Faculty of Engineering And Science

UEEA1253 SIGNALS, CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS

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Y.C.See
chark97@hotmail.com
seeyc@utar.edu.my

SIGNAL I
Analysis of signals is important
When we are dealing with dynamics of system
and networks, the signals are function of
time.
DC signal
AC signal sinusoidal signal

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Only periodic signal which retain its shape under

d
,
a linear operation -> +, - ,
dt
A sinusoidal current pass through an inductor will
produce a sinusoidal voltage at a same freq.
Capacitor?

Exponential signal

General term f (t ) = Ae St
A & S = in general complex
St have to be dimensionless

SIGNAL II

E.g.

j ( + j ) t

Ae e

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=2Ae cos(t + )
In the complex plane you have different kind
of behavior as the time dependant signal is
concern

SINGULARITY

FUNCTION

Discontinuous functions
Unit step function
Unit ramp function
Unit impulse function/ delta/dirac function

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UNIT STEP FUNCTION I

t=0 ?

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UNIT

STEP FUNCTION

II

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UNIT

RAMP FUNCTION

CAUSAL SIGNAL

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UNIT

RAMP FUNCTION

CAUSAL SIGNAL

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IS r(t) = t ????

CHALLENGING (SADIKU 7.26(D)

PG

304

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UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

Delta dirac function

Properties

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Sifting Property of the Impulse----If b>a, then

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UNIT

IMPULSE FUNCTION

II

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What are the relation among unit, ramp and

impulse?
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ENERGY STORAGE ELEMENTS I (FAST)

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Capacitors store energy in an electric field which

consists of two conducting surfaces separated by a
dielectric material.
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field which
cossists of a conducting wire in a form of a coil
Capacitors and inductors are passive elements:
Can store energy supplied by circuit
Can return stored energy to circuit
Cannot supply more energy to circuit than is stored.

Voltages and currents in a circuit without energy

storage elements are solutions to algebraic
equations.
Voltages and currents in a circuit with energy
storage elements are solutions to linear,
constant coefficient differential equations.

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ENERGY STORAGE ELEMENTS II (FAST)

Electrical

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engineers (and their

software tools) usually do not solve
the differential equations directly.
Instead, they use:
Laplace transforms you will learn the beauty of it
AC steady-state analysis

These

techniques covert the solution

of differential equations into
algebraic problems.
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ENERGY STORAGE ELEMENTS III (FAST)

Energy

storage elements model

electrical loads:

Capacitors

and inductors are used

to build filters and amplifiers
with desired frequency responses.
Capacitors are used in A/D
converters to hold a sampled signal
until it can be converted into
bits.

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Capacitors model computers and other electronics

(power supplies).
Inductors model motors.

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CAPACITORS (FAST)

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CAPACITORS (FAST)
Capacitance occurs when two conductors are
separated by a dielectric (insulator).
Charge on the two conductors creates an
electric field that stores energy.
The voltage difference between the two
conductors is proportional to the charge.
q(t ) = C v(t )
The proportionality constant C is called
capacitance.
Capacitance is measured in Farads (F).
Given

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CAPACITORS (FAST)
+

dv(t )
i (t ) = C
dt

v(t)
-

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The
i(t)
rest
of
the
circuit

1
v(t ) = i ( x)dx
C
t

1
v(t ) = v(t 0 ) + i ( x)dx
C t0

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ENERGY STORED

IN A CAPACITOR

(FAST)

The energy stored on a capacitor can be

expressed in terms of the work done by the
battery
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The voltage V is proportional to the amount of

charge which is already on the capacitor.
Element of energy stored:
If Q is the amount of charge stored when the whole battery voltage appears
across the capacitor, then the stored energy is obtained from the integral:

It can be rewrite so that,

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DC IN CAPCITOR(FAST)
A

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dc voltage does not changes with

time, therefore the current is zero
block DC OPEN CIRCUIT
From
What

if we have instantaneous
change in capacitor voltage?

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CAPACITORS WHAT

YOU HAVE LEARNED!

(FAST)

In steady state, the reactance

1
XC =
j C

In terms of Laplace transform,

Parallel & Serial capacitors :

C = Ck
k

1
XC =
sC

1
1
=
C
k Ck

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INDUCTORS (FAST)

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INDUCTORS (FAST)
Inductance

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occurs when current flows

through a (real) conductor.
The current flowing through the
conductor sets up a magnetic field that
is proportional to the current.
The voltage difference across the
conductor is proportional to the rate
of change of the magnetic flux.
The proportionality constant is called
the inductance, denoted L.
Inductance is measured in Henrys (H).

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INDUCTORS (FAST)

di (t )
v(t ) = L
dt

+
L

v(t)

1
i (t ) = v( x)dx
L
t
1
i (t ) = i (t 0 ) + v( x)dx
L t0

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The
i(t)
rest
of
the
circuit

Energy stored in an inductor

1 2
w L ( t ) = Li ( t )
2

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INDUCTORS WHAT

YOU HAVE LEARNED!

(FAST)

What happen if dc current flowing through an inductor?

The current in an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.

In steady state, the reactance of an inductor

In terms of Laplace transform, the reactance of an

inductor

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X L = j L

X L = sL

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INDUCTORS WHAT

YOU HAVE LEARNED!

Series inductors

(FAST)
N

L s = Lk
k =1

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Parallel inductors
N
1
1
=
L p k =1 Lk

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P 7.3-6 (PG 298

DORF)

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The initial capacitor voltage of the circuit

shown in Figure is vc(0-) = 3 V. Determine (a)
the voltage v(t) and (b) the energy stored in
the capacitor at t= 0.2 s and t= 0.8 s when

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P 7.8-12 (DORF

PAGE

308)

The circuit shown in Figure has reached steady state

before the switch closes at time t = 0.
(a) Determine the values of iL(t ), vc(t ), and vR(t)
immediately before the switch closes.
(b) Determine the value of vR(t ) immediately after the
switch closes.

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E.G. 3

Find Vs, assuming the waveform for Vc is as

shown
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REFERENCES

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Dorf, Richard C., & Svoboda, James A. (2011).

Introduction to electric circuits. (8th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Alexander, Charles K., & Sadiku, Matthew N.O.
(2007). Fundamentals of electric circuits. Boston:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Hayt, William; Kemmerly, Jack E. (1971),
Engineering Circuit Analysis (2nd ed.), McGrawHill, ISBN 0-07-027382-0
John Bird. (2007) Electrical circuit theory and
technology.Newness
J.David Irwin, R.Mark Nelms (2010) Basic
Engineering Circuit Analysis. Wiley

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2015