercise 2:
Notochords
Phylum Chordata Animals with
RESULTS
A. Compare and describe the structures found in these two organisms in Table 2.
Fish
Frog
Exterior covering
Appendages/Use of Appendages
Mouth
Anus
Environment/
Environmental Role
Nervous system/Sensory organs
Food source
Source of Food for ?
www.LabPaq.com
149
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
150
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
Table 3: Phylum Chordata
Morphology:
level of
Ecology
Where found
www.LabPaq.com
Symmetry
151
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Environmental
Role
Experiment
C.
D.
www.LabPaq.com
152
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A.
live without them?
B.
C.
D. Provide several examples of Chordates and where they are found.
LABORATORY SUMMARY
www.LabPaq.com
153
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Kingdom Animalia: Class
Mammalia
Version 42-0070-00-01
Experiment Summary:
human body graphically. Then they will dissect a
www.LabPaq.com
154
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom AnimAliA: ClAss mAmmAliA
OBJECTIVES
human
: Four to eight hours total.
www.LabPaq.com
155
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS
FRoM:
Student Provides
lABEl oR
BoX/BAg:
QTy
1
1
1
1
1
From labPaq
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Paper towel or newspaper
Calculator
Computer, word processor and spreadsheet
program recommended
supplies are loaded in this tray - see below

following: Bent Probe, Dropping Pipet, Probe,
blades are in the pocket, Scissors, Tweezers
Goggles-Safety
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
156
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

belong. We, like many of the animal species with which we are most familiar, are mammals we
thermoregulate our bodies through our metabolism, our hair, collagen and epidermis. The name
class to suckle their young.
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Superclass
table below.
human.
www.LabPaq.com
157
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Class
order
Mammalia
The
Monotremes
Monotremata
Mammalia
The Marsupials
Marsupialia
Class
Mammalia
The Placental
Mammals
Eutherians
Example organisms: Anteater, duckbill platypus.

before fully developed, and then are nurtured within a pouch on
Example organisms: Kangaroos, opossums, and koalas.
order
Eutheria
Perissodactyla
Hoofed animals with a single toe, elongated limbs for running.

Herbivores.
Example organisms: Horses, zebras.
Hoofed animals with two toes, elongated limbs for running.
Carnivora
Well-developed sense of smell, carnivores and omnivores with

claws.
Example organisms: Dogs, bears, cats, foxes, skunk. Also include
seals, sea leopards, walruses that reproduce on land.
Tree-dwelling herbivores and terrestrial omnivores with
Primates
Cetacea
Chiroptera
Proboscidea
developed brains.
Example organisms: Humans, great apes, monkeys.
organisms: Whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Example organisms: Bats.
nose.
Example organisms: Elephants.
PROCEDURE
1. From How to Dissect, read from page 154 through page 200 of the book before proceeding
you begin.
www.LabPaq.com
158
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
2.
anatomy and physiology of the fetal pig.
3.
analogous structures in the appropriate drawings of human anatomy below.
Ventral - Anterior
Ear
Eye
Lower Jaw
Chest
Elbow
Wrist
Hand Digits
Sex Organs: (Breasts/Teats,

Penis, Scrotum/Testes,
Genital Papilla/Vaginal Area)
Knee
Ankle
Foot Digits
Michelangelos David
Dorsal - Posterior
Ear
Brain Case
Vertebral Column
Bouguereaus Venus
www.LabPaq.com
159
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Upper Respiratory System

Tongue
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
Bile Duct
Stomach
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Pharynx
Diaphragm
Pylorus
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
lower Respiratory System

Spleen
Pancreas
Duodenum
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchial tube
Alveoli
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
www.LabPaq.com
160
Caecum
(Colon)
Rectum
Anus
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Circulatory System
Endocrine System
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Heart
Pulmonary Artery
Aorta
Veins
Arteries
Thymus
Thyroid gland
www.LabPaq.com
161
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Urinary System
Kidney
Bladder
Ureter
Urethra
Female Lower Body View

Uterus
Vagina
Genital Papilla
Ovary
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Pubic bone
Penis
Spongy urethra
Scrotal Sacs
Seminal Vesicles
www.LabPaq.com
162
Clitoris
Labia majora
Rectum
Cervix
Pubic bone (Symphysis pubis)
Sperm Duct
Bladder
Prostate gland
Epididymus
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Clavicle
Coccyx
Cranium
Face
Femur
Fibula
Humerus
Lumbar Vertebra
Phalanges
Radius
Ribs
Sacrum
Scapula
Sternum
Tarsals
Thoracic Vertebra
Tibia
Ulna
Vertebral Column
Pectoral Girdle
Patella
www.LabPaq.com
163
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
164
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Kingdom Animalia: Class Mammalia

Version 42-0070-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
www.LabPaq.com
165
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
166
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
167
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
168
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
169
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A. How are pigs and humans similar?
B.
not present on a human?
C.
D.
E. To what mammalian order does each of the following animals belong?

Organism
Cats
Bears
Rhinoceros
Order
Voles
Guinea Pigs
Hedgehog
Pikas
www.LabPaq.com
Organism
Baboons
Cows
Deer
Goats
Whales
Sloths
Capybara
Pigs
Fruit bats
170
Order
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
LABORATORY SUMMARY
www.LabPaq.com
171
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Tissues, organs, and
Homeostasis
Version 42-0131-00-01
Experiment Summary:
how the body regulates itself to maintain a constant
cheek cells. Students will view a prepared slide of a

neuron and draw and label the parts; view prepared
prepare a wet mount of muscle. Students will dissect
the epiphysis and then view a prepared slide of bone.
www.LabPaq.com
172
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Tissues, Organs, and HOmeOsTasis
OBJECTIVES
To explain the value of a healthy lifestyle, and
To understand how various systems in the body interact and complement each other during
: Four to eight hours total.
www.LabPaq.com
173
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS FRoM:
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg:
Student Provides
QTy
iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Graph paper or a spreadsheet program
1
1
1
1
subject
Exercise area, stairs, an open area, a
track, a gymnasium, etc.
Thermometer, oral or ear
Color pens or pencils
1
type bones are not available, procure a
1
Watch with a minute hand

1
1
1
From labPaq

Calculator
Scissors, Tweezers
1
1
Slide Box BK-2B
Slide Box BK-2B
1
1
1
1
Slide - Cover Glass - Cover Slip Cube

Slide - Human bone
Slide - Human epithelium
Slide - Human muscle types
Note
www.LabPaq.com
174
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

Safety issues:
to varying degrees. For instance, non-mammals do not possess the capability to regulate their
Salmo gairdneri.
This species of trout cannot survive long in water temperatures above ~75 F, because water above
that temperature does not hold enough oxygen.1 Trout require at least 5 ppm (parts or numbers of
O2 molecules per million parts or numbers of H2O molecules) or more to maintain a level that the
F, even though
Plecoptera sp. insect
ATP-derived energy that will allow it to move. However, carp, Cyprinus carpio, introduced into the
in many of those habitats.

that limit our survival since our bodies adjust to the environment via the process of homeostasis.
pressure of the atmospheric gasses, including oxygen, are too low to supply the oxygen their bodies
Conversely, divers need supplemental oxygen for long dives underwater since water does not
hold enough oxygen for humans to survive there.
0 C (32 F) is saturated with oxygen at ~14 ppm oxygen (or 14.63 mg oxygen/L water), but water at 35 C (95 F) is
www.LabPaq.com
175
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Homeostasis
body as a result of a stress episode.
Search Key Words: homeostasis, response to exercise
PROCEDURE
1. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to Data Table 1: Data Recorded from Homeostasis
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
number of inhaled breaths in Table 1.
7.
comfortable to the subject is acceptable: stair climbing and descending, power walking,
jogging or running, skipping rope, performing jumping jacks, etc. Obviously, the subject needs
to be in reasonably good health or another subject should be chosen.
8.
9.
10.
to the pre-exercise level, but no longer than 30 minutes.
11.
www.LabPaq.com
176
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Epithelial Cells

and make up the epidermis. They serve to protect
glands, the hair-producing follicles and associated
muscles, the nerve cell sensory receptors, and
the sweat glands. The epidermis has a dead outer
layer of cells that protects the underlying skin from
losing excess water and drying out. This dead outer
the living epithelial cells underneath.
and winds that can dry us out, plus it supports the hair that insulates us against solar UV rays.
epithelial cells are found in our bronchial linings and serve to move excess mucous from our
Search Key Words: epithelial cell, squamous cell, columnar ciliated cell, skin
PROCEDURE
1. Carefully examine your skin with the hand lens.
2.
it is akin to the hide of other mammals that is much thicker.
3. Use the microscope and view the prepared epithelial cell slide. Draw a few cells.
4.
www.LabPaq.com
177
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
The epithelium layer also contains the sensors
layer is felt because sensors trigger the nerves

that release acetylcholine which in turn triggers
the spinal column is reached. There, the spinal
cord causes the instantaneous appropriate
The brain may or may not be involved in this

process. The brain is generally associated with
the autonomic system where you determine
swallowing, and so on.
Search Key Words

autonomic system
PROCEDURE
1. Use the microscope to view the prepared nerve cell slide.
2. Draw a few nerve cells. Label the dendrite, the axon, and the cell body.
www.LabPaq.com
178
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 4: The Muscular System

via the nerves that are passed on to the muscles to elicit the appropriate response.
Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. It drives the blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen
and then pushes blood on to the rest of the body to supply cells with oxygen and other
necessary nutrients.
Search Key Words: muscular system, striated muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
PROCEDURE
1. View the prepared slide of the three muscle types under the microscope.
2. Draw a few cells of each type of muscle.
3.
4.
to the slide.
www.LabPaq.com
179
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
human skeleton consists of over 200 bones.

Bones supply the structure on which our inner organs are hung. The cranium shelters the brain
and houses the means for us to chew our food, our teeth. The rib cage holds and protects our
Bones are connected by ligaments and tendons which respond to muscle movements so that we
can walk, talk, sit, and so on.
Although they are seemingly inert, bones produce red blood cells and store, or bank, inorganic
salts of calcium and phosphorus for future use by the body. Red blood cells are produced in the
red marrow from specialized cells called hemocytoblasts. As we age, our red marrow decreases
and no longer produces red blood cells. The red marrow becomes yellow and, instead, stores fat.
As we age, bones become less dense. The density is
heavily predicated on the amount of weight-bearing
and denser than are the bones of a sedentary person.

The health of our bones is a huge factor in how we
experience aging. Lifestyle choices, such as smoking and
being sedentary bring us to our senior years with bones
that are more prone to fracturing than are the bones of
health of other parts of our bodies.
has shown that astronauts lose bone mass just as older

people do. It is our bodies working against gravity that
causes our bones to maintain their strength.
www.LabPaq.com
180
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
or space travel, bones become more prone to fractures and

breaks since structure is lost.
while Osteoclasts free the stored deposits of calcium and

phosphorus when they are needed elsewhere in the body. In a
healthy person these two processes are equal, but as we age
so that more bone is removed than is made. Exercise, vitamins,
Search Key Words: skeletal system, bone anatomy, osteoporosis, exoskeleton, osteoblast,
osteoclast
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
of the bone. The diaphysis refers to the bone long shank part. Your bone may also have a
periosteum.
3.
4. If you boil your bone on the stove for several hours, you should be able to separate the hyaline
and epiphysis from the main bone. The epiphysis may be separable at the epiphysis plate
5.
bone in advanced stage of osteoporosis shown in the previous photo?
6.
the microscope.
www.LabPaq.com
181
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Listed below are the main organ systems that operate our internal machinery and the environmental
factors necessary for growth.
Although we use the human as an example organism in this exercise, please keep in mind that all
we have explored our own makeup more thoroughly than the makeup of other mammals. Despite
many other organisms. They feel and experience life in the same ways that we do. When we
Air (oxygen)
inputs:
Food (Carbohydrates, lipids, Protein, Vitamins, etc.)

Water & other liquids
Systems:
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
www.LabPaq.com
Muscular
182
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
integument
Urinary
Carbon Dioxide
outputs:
Heat, Water
liquid & Solid Wastes
www.LabPaq.com
183
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Endocrine
Experiment
Tissues, organs, and Homeostasis

Version 42-0131-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1: Data Recorded from Homeostasis Exercise
Body
Temperature,
F or C
Rate of
Heart Beats
per Minute
other
Minute
Before exercise,
T0 = 0 minutes
T1 = 10 minutes
T2 = 15 minutes
T3 = 20 minutes
T4 = 25 minutes
T5 = 30 minutes
www.LabPaq.com
184
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
www.LabPaq.com
185
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: Homeostasis
RESULTS
A. Describe what changes you observed in the subject between the pre-exercise and the postexercise states.
B.
C. Are these changes that you expected to happen?
D.
QUESTIONS
A.
allow it to perform this exercise.
www.LabPaq.com
186
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
exercise, and enable him/her to perform it?
C.
D. What did you learn from this exercise?
www.LabPaq.com
187
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Epithelial Cells

RESULTS
A.
B. Why can you consider skin to be like hide on another animal?
C.
prepared slide and the wet-mount slide?
D.
E.
the prepared slide? Hint: Epithelial cells that contain cilia tend to be found where
www.LabPaq.com
188
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
F.
G.
is it the same?
QUESTIONS
A. What is the purpose of nerve cells?
B.
www.LabPaq.com
189
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
interneuron? How do you know?
D.
E.
Exercise 4: Muscular System

RESULTS
A.
www.LabPaq.com
190
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B.
A. What type of muscle is represented by:

a. A beef roast -
d. Tripe -
b. A beef heart c. A beef tongue -
B. Why do muscle tissue types vary in cell makeup?
RESULTS
A.
a human body?
www.LabPaq.com
191
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
B. What are the roles of the various structures found in bone?
C.
QUESTIONS
A.
B. What factors govern bone health?
www.LabPaq.com
192
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
could you give a senior person to help her or him maintain the health of their bones as they age?
RESULTS
A.
B.
C.
www.LabPaq.com
193
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
D.
E.
QUESTIONS
A.
B.
www.LabPaq.com
194
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C.
reversible if the habit stops?
D.
gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html and locate the system in their directory. Explore one disorder
NoTE: If a secondary web
link does not work, choose another system/topic.) Place your report here:
LABORATORY SUMMARY
www.LabPaq.com
195
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
The Macrobiome
Hands-on labs, inc.
Version 42-0126-00-01
Experiment Summary:
biomes. Students will stake out quadrats in two study
area around their quadrats.

learn how ecosystems are structured as well as
ecosystems. Students will learn about birds of prey
and their diets. Students will dissect an owl pellet
and relate the organisms consumed by the owl to
the type of prey located within a certain habitat.
www.LabPaq.com
196
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
oBJECTiVES
To gain a basic understanding of ecosystems and biomes
To learn about food webs

To learn about the diets of birds of prey
To dissect an owl pellet in order to study its diet
Exercise 1: Three hours

Exercise 2: Four hours
www.LabPaq.com
197
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS:
lABEl oR BoX/BAg:
Student Provides
QTy
4
iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Tent stakes, old knives, or similar
1
1
Paper towels
LabPaq Provides
Spoon or trowel for digging soil sample
Paper towel
Warm tap water, 200 mL
Cup
Pie Plate
1
1
the pocket, Scissors, Tweezers
Auxiliary Supplies Auxiliary Supplies BagBag-BK

BK
1
1
Tape measure, 1.5-m
Thermometer-in-cardboard-tube
Owl-pellet-foil-wrapped
Bag:
1
-
Special Papers Bag-BK
pH Test Strips, Wide Range with Color Scale - in Bag

2"x 3"
Papers Bag
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
198
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME

Part 1: Macrobiomes
Ecology
The term
Community
area. For instance, a forest community may include white-tail deer, grey squirrels, various tree
ecosystem
types of organisms that live in an ecosystem depend upon the physical environment. For instance,
grouped into biomes
climate (the average annual temperature
include tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, cold desert, and hot desert. Some biologists also
include human altered environments, such as urban areas as a separate biome.
surface. The
includes both freshwater and marine environments. It houses the
majority of this remains dissolved in the ocean.
www.LabPaq.com
199
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Figure 1: Aquatic biome:

The tundra biome is the coldest biome with a short growing season for plants of approximately
permanently frozen (permafrost). However, due to climate change, permafrost is now thawing to
a greater depth.
close to the soil surface to reduce the loss of moisture and heat from the wind. Some plants even
species that breed in the Polar Regions migrate incredible distances. Some peregrine falcons that
www.LabPaq.com
200
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Figure 2: Tundra. Ekaterina Baranova
www.LabPaq.com
201
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
The desert biome makes up 20 percent of land surfaces and has an annual rainfall amount of less
than 50 cm per year. Deserts contain a variety of plants specially adapted to an arid environment.
While deserts are commonly thought of as hot environments, cold deserts exist in the Polar
Regions. See Figure 3.
Figure 3: Desert biome:
www.LabPaq.com
202
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Forest biomes
there are many types of forest biomes. These include tropical rainforests, temperate deciduous
forests, and boreal forests. Tropical rainforests are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth,
Figure 4: Forest biome. Szefei
www.LabPaq.com
203
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
grassland biomes
both temperate and tropical regions and are dominated by grasses with some shrubs and trees.
grasslands can regenerate quickly because grasses grow from their roots. In fact, in the absence
zebras, which in turn, support large predators such as wolves and lions.
Figure 5: Grassland biome:
www.LabPaq.com
204
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Exercise 1: organisms in a Community

PROCEDURE
such as grasslands, a forest or the north and south-facing side of a big hill or mountain.
organisms within a community. You will study how they depend upon each other and how they
interact.
Before you begin, prepare tables similar to the Data Tables in the Lab Report Assistant to record
Note: Expect to spend time kneeling or sitting on the ground. This lab is preferably performed in good
weather and when there is no snow on the ground. If there is snow on the ground, you can skip or
delay the part using the quadrat and perform the part of the exercise that starts at Step 14.
1.
use this at the study sites.
2.
3. Develop a hypothesis about which area will have more organisms that reside within it. Record
your hypothesis in your lab report. Include the reason why you think this will be the case.
Hypothesis: ____________________________________
4.
guides for the plants and animals of your region, it would also be helpful to take those with
you to the sites.
5.
Where it lands will designate one corner of your quadrat.
6.
stake at the one-meter mark.
www.LabPaq.com
205
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Figure 6:
the long edge in order to place the second stake.
7.
8.
See Figure 7.
Figure 7:
final stake.
www.LabPaq.com
206
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
9.
stake. You should now have a 1 m2 quadrat. See Figure 8.
Figure 8: Completed quadrat.

10.
the amount of physical shading it receives from trees, bushes and structures. What is the
of water. Using the thermometer, record the air temperature at ground level, you will need to
into Data Table 1. Finally, record the number of trees and bushes within approximately 50 m
of the quadrat.
11.
www.LabPaq.com
207
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Note: You may wish to take draft data tables to the field to tally individuals and then transcribe the
data to your final data table later.
12.
13. Use a metal spoon to collect approximately 5 mL (one teaspoon) of soil from each quadrat in
14.
15. Repeat step 15 facing east, south and west.
Soil pH
17.
minimum of 1 hour. This method provides an accurate pH reading.
18. Use the pH test strips provided in the LabPaq to test the pH. Dip one strip into the water that
has separated from the soil. Remove the pH strip and immediately match the color showing
on the wet part of the strip to the pH color chart provided in the kit. Record the pH value into
19.
20.
in the space provided in Data Table 3. If there are more species than the 11 lines provided on
Data Table 3, add more rows to the table in the lab report.
www.LabPaq.com
208
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Ecosystem structure
The structure of an ecosystem is determined by
and
elements such climate, soil, and geographical features such as mountains and oceans.
The place where a species normally lives is its habitat, and its ecological role in this environment
is its niche
resources it uses and provides, and the way it interacts with other species.
Producers
energy in chemicals to create the organic compounds necessary for life. These include sugars,
Consumers are all organisms that need to obtain their food from
another source whether it is a plant or an animal.
are a special group of consumers
that play an important role in an ecosystem by consuming dead and decaying material, thereby
recycling nutrients such as nitrogen for future use.
trophic level they occupy. The Greek root trophe means food.
organism, energy is transferred from the consumed organism to the consumer. The number
of energy transfer steps between the consumer and the producers determines the trophic
level. Producers are at trophic level one. Trophic level two are primary consumers that eat the
producers. These are herbivores, such as kangaroos. A rule of thumb is that roughly 10 percent of
90 percent is lost through metabolism or is lost as waste because the organism cannot use it. See
be in trophic level two, three, or four. Similarly, some animals that we would consider strictly
www.LabPaq.com
209
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Figure 9: Trophic levels of an ecosystem. Trophic Level 1 (at the bottom of the pyramid) is
the producers. The primary consumers are one level above the producers in Trophic Level 2.
Primary consumers are the herbivores. The secondary consumers are two levels above the
producers at Trophic Level 3. Secondary consumers are carnivores. The tertiary consumers
are three levels above the producers and are located at Trophic Level 4.
than one type of predator usually consumes a type of prey. For instance, foxes, wolves, owls,
Figure 10.
www.LabPaq.com
210
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Figure 10:
A model food web

Birds of prey (raptors) are powerful predators that use keen vision and hearing to hunt for
and northern goshawks consume medium-sized mammals such as rabbits and large squirrels,
while golden eagles can take animals the size of lambs and foxes.
Pellets or
owls and other birds of prey. Raptors regurgitate these pellets as a compact mass. The pellets
value. Examples include the bones, beaks, claws, hair, feathers, and teeth of the animals they
have eaten.
The diet of the raptor dictates what can be found in pellets. Common items include the bones
common to see body segments of insects, such as the head, thorax, and wings. It is also common
www.LabPaq.com
211
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
do not easily digest the bones. Thus, the pellets usually contain undamaged bones. Conversely,
discarded remains.
Figure 11: Barred Owl swallowing a vole. mlorenz
www.LabPaq.com
212
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
PROCEDURE:
In this experiment, you will dissect and examine an owl pellet. Review the lab report and be prelab.
1.
Figure 12: Setup for dissecting the owl pellet.

2. Fill a drinking glass or cup three-quarters full of warm water. Dip the pellet into this warm
water for a few seconds and then place it onto the aluminum pie plate.
3.
bones from the other parts of the owl pellet.
4. Place the contents of the owl pellet onto paper towels. Arrange the bones by groups such as
of skulls or jawbones. See Figure 13.
www.LabPaq.com
213
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Figure 13: Bones from an owl pellet.

5. When viewing the bones, the number of skulls may not match the number of leg bones such
as the femur. This mismatch can be due to several reasons. Owls can regurgitate one to three
upper jaw. See Figure 14.
Figure 14: Complete skull of a mouse with upper jaw as seen with a magnifier.
www.LabPaq.com
214
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
6. Record the number of skulls, lower jaws, scapulas, forelimbs, hindlimbs, pelvises and ribs
found in your pellet in Data Table 5. Classify them as mole, rodent, or shrew. Table 1 has
key to the skulls.
Mole
Rodent
Skull
Jaw
Scapula
Forelimb
Hindlimb
Pelvis
Rib
www.LabPaq.com
215
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Shrew
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Table 2. Key to mammal skulls found in owl pellets.

1.a)
3 or fewer teeth on each side of upper jaw.
Go to 2.
b)
9 or more teeth on each side of upper jaw.
Go to 3.
2. a)
Go to 4.
b)
3. a)
b)
4. a)
b)
5. a)
b)
The skull is from a rabbit.

Skull length of 23 mm or less and brown teeth.
The skull is from a shrew.
Skull length of more than 23 mm and 44 teeth in The skull is from a mole.
the upper and lower jaw.
Roof of mouth extending past the last molar
Go to 5.
Roof of mouth not extending past last molar.
Go to 6.
Skull length of 22 mm or less.
The skull is from a mouse.
Skull length of more than 22 mm.
The skull is from a rat.
6. a)
The skull is from a meadow

vole.
The skull is from a deer mouse.
b)
www.LabPaq.com
216
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
The Macrobiome
Hands-on labs, inc.
Version 42-0126-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
www.LabPaq.com
217
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Exercise 1: organisms in a Community

Hypothesis:
Data Table 1:
Quadrat 1
Quadrat 2
Shading (complete,
Biome (forest, grassland,
desert, or tundra)
medium, coarse) & color
Topography
Soil pH
Current weather
Photograph of quadrat
Number of trees within

50 m
Number of bushes within
50 m
www.LabPaq.com
218
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Data Table 2: Plant species observed in the quadrats.

Plant name or type
Approximate number of
organisms in quadrat 1
Data Table 3: Animal species observed in the quadrats.

Animal name or type
www.LabPaq.com
219
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Data Table 4: Animal species observed in the study areas.

Animal name or type
organisms in study area 1
organisms in study area 2
QUESTIONS FOR EXERCISE 1

A.
other geographic features?
www.LabPaq.com
220
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
B.
C.
D.
quadrats?
E.
F.
G.
chain?
H.
www.LabPaq.com
221
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
Data Table 5: Record of bones in owl pellet.

Mole
Rodent
Shrew
lower Jaw
Scapula
Forelimb
Hindlimb
Pelvis
Rib
QUESTIONS FOR EXERCISE 2

A.
in one day if one pellet is regurgitated. If three pellets are regurgitated and there is an average
of four animals/pellet, that is approximately 12 animals consumed in one day. Use this range
www.LabPaq.com
222
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
THE MacrObIOME
B.
of the animals in the area where this pellet was collected?
C.
D. Why might seeds and other plant material be found in owl pellets?
E.
be necessary and why? You must have at least two trophic levels represented, but more are
probably necessary. Diagram the food web that would exist in your microcosm.
www.LabPaq.com
223
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Hands-on labs, inc.
Version 42-0111-00-01
Experiment Summary:
and bipedalism.
www.LabPaq.com
224
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Primate CharaCteristiCs
OBJECTIVES
To examine the importance of opposable thumbs
Time Allotment: 1.5 hours
www.LabPaq.com
225
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg
Student provides
QTy
iTEM DESCRiPTioN
Tape clear, duct, or masking
Book or magazine
1
2
1
Pen or pencil
Paper, white or lined
1
1
Shoe with laces (not Velcro)
Note:
www.LabPaq.com
226
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment

species, including lemurs, monkeys, apes, chimpanzees, galagos, baboons, and humans (Homo
sapiens).
Figure 1: Primate heterodont dental plan illustrated by a chimpanzee. There are

clear distinctions between the canine, molar, and incisor teeth.
Eric Issele
All primates have a heterodont dental plan, where the teeth are divided into canines, molars,
homodont. Primates have a generalized, non-specialized body
plan, with forward-facing eye orbits, a shortened nose, and ears that protrude from the skull.
(pentadactyly
of opposable thumbs, allowing for increased dexterity and prehensility (gripping). Primates also
have varying degrees of opposability in their toes. The majority of primates have opposable toes,
bipedalism (walking on two limbs). See Figures 2, 3, and 4.
www.LabPaq.com
227
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Figure 2: Gorilla feet have nails, not claws.

Cyrrpit
Figure 3: Orangutan feet are pentadactyl and have the opposable toes. The toes are
inward-facing, allowing for both dexterity and grip.
Cyrrpit
Figure 4: Human feet are pentadactyl. However, the toes are not opposable,
allowing for additional support and balance for walking upright.
www.LabPaq.com
228
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
quadrupeds (that is, they walk on all four limbs), Homo sapiens are bipedal. See Figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5: Lemur demonstrating its ability to be a part-time biped. Lemurs are parttime quadrupeds, and rarely walk on two legs.
Hugh Lansdown
Figure 6:
opposable toes to grip onto its mother.
JimmyPhoto
www.LabPaq.com
229
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 1: opposable Thumb

PROCEDURE
The goal of this exercise is to perform the everyday tasks in Data Table 1, with and without the use
of your opposable thumb. You will determine if the task is easier with or without the opposability
of the thumb, or if opposability of the thumb did not have any impact on your ability to perform
the task. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to the Data Table 1 in the Lab Report
1.
2. Pick up the tape to prepare both of your hands so that the thumbs are no long opposable by
taping each thumb either to the side or your hand or across your palm. See Figures 7 and 8.
Note:
uncomfortable for you, tape the thumb to the side of your hand.
Figure 7: Opposable thumb taped to the side of the hand with clear tape.
Figure 8: Opposable thumb taped across the palm with duct tape.
www.LabPaq.com
230
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
3. With both opposable thumbs immobilized, perform all of the tasks listed in Data Table 1. As
opposable thumb.
4. When all tasks have been completed with the opposable thumbs immobilized, remove the
tape from both hands.
5. Using both opposable thumbs, re-perform each task in Data Table 1. As each task is performed
place a check mark in one of the columns to the right. If the task was easier with the opposable
6.
www.LabPaq.com
231
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Exercise 2: Bipedalism versus Quadrupedalism

iMPoRTANT NoTE:
PROCEDURE
quadrupeds.
1. Locate an area with open space.
2. Arrange your body so that it is in a quadruped stance. See Figure 6.
3.
4.
arms, feet, and legs.
5. Walk around the area on both feet in a biped stance, as you normally would.
www.LabPaq.com
232
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Hands-on labs, inc.

Version 42-0111-00-01
Data Table 1: Tasks with and without opposable thumb.

Place a
With
opposable
thumb
Without
opposable
thumb
opposable thumb did

not impact ability to
Write your name on a sheet of paper
Tie shoelaces
www.LabPaq.com
233
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
QUESTIONS
A.
tasks were easier to perform with an opposable thumb? How many tasks were not impacted by
the use of an opposable thumb?
B.
of your opposable thumbs?
www.LabPaq.com
234
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
C. Was dexterity or grasping ability most impacted when your opposable thumbs were
immobilized? Explain your answer.
D.
think your daily life would be impacted if Homo sapiens had opposability in their big toes?
Exercise 2: Bipedalism versus Quadrupedalism

QUESTIONS
A.
muscles were uncomfortable?
B. What everyday tasks do you think would become more challenging if Homo sapiens were full-
C. What movements or tasks do you think would become easier and less challenging if Homo
sapiens
www.LabPaq.com
235
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
ExpErimEnt
Version 42-0068-00-01
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to use common
disease.
www.LabPaq.com
236
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
OBJECTIVES
To explain what commonly recognized traits are present in humans.
Safety issues
www.LabPaq.com
237
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
MATERIALS
MATERiAlS FRoM:
Student Provides
QTy
14
iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Volunteers
www.LabPaq.com
238
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
of biological research. Agricultural companies collaborate to produce bioengineered crops that
how that system will be structured.

Homo sapiens sapiens, the wise
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
order
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
species
sapiens
Our personal phenotype is the result of the expression of thousands of alleles that we received
when the sperm and egg from our parents joined. These alleles may not have even begun to
So, let us proceed.
www.LabPaq.com
239
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
Each allele contains the genes from one parent, so the paired alleles are not necessarily equivalent.
the mother, since the father obviously contributed an f recessive gene.
incomplete dominance or epistasis online). In the following exercise, we will
being established. What might be the result? In the second exercise, you will have an opportunity
www.LabPaq.com
240
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
Search Key Terms:
Sex
FF, Ff
Ear lobe
To n g u e
Rolling
RR, Rr
rr
SS, Ss
ss
Tongue can be rolled into a U-shape when extended

into U-shape on extension (rr).
Hitch-
Thumbs with end joints that can be bent back at 45

are recessive (ss). Thumbs that cannot bend back
Thumb
MM,
Mm
H a i r y
Fingers
TT,
Tt
ll,
ll
Thumb
on Top
Palmar
Tendons
Bend back hand to expose wrist tendons. Feel wrist

to count tendons. Two wrist tendons on both wrists
is a dominant (LL, Ll) trait. Three wrist tendons on
either wrist is a recessive (ll) trait.
www.LabPaq.com
241
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
PROCEDURE
1. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to Data Table 1: Single-gene Traits of a Selected
2.
guide this hypothesis.
3.
4.
www.LabPaq.com
242
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
Figure 1: Genetic Traits Chart
www.LabPaq.com
243
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
Exercise 2: Human Chromosomes and the Human

genome Project
Search Key Terms:
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs in
polar bodies, and sperm where meiosis

has separated the chromosomes (n), in
chromosomes that each organism has.

Twenty-two human chromosomes are
pair was inherited from the mother
and one from the father.
of the child. This next diagram shows what human chromosomes look like graphically. Since the
If these chromosomes were from an actual

cell nucleus in the body, they would be
double (2n) with the second chromosome
of each above chromosome, where the
centromere would be located. In the case
and cells of male humans would have a long
that the human father always determines

the sex of the child produced from a union,
since only males have the Y chromosome
to pass on during a sexual union. An actual
photograph of dyed human chromosomes
from a body cell (not a gamete) looks like
www.LabPaq.com
244
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
in February
chromosome in the human body. Why is this important? Because we can now use the genome
cloning and chromosomal material replacement may hold promise as a way to correct the more
such as Trisomy 21 which is Down syndrome and caused by the presence of three chromosomes
and 22 occur and then are perpetuated by division within the body.
PROCEDURE
1.
2. Perform online research on this disorder to determine:
a.
The origin of the disorder, i.e., what chromosome(s) and gene(s) are responsible for the
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
www.LabPaq.com
245
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
Abetalipoproteinemia
Albinism
Allergies
Alzheimer Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Anemia
Galactosemia
Gaucher Disease
Hemochromatosis
Hemophilia A
Juvenile onset diabetes

Lupus
Breast cancer
Bronchiectasis
Canavan Disease
Celiac Disease
Obesity
Colon cancer
Color blindness
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Phenylketonuria
Schindler Disease
Depression
DiGeorge syndrome
Down syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Sickle Cell Disease

Small cell lung carcinoma
Fabry Disease
Torsion Dystonia
Type C Disease
Tay-Sachs Disease
Familial Dysautonomia
Zellweger syndrome
3.
www.LabPaq.com
246
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics

Version 42-0068-00-01
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1:
Subject # >
XX Female
XX
10
11
12
13
Xy Male
RR,Rr = roller
rr = cant roll
SS,Ss = straight thumb
ss = bent thumb
ss
MM,Mm = hair
mm = no hair
mm
T
ll,ll = two tendons
ll = three tendons
www.LabPaq.com
247
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
14
15
Total
Experiment
Human Genetics
www.LabPaq.com
248
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
www.LabPaq.com
249
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
QUESTIONS
A.
B. Are any two people exactly the same? If so, how closely are they related?
C.
this decision?
D.
were greater than, equal to, or less than the recessive phenotypes?
E.
trait?
www.LabPaq.com
250
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
F. Would you expect this outcome? Why or why not?
G.
for male or female were on the outer rim of the chart, rather than in the middle, how would the
H.
I. Would your data vary if you went to another part of the world, for instance, China?
J.
K.
today? Why or why not?
www.LabPaq.com
251
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
L. If you had percentages of dominant and recessive genes present for the total number of
Why or why not?
Exercise 2: Human Chromosomes and the Human

genome Project
RESULTS
outline of research points above.
www.LabPaq.com
252
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
www.LabPaq.com
253
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
QUESTIONS
A. What is the purpose of this exercise?
B.
www.LabPaq.com
254
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Human Genetics
LABORATORY SUMMARY
What have you learned from doing this laboratory?
REFERENCES
www.LabPaq.com
255
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
LABPAQ BY
HANDS-ON LABS
APPENDIX
laboratory Equipment and Techniques

science disciplines and when working in a home laboratory.
Dispensing Chemicals:
it does not become contaminated or contaminate anything. Be certain to put the correct cap on
because this may
To obtain samples of a powdered or crystalline solid from a container, it is best to pour the
approximate amount of solid into a clean, dry beaker or onto a small piece of clean, creased
much solid,
. Also, never put wooden splints, spatulas,
Dropping Chemicals: In micro-scale science, you use only small drops of chemicals, and it
is extremely important that the drops are uniform in size and carefully observed. To ensure
chamber behind the dropper is full of liquid. Then hold the dropper in front of your eyes so you
can carefully observe and count the number of drops dispensed as you slowly squeeze the pipet.
the correct drops are dispensed.
Heat solid and liquid chemicals with great care to prevent explosions and
accidents.
Liquids in Beakers:
Liquids in Test Tubes:

Evenly heat the test tube contents by carefully moving the test tube back and forth in the
may cause the liquid to boil and eject from the tube.
commonly used heat sources are alcohol burners, candles, and burner fuel. Alcohol burners
www.LabPaq.com
257
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
never leave an
Mass Measurement Equipment:
are calculated using balance beams. Triple and quadruple beam balances are the most common
top-loading balances are becoming increasingly popular.
Digital Top Loading Balance:
tare the paper or beaker by placing it on the scale
beaker will be excluded from the weighing process.
Hanging Spring Scales:
within a container. Spring scales are not easily tared, so the container weight should be
separately calculated and subtracted from the combined weight of the item and the container.
Volume Measurement Equipment: To obtain accurate measurements from any glass volume
read a curved surface known as the meniscus
meniscus will not form.
Pipet:
amounts of liquids from one container to another.
Berel Pipet:
lengths. You can modify them to serve diverse purposes such as chemical scoops, gas generators,
ranging from a few milliliters to several liters, and their volume levels are precisely marked. When
approximates but are not intended to be exact and precise volume measurements.
Well Plates:
most commonly used plates are 24-well and 96-well.
www.LabPaq.com
258
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Tap water frequently contains ions that may interfere with
appreciate the grave dangers the following laboratory hazards represent. Work to avoid these
dangers and consider how to respond properly in the event of an accident.
AAA rule: Always Add Acid to water, never add water to acid.
Chemical Spills:
shirts, full-length pants, and enclosed shoes when in the laboratory.

Fires:
In case
Never inhale fumes directly!

problems with fresh air, and consult a physician if the problem appears serious.
test tube. You should never point a heated test tube towards anyone. To minimize this danger,
Horseplay:
are not
when working with any type of laboratory glassware.
www.LabPaq.com
259
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
USE, DISPOSAL, AND CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS FOR

COMMON MATERIALS
These procedures are not repeated for each experiment, because it is assumed students will
instrument Use
pipet-sized drops. It may be necessary to squeeze a few drops of chemical from a dropper
To use burner fuel, unscrew the cap, light the wick, and place the can under a burner stand.
the fuel can in the future.
in contact with test chemicals.
Storage and Disposal
experiment.
newspaper. Place these items in a securely covered trash container that cannot be accessed
by children and animals.
www.LabPaq.com
260
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
to help dry the pipet by forcefully swinging the pipet into a downward arch while squeezing
the bulb. Lay the pipet on a clean paper towel or place it in a test tube stand and allow it to
air dry.
Use a mild liquid dishwashing detergent mixed with warm water to loosen solids or oils that
remove all traces of detergent.
items, especially beakers, cylinders, test tubes, and pipets.

Dry test tubes by placing them upside down in the test tube rack. Air dry other items by
placing them on paper towels, aluminum foil, or a clean dishtowel.
neutralized chemicals used in LabPaqs, the disposal methods previously described are well within
www.LabPaq.com
261
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Material Safety Data Sheets

use and dispose of chemicals in a safe manner.
Chemical name and trade names
Components and percentages
Boiling point, density, solubility in water, appearance, color, etc.
hazards
Steps to take to control and clean up spills and leaks and waste disposal methods
equipment
www.LabPaq.com
262
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.hazard.com/msds/index.php
www.LabPaq.com
www.LabPaq.com
263
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
How to Write lab Notes and lab Reports

important Note: Each instructor has a specific way they want stuwill give you instructions regarding the formats you should use. The folare usually prepared in the real world of science and give you a better understanding of the scientific method. it will also be useful if your instructor requires you to write formal lab reports as is often required in college
courses.
record is your lab Notes which you will record as you perform your experiments. Entries in your
lab notebook will be the basis for your second record, the lab Report. The Lab Report formally
instructor for grading.
lab Notes
doubt about the honesty and reliability of the data and the researcher.
enter the data directly into the notebook. When you record erroneous data, neatly draw a light,
As in campus-based science laboratories, independent study students are usually expected to

by the instructor. Paperbound 5x7 notebooks of graph paper work well as lab notebooks. Since
usually prepare formal Lab Reports and submit them along with their regular assignments to the
instructor.
www.LabPaq.com
264
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
to myself or others exactly what I did?
Title:
Purpose: Write a brief statement about what the experiment is designed to determine or
demonstrate.
Procedure:
you used. Do not simply copy the procedure statement from the lab manual.
Data Tables:
Record what you observed, smelled, heard, or otherwise measured? Generally,
you just performed.

Conclusions: What did you learn from the experiment? Base your conclusions on your
using complete sentences, full paragraphs, and correct spelling.
Some general rules for keeping a lab notebook are:
1.
2.
3. Do not compile a complete Lab Report in your lab notebook. Instead, record what you did,
any knowledgeable person familiar with the subject of your experiment can read the entries,
understand exactly what you did, and repeat your experiment if necessary.
4. Organize all numerical readings and measurements in appropriate data tables.
5.
record.
6.
your work.
www.LabPaq.com
265
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
7.
which you are pictured. Photos within your Lab Report document both what you observed
and that you actually performed the experiment.
8.
have great bearing on your future results analysis.
9.
10.
Errors: Although experimental results may be in considerable error, there is never a wrong result
in an experiment. Whatever happens in nature, including the laboratory, cannot be wrong. If you
The cardinal rule in a laboratory is to fully carry out all phases of your
this up very well in 380 BCE:
In subjects of which one has no knowledge one must obtain knowledge

either by learning from someone else or by discovering it for oneself. That
seeking is difficult and rare, but if one seeks it is frequent and easy. If, however,
one does not know how to seek, discovery is impossible.
www.LabPaq.com
266
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
lab Reports
This lab manual covers the overall format that formal Lab Reports generally follow. Remember, the
Lab Report should be self-contained so anyone, including someone without a science background
or lab manual, can read it, understand what was done, and understand what was learned. Data
Excel
and websites like nces.ed.gov/nceskids/Graphing/Classic/line.asp can also greatly facilitate the
www.ncsu.edu/labwriter/
on preparing Lab Reports.
Lab Reports are expected to be word processed and to look organized and professional. They
LAB REPORT FORMAT

Title Page
a.
b. Your name
c.
d.
e.
f.
Abstract: Even though the abstract appears at the beginning of the Lab Report, you will write
conclusions and should be no longer than a paragraph.
In chronological order, carefully and concisely describe what was
www.LabPaq.com
267
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
and laboratory techniques and equipment you used to collect and analyze the data on which the
Include all data tables, photos, graphs, lists, sketches, etc., in an organized fashion. Include
relevant symbols and units with data. Generally one or two sentences explaining how data was
obtained is appropriate for each data table.
them. Be deliberate in recording your experimental procedures in detail. Your comments may
also include any preliminary ideas you have for explaining the data or trends you see emerging.
pages long. As you write, consider the following:

a.
results and conclusions? How do your results relate to the real world?
b.
c.
d. What is the theory or model behind the experiment?
e.
f.
to revise your thinking?
g.
h.
i.
www.LabPaq.com
268
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Error Analysis: In a single paragraph, comment on the accuracy and precision of the apparatuses
the environment inevitably fail to match the ideal circumstances assumed when deriving a theory
Physical phenomena: Elements in the environment may be similar to the phenomena being
Examples include parallax error

Human errors and mistakes that are not
incorrectly assembled circuits or apparatuses.
Discussion:
paragraph form and is generally no more than one to two pages in length. Occasionally it will be
Results:
a.
b. What were the independent or dependent variables in the experiment?
c.
d.
e.
increase in a given independent variable result in an increase or decrease in the associated
dependent variable?
a. What is the theory or model behind the experiment you performed?

b.
www.LabPaq.com
269
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
c. Were these results consistent with your original beliefs or were you forced to reevaluate
Uncertainty in results:
a. How much did your results deviate from expected values?
b.
of ways to decrease the amount of uncertainty?
c.
neglected to consider?
d.
Refer to the sample Lab Report in this manual.
laboratory Drawings
is clearly visible. Also leave a broad margin along one side of your drawing to insert object labels.
The following images provide examples of how laboratory drawings might look when they are
included in a formal Lab Report.
divide the diagram into quarters and try drawing the diagram again. In all likelihood, the second,
www.LabPaq.com
270
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
271
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Just as we each have a unique name by which we are known, all living organisms have a unique
Hierarchy of
Most general
Humans
Super-domain
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Epithet
Humans have true nuclei in their

body cells.
Humans are animals.
Humans have a spinal cord.
Humans are warm-blooded and
have mammary glands to feed their
young.
Order
Primates
Super-family
Hominoidea
Humans are apes.
Family
Hominidae
the great apes: chimpanzees, gorillas.
Sub-family
Homininae
Genus
Homo
Species
sapiens
Humans are most closely like

chimpanzees.
Humans are men.
All Homo humans that have ever
existed, including fossilized remains,
Homo genus.
Sapiens
belong to a Super-domain, then a Kingdom or Domain, then a Phylum, Sub-phylum, Class, Order,
plants do not have phylum names, but instead are categorized by division names.
System --
sponsored and maintained by a number of government and natural
www.LabPaq.com
272
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
one of:
or
and
Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria = True bacteria).
contains the
and
to the Order level. genus and species

Homo
sapiens or italicized, as in Homo sapiens. The genus name is always capitalized, and the species
Domain Archeae (Archeaebacteria)
Kingdom
Korarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Euryarehaelta
www.LabPaq.com
273
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria = True bacteria)
Kingdom or Phylum1
Eubacteria
(True bacteria)
Mycoplasma
Phylum or group1
Firmicutes
gracilicutes
a
Tenericutes
without cell wall
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum
Ascomycota
(formerly
Deuteromycota was
separate)
Class
order
Onygenales
Erysiphales
Example organisms
Penecillium
Powdery mildews, morels,
thrush, candida
Agaricales
Boletales
Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycota
Teliomycetes
Lycoperdales
Steareales
Cantharellales
Uredinales
Ustomycetes
fungi. Jelly fungi,

Rusts
Smuts
Zygomycota
Bread mold
soil molds, decomposers
Chytridiomycota
Water molds
Fungi that form
Lichens
with algae
www.LabPaq.com
274
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Kingdom Viridaeplantae: Plantae

Division
Anthocerotophyta
Bryophyta
Class
order
Example organisms
Hornworts
moss
Kingdom Viridiplantae:
Division
Class
Hepatophyta/
Charophyta
Lycophyta
Pteridopsida/
Filicopsida
Equisetopsida/
Sphenopsoida/
Psilophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta
Anthophyta
(Angiosperma,
order
Example organisms
Liverworts
Green algae
Club mosses
Selaginella sp.
Ferns
Coniferopsida
Cordaitales
Pinopsida
(Liliopsida)
Eudicotyledoneae
Cycadales
Gingkocales
Gnetales
Horse tails
Equisetum sp.
Cycads
Gongkos
All conifers larch, pine,
Ex. Liliaceae
Ex. Apiales
Ex. Ranunculales
Lily, orchid, grasses, palms

Carrot
invertebrates (not having a spinal cord)

Phylum
(45 in Total)
gophora
Ciliophora
Class/
SubClass
Subphylum
over 20
Sarcodina
Kinetofragminophorea
oligohymenophorea
Polyhymenophorea
Apicomplexa
Example
organisms
order
green algae, marine and

freshwater plankton,
euglenas
Spore-forming parasites
of animals, Plasmodium,
toxoplasma
www.LabPaq.com
275
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Phylum
(45 in Total)
Subphylum
Class/
SubClass
Example
organisms
order
Acarpomyxea
Plasmodiophorea
Filosea
Apicomplexa
e.g., slime molds
Xenophyophorea
Acantharea
Phaeodarea
labyrinthomorpha
e.g., Slime nets

Parasites of
vertebrates and
Microspora
Ascetospora
Myxosporea
Parasites of
invertebrates
1) invertebrates
Phylum
Porifera
Subphylum
Class/SubClass
Calcarea
Demospongiae
Sclerospongiae
Stromatoporoidea
Coelenterata
(Cnidaria)
order
e.g., sponges, porous walled
spicules in fresh- or saltwater
environments
bodies with nematocysts, e.g., Sea
Ctenophora
Echinodermata
Platyhelminthes
Crinoidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Stelleroidea
Cestoda
Trematoda
Turbellaria
Marine organisms having tube feet,

sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Nematoda
nematodes, eelworms, ascarids

Worms with spiny heads
Acanthocephala
www.LabPaq.com
276
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Phylum
Subphylum
Class/SubClass
order
Nematomorpha
Horsehair worms
Hirudinea
oligochaeta
Polychaeta
Annelida
Worms with bristles, e.g.,

Annelids, leeches, earthworms,
sandworms
Roundworms
Cephalorhyncha
Chaetognatha
Cycliophora
Echiura
gastrotricha
gnathostomulida
Kinorhyncha
lobopodia
loricifera
Pogonophora
Priapulida
Fat short marine worms
Sipuncula
Peanut worms
Conodonta
Brachiopoda
Entoprocta
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Aplacophora
Polyplacophora
Monoplacophora
gastropoda
Cephalopoda
Bivalvia
Scaphopoda
Branchiopoda
Branchiura
Cephalocarida
Cirripedia
Copepoda
Malacostraca
ostracoda
www.LabPaq.com
277
shell, e.g., snails, slugs

octopoda
octopus
Clams, mussels
jointed appendages, with gills

or tracheae, e.g., fairy shrimp,
prawns, lobsters, crabs
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Phylum
Subphylum
Class/SubClass
order
Trilobitomorpha
Chelicerata
Arachnida
Merostomata
Pycnogonida
Arthropleurida
onychophora
Pentastomida
Tardigrada
Chilopoda
Horseshoe crabs
Diplopoda
Millipedes
Pauropoda
Symphyla
Entognatha
insects with six legs

Collembola
Protura
Diplura
Anoplura
Springtails
insects lice
Coleoptera
Beetles
Dermaptera
Earwigs
Dictyoptera
Arthropoda
Diptera
Flies, mosquitoes, gnats,
Ephemeroptera
Hymenoptera
True bugs aphids,

cicadas, scale insects,
ants, wasps, bees
Wasps and ants
isoptera
Termites
Hemiptera
Hexapoda
insecta
lepidoptera
Mallophaga
lice
Mantophasmatodea
Mecoptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
lacewings
odonata
orthoptera
E.g., grasshoppers,
Plecoptera
www.LabPaq.com
278
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Phylum
Subphylum
Class/SubClass
order
Psocoptera
Siphonaptera
Arthropoda
Fleas
Strepsiptera
Hexapoda
Thysanoptera
Thrips
Thysanura
Trichoptera
Hemichordata
Phoronida
2)
Phylum
Subphylum
Calcichordata
Urochordata
Class/SubClass
order
With single dorsal nerve
cord and pharyngeal gill
slits during some stage of
development
Ascidiacea
larvacea
Thaliacea
Cephalochordata
Myxini
Pituriaspida
Pteraspidomorphi
Cephalaspidomorphi
Placodermi
Chondrichthyes
Sarcopterygii
Amphibia
(Tetrapods) Have
four limbs, breathe
Chordata
trout, salmon, coelocanths
Anura
Frogs, toads
Caudata
Salamanders & newts
gymnophiona
Craniata
blooded
life on land, lay eggs,
with external scales
or plates
Testudines
Turtles, tortoises
Squamata
Anseriformes
Aves have feathers,

are warm-blooded,
can regulate body
temperature and
forelimbs, no teeth
Apodiformes
Hummingbirds
Apterygiformes
Kiwis
Caprimulgiformes
Casuariiformes
Charadriiformes
Cassowaries, emus
gulls and terns, plovers,
sandpipers
Ciconiiformes
www.LabPaq.com
279
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Phylum
Subphylum
Class/SubClass
order
Columbiiformes
Doves, pigeons
Cuculiformes
Falconiformes
world vultures
galliformes
Aves have feathers,

are warm-blooded,
can regulate body
temperature and
gaviiformes
loons
gruiformes
Cranes, rails
Passeriformes
Song birds, perching birds
Phoenocopteriformes
Flamingos
Cormorants, gannets,
boobies, pelicans
Pelecaniformes
Piciformes
forelimbs, no teeth
Chordata
Podicipediformes
Craniata
Procellariiformes
grebes
Albatross, shearwaters,
petrels
Parrots
Rheiformes
Rheas
Sphenisciformes
Penguins
Strigiformes
owls
Struthioniformes
Emus, ostriches
even-toed, hoofed
Mammalia
Warm-blooded, can
regulate body temp.,
have hair, bear live
young, and feed
young via mammary
glands
Carnivora
e.g., cats, bears, dogs,
Cetacea
Water-dwelling mammals.
Whales, dolphins, porpoise
Flying mammals. Bats,
Chiroptera
Dermoptera
Edentata
lagomorpha
www.LabPaq.com
280
Flying lemurs
Digging, strong-toed
mammals. Anteaters,
sloths, armadillos
shrews, moles
Rabbits & hares
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Phylum
Subphylum
order
Class/SubClass
Marsupialia
Monotremata
Chordata
Craniata
Mammalia
Warm-blooded, can
regulate body temp.,
have hair, bear live
young, and feed
young via mammary
glands
Perissodactyla
Wallabies, wombats,
Egg-laying mammal.
Platypus, anteaters
odd-toed hoofed
mammals. Horses,
Primates
mammals with opposable
thumbs
Proboscidea
macaques, humans
mammals with teeth
Chinchillas, hamsters,
rats, mice, porcupines
Sirenia
Manatees
Elephants
Tubulidentata
(Footnotes)
1
These headings for the Domain sub-groups vary by which source is consulted. Students should be aware
that either use is correct.
www.LabPaq.com
281
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
How to Handle Preserved Biological Specimens

of formaldehyde), isopropyl or ethyl alcohol, or various substances containing ethylene glycol and
as
The presence of formaldehyde in LabPaq specimens has been minimized by the supplier to
be reportedly <0.1 ppm.1. However, to further protect yourself and your household, prudence
demands that you avoid direct contact with any residual formaldehyde by following the below
1. Wear safety glasses and do not wear contact lenses. Safety glasses will prevent the possibility
2.
working with specimens, especially those preserved in formalin, is probably the most
you should wash your hands (or other contact areas) well with soap and water.
3.
The specimens you will use are small, and most of the formalin has been removed and does
formalin vapors are not necessary.
4.
5. Always remove used gloves before touching or using water faucet handles, door knobs,
this respect.
6.
them before going to the bathroom, another room, etc.).
7. Pregnant women should check with their physicians before opening the specimens bag or
ppm represent parts per million. In this case, the report is that there is less than 1/10th
www.LabPaq.com
282
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Place an absorbent layer of newspaper or paper towels on your work surface before opening
With gloved hands, open and discard the outer bag and then open only
specimen before beginning work: swish small, delicate specimens in sinks of tap water, changing
the water at least twice. Larger, durable specimens should be rinsed under a sink tap with several
drippings. Use paper towels or disposable absorbent material to gently dry the specimen and tray
it later. Store the covered specimen temporarily in a cool area, but not in a refrigerator that
Preserved specimens are not considered hazardous waste and normally may be disposed of in
local waste management department to determine appropriate disposal methods.
and the tray in tap water before storage. Rinse your gloves and apron for reuse and hang to dry.
Absorbent waste materials should also be safely discarded in outdoor trash containers.
www.LabPaq.com
283
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
This document provides the procedure for preparing a wet mount slide. The techniques are
PROCEDURE
1.
scratched or broken.
2. Retrieve a clean slide and cover slip from the slide box and place them onto the paper towel.
3.
the glass slide.
4. Place the specimen to be studied in the drop of water you placed on the slide. Use tweezers
or a toothpick to transfer the specimen.
5. If using a toothpick, place the end of the toothpick into the drop of water on the slide and mix
it around. Dispose of the toothpick.
6. While holding the cover slip upright, carefully place one edge of the cover slip next to the
water drop on the slide. As the drop of water comes into contact with the cover slip the water
Figure 1: Preparing a wet mount slide.

Table 1 Items for preparing a wet mount slide.
item
1
Cover slip
2
Slide
7.
eliminate air bubbles under the cover slip. It might be helpful to use one toothpick to hold the
lower edge in place, while using another to carefully lower the slip into place.
8. If there is excess water, place an absorbent towel at the edge of the cover slip to draw out
9.
too dark. NoTE:
www.LabPaq.com
284
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Using iKi as a stain:

1.
2.
slip of the wet mount cheek cell slide. The dropper should be in contact with the water under
the cover slip. See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Pulling a stain.

Table 2 Items for pulling a stain.
item
1
Paper towel
2
Cover slip
3
Iodine
4
Slide
3. Touch a small piece of a paper towel to the other edge of the cover slip. The stain will be
4.
www.LabPaq.com
285
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Excel
parameters.
and
sample
elements called the
There are a number of measures of central tendency
Mean:
Mode:
Median:
but the values going into sample #1 were 1, 50, 100 and the values going into sample #2 were 49,
www.LabPaq.com
286
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
The
ways:
can be depicted in the following
Range:
and is typically expressed as range = 1 22, meaning the lowest value was 1 and the highest
was 22.
value of x) from the mean, (i.e., Xi of values minus one (i.e., n-1).
(i.e., the ith
s) is the square root of the variance. The advantage of the standard

s) on either side of the mean.
like" "Acorns from Plot A (mean = 4.58 g, S.D. = .59, range = 3.99 4.91) were heavier than the
acorns from Plot B (mean = 3.64, S.D. = .71, range = 2.99 4.29).
www.LabPaq.com
287
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
1.
2. Alternate Hypothesis
3.
4.
5. Conclusion
Following is a simple
One may wish to test whether or not a coin is fair (that is, whether there is an equal chance of it
coming up heads or tails when tossed). The null hypothesis is that the coin is fair; the alternative
hypothesis is that the coin is biased. If a series of coin tosses produce a result that is only 4% likely
given a fair coin, one would reject the null hypothesis, assuming 95% confidence is required. By
contrast, if the experiment produces a result that is 30% likely given a fair coin, one would fail to
reject the null hypothesis that the coin is fair. It is not permissible to accept the alternative hypothesis.
Only acceptance or failure to reject the null hypothesis is allowed in hypothesis testing. If a test fails
to reject the null hypothesis, it is said to lack sufficient power to accept the alternative hypothesis.
The null hypothesis
by H0
The
. Only
www.LabPaq.com
288
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
The null hypothesis might be that the males and females are the same size (i.e., the samples
something is going on
one-tailed or a two-tailed test.

Example: Two-Tailed Hypothesis
Ho
Ha
Example: One-Tailed Hypothesis
Ho
Ha
In the example for a one-tailed test, failure to reject the null hypothesis might mean that there
[e.g., given the symbols, t (for a t-test), F (in an analysis

of variance), r
www.LabPaq.com
289
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
With these tables, one can ask how likely is it that we would have obtained the observed results.
P-value, or the probability of
hypothesis is correct. For example, a P-value of 0.13 means that if the null hypothesis were true,
The smaller the P-value, the less likely it is that the null hypothesis is true. But how small should the
P
is correct, one will conclude that the null hypothesis is wrong. This is called a Type I error. The
To interpret the results, one compares the P
P<0.05) then one rejects

P-value exactly from a
rather than P<0.05 or P

published, so one cannot exactly determine the P
P-values or
The T-Test
t-test used to compare two independent samples, which one would use in an experiment where
the average height of plants in the two squares sampled are compared.
Ho: 1 = 2
Ha: 1
www.LabPaq.com
290
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
this analysis is performed.
1. Calculate the mean (average) of the weights in grams. Add all data point values for each plot
and divide by the number of data points.
Plot A
Plot B
2.33
2.02
2.52
1.90
2.23
2.13
2.70
2.50
2.00
2.30
2.42
2.21
2.54
2.21
2.60
1.80
2.44
2.64
2.53
2.14
Plot A: (2.33 + 2.51 +2.12 +2.7 +2 +2.42 +2.54 +2.6 +2.44 +2.53)/10 = 2.419
Plot B: (2.02 +1.9 +2.13 +2.5 +2.3 +2.5 +2.3 +2.21 +2.21 +1.8 +2.64+2.14)/10 = 2.185
2. Calculate the variance (s) of each plot:

a. Square each data value and enter it in a data table: 2.33 = 5.4289, etc.
b. Add all the data values in the last row: 2.33+2.51+2.12 += 24.19.
c. Add all the squared data values: 5.4289 + 6.3001 + ------- = 58.94 (rounded).
Plot A
Plot B
X
x2
x
x2
2.33
5.4289
2.02
4.0804
2.51
6.3001
1.9
3.61
2.12
4.4944
2.13
4.5369
2.7
7.29
2.5
6.25
2.0
4.0
2.3
5.29
2.42
5.8564
2.21
4.8841
2.54
6.4516
2.21
4.8841
2.6
6.76
1.8
3.24
2.44
5.9536
2.64
6.9696
2.53
6.4009
2.14
4.5796
24.19
58.9359 21.85
48.3247
www.LabPaq.com
291
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
3.
Plot A: s2
Plot B: s2
4. Calculate the t-value.
. Subtract the mean of plot B
a.
from the mean of plot A: 2.419 - 2.185 = 0.234.
b.
c. Calculate the denominator: Take the square root of the sum of the two variances calculated
d. Divide the numerator by the denominator: 0.74/0.334 = 2.24 = t.

e. The calculated t-value is 2.24.
5.
t and compare the values in the table to your

calculated t.
total number of data points is n, in your case 20 acorns. For a t-test involving two independent
means, df = n 2. In your case, n = 20 so df = 20 2 = 18.
the two tails, giving an alpha of 0.025 for each tail.
a search of
www.LabPaq.com
292
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
www.LabPaq.com
293
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
and the size of the sample.

of data points in each plot.
1. Calculate the mean (average) of the weights in grams. Add all data point values for each plot
and divide by the number of data points.
Sample 1 Sample 2
2.33
2.02
2.51
1.9
2.12
2.13
2.7
2.5
2.0
2.3
2.42
2.21
2.54
2.21
2.6
1.8
2.44
2.64
2.53
2.14
2.5
2.55
Plot A: (2.33 + 2.51 +2.12 +2.7 +2 +2.42 +2.54 +2.6 +2.44 +2.53+2.5+2.55)/12 = 2.437
Plot B: (2.02 +1.9 +2.13 +2.5 +2.3 +2.5 +2.3 +2.21 +2.21 +1.8 +2.64+2.14)/10 = 2.185
2. Calculate the variance (s) of each plot:

a. Square each data value and enter it in a data table, Ex: 2.33 = 5.4289, etc.
b. Add all the data values: 2.33+2.51+2.12 += 29.24
c. Add all the squared data values: 5.4289 + 6.3001 + ------- = 71.69 (rounded).
www.LabPaq.com
294
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Plot A
2.33
2.51
2.12
2.7
2.0
2.42
2.54
2.6
2.44
2.53
2.5
2.55
29.24
x2
5.4289
6.3001
4.4944
7.29
4.0
5.8564
6.4516
6.76
5.9536
6.4009
6.25
6.5025
71.6884
Plot B
x
2.02
1.9
2.13
2.5
2.3
2.21
2.21
1.8
2.64
2.14
21.85
x2
4.0804
3.61
4.5369
6.25
5.29
4.8841
4.8841
3.24
6.9696
4.5796
48.3247
3.
Plot A: s2
Plot B: s2
4.
pooled variance since you have an unequal number

of data points in each plot.
sp2 = (n1-1)s12 + (n2-1)s22
n 1 + n2 2
So, what does this mean?
n1-1 = number of data points in plot A minus 1
s12 = variance for plot A
n2-1 = number of data points in plot B minus 1
s22 = variance for plot B
n1 + n2 2 = number of data points in plot A + plot B minus 2 (which also = df)
sp2 = (11)0.04 + (9)0.065 = 1.025 = 0.051
12 + 10 2
20
5.
www.LabPaq.com
295
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
t(pooled) =
= 2.437 2.185 = 0.2545
= 0.051/12 + 0.051/10 = .00935
Final step: 0.2545/0.0967 = 2.63
calculated t = 2.63
6.
= 2.086.
value of 2.086 you reject the null hypothesis that the two means are equal. It indicates that the
The Chi-Square Test

2
is as follows:
where o is the observed frequency and e is the frequency expected under the null hypothesis of
Example:
Lake 1 and 150 from Lake 2. The biologist records whether or not the lakes are infested with
a nematode parasite that encysts in their muscles. The biologist wants to know whether the
www.LabPaq.com
296
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
presence of the parasite is independent of the lake from which they were taken.
a. Arrange the data in a data table.
b. Calculate the sums for each table row and column.
Data Table 1 Observed values
Site
Lake A
15
Lake B
50
Totals
65
Total
100
150
250
85
100
185
c. Compute the table of expected values. For example, the expected value for the number of
Data Table 2 Expected values

Site
Lake A
26
Lake B
39
Totals
65
Total
100
150
250
74
111
185
d.
2
2
= (15-26)2/26 + (85-74)2/74 + (50-39)2/39 + (100-111)2/111 = 10.5
e. Determine the degrees of freedom for the test = (2 rows-1) x (2 columns-1) = 1 df.
f.
value (10.5) with the value for 1 degree of freedom from a stats
table. Since your calculated value is greater than 3.84 (from the table), you can reject the null
www.LabPaq.com
297
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Table 2 Chi-square
www.LabPaq.com
298
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
future. Studying science at a distance and performing laboratory experiments independently are
certainly not easy tasks, so you should be very proud of your accomplishments.
take a few minutes to protect others from possible harm and yourself from future liability by
While you may wish to sell your used LabPaq, this is not advisable and would be unfair to a
user.
Chemical Disposal
These disposal methods are well within acceptable levels of the waste disposal guidelines
if assistance with disposal is desired.
Specimen and Supply Disposal
container that will prevent children and animals from accessing the contents.
www.LabPaq.com
299
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
wrapped in news or waste paper. Place such items in a securely covered trash container that
will prevent children and animals from accessing the contents.
lab Equipment
glass, out of the reach of children.

Please do not return items to LabPaq as we are unable to resell items or issue any refunds.
The LabPaq Team
www.LabPaq.com
300
Hands-On Labs, Inc.

50 0364 BK 01 LabManual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

50 0364 BK 01 LabManual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology

LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc.

sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773

A laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

How to Perform an Experiment

Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement

Habitats and Humans

Taxonomy of living Things

Kingdom Animalia: The invertebrates

Kingdom Animalia: The Protostomes

Kingdom Animalia: The Deuterostomes

Kingdom Animalia: Class Mammalia

Tissues, organs, and Homeostasis

laboratory Equipment and Techniques

Material Safety Data Sheets

How to Write lab Notes and lab Reports

How to Handle Preserved Biological Specimens

The Chi-Square Test

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

What are Micro-scale Experiments?

of LabPaqs: academically aligned, small-scale experiments that can be performed at home.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

How to Perform an Experiment

line up a partner if needed.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement

organize all required equipment and supplies.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

for several minutes.

other materials as well.

laboratory equipment in a safe place inaccessible to children and pets.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Climate Change and the SCientifiC method

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Climate Change and the SCientifiC method

Soil Sample with Beads #1

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Climate Change and the SCientifiC method

DISCUSSION AND REVIEW

in a sediment core sample.

Figure 1: Pollen samples as seen through an

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Climate Change and the SCientifiC method

Exercise 1: Pollen Study

contributed to the whole pollen sample.

Figure 2: Soil core, representing sediment layers that have

Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Climate Change and the SCientifiC method

3. Open soil sample #1.

Table 1: Pollen and plant species color guide

Warm temperatures, dry air.

Warm temperatures, dry air. Thrives in warmtemperate meadowlands.

Thrives in areas with good soil moisture, such as

Meadow grasses and

Cold temperatures with sub-alpine terrain.