The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Applied Mathematics

AMA 1101 Calculus I
Solution to mid-term test held on Saturday, 2 November 2013
(1)

Define functions and by () =

+ 1 for 0 3 and () =

Compute the composite functions and determine its domain.

Solution
Thus

for 6= 2.
2

Observe that = (0 3], = (1 2] and = R {2}.

+1
( )() = (()) =
+12

for (0 3). Thus = (0 3).

(2)

Show that there are constants and , where 0 and

3
2

2, such that

2 sin 3 cos = sin( + )

for all . You may use a calculator to determine to 3 decimal places. Hence solve the
equation 2 sin 3 cos = 1 for 0 2.
Solution

If 2 sin 3 cos = sin( + ) = cos sin + sin cos , we obtain

cos = 2 and sin = 3.

p

We thus have = 22 + (3)2 = 13 and

cos =

2
=
13
3
3 .

sin =
=

13
2

3
2. Using a calculator, we have ' 53004.
2
To solve 2 sin 3 cos = 1, we may use the above result to obtain sin( + ) = 1,

Therefore, we may choose with

or

1
sin( + ) = .
13
With the aide of a calculator, we obtain
+ ' 2 0281 or + ' 2 + 3423,
where , are integers. We thus conclude that
' 2 0281 53004 or ' 2 + 3423 53004.
1

Putting = 1 and = 1 respectively, we obtain solutions of the trigonometric equation

' 070179, ' 44058
within the given range 0 2.

Consider () =

(3)

sin 3
+

if 2 ,
, where and are constants.
if 2 ,

If is

, determine and .
2

Since is dierentiable at = , is also continuous there. Therefore,

2

lim
()
=
lim
()
=

,
2 +
2
2

dierentiable at =
Solution

+ = sin
= 1. The fact that is dierentiable at = implies that the right
2
2
2

hand derivative and the left hand derivative at = are equal, i.e.,
2

( + ) ( )
( + ) ( )
2
2 = lim
2
2 .
lim
0+
0

or

For 0, we have
(

( + ) + (1)
+ ) ( )
2
2 = 2

while for 0, we have

(

sin 3( + ) (1)
+ ) ( )
2
2 =
2
.

By LHopitals rule, we then conclude that

( + ) + (1)

2
=
+0 ( ) = lim
0+
2

and

sin 3( + ) (1)
3 cos 3( + )

3
2
2
0 ( ) = lim
= lim
= 3 cos
= 0.
0
0
2

1
2
We thus conclude that = 0 and = 1.
(4)(a)

2
1
.
Find lim 1 +

3
2

Solution

Taking logarithm, we have

1
2 ln 1 +
1
ln 1 +
=
= 2 ln 1 +
3
3
3

1
3
1
3

ln 1

1
, then
3
2

2 ln (1 + ) ln 1
2

1
2

=
ln
= lim
= .
lim ln 1 +

0+ 3
3

3
at =1

If we put =

Using the continuity of the exponential function, we conclude that

1 2
1 2
2
1
ln 1+
lim ln 1+
3
3
lim 1 +
= lim
=
= 3 .

3
1
for 0. Use the definition of the derivative to compute 0 (2)
2
(from first principles). You are not allowed to use the quotient formula here.
(b)

Let () =

For any 6= 0 with || 2, we have

Solution

(2 + ) (2) =

1
1
4 (2 + )2
4 2

=
=
.
(2 + )2 22
4 (2 + )2
4 (2 + )2

We therefore obtain
(2 + ) (2)
1
4 2
4
=

,
2 =

4 (2 + )
4 (2 + )2
which implies
(2 + ) (2)
4
4
1
=
= lim
= .
2
0
0 4 (2 + )

44
4
lim

Thus 0 (2) = 14 .
Calculate

(5)
(a)

for each of the following functions.

= sin(3 1).

Solution

Using the product formula and the chain rule, we have

2
sin(3 1) +
=

sin(3 1)

= 2 sin(3 1) + 3 cos(3 1) .

(b)

= cos 3 .
3

Solution

Since ln = ln cos 3 = cos 3 ln , dierentiation with respect to yields

cos 3
1
=
3 ln sin 3.

cos 3

cos 3 cos 3
=
3 ln sin 3 =
3 ln sin 3 .
Thus

(c)

= sec1 (1 +).

Solution
= sec1 means = sec . By the formula for dierentiating inverse
functions, we have
1
1

= =
.

sec tan

Since sec = and tan = 2 1, we conclude that

sec1 =
= 2

1
1
1
Sketch the graph of the function = 2 by determining its critical points, relative
4

max/min, intervals of increasing/decreasing, concavity, points of inflection and asymptotes.

(6)

1
1
The function () = 2 is defined for any 6= 0. A simple calculation
4

1
2

1
0 () = + 2 and 00 () = 3
2
2

0
for R{0}. Putting () = 0, we conclude thatthe only critical point is = 3 2 '
1260. Also note that 00 () = 0 if and only if = 3 4 ' 1587.
Solution
shows that

We may analyze the signs of 0 () and of 00 () to obtain the following facts:

( 3 2)
32
( 3 2 0)
0
(0 +)
0 ()

0
+
undefined
+
()
&
relative min
%
undefined
%

and

( 0)
0
(0 3 4)
4
( 3 4 +)
00 ()
+
undefined

not exist
+
() conc up undefined conc down pt. of inflection conc up

3
To summarize,
the
function
has
a
relative
minumum
at

2 and a point of inflection

3
at = 4.

Finally, since
lim () = and lim () = +

0+

= 0 is a vertical asymptote of the graph = ().

1
1
Graph of = 2
4

6
5
4
3
2
1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-2

(7)(a)

Find lim (sin ) .

0+

Solution
Let = (sin ) . We may take logarithm to obtain ln = ln sin . As
0+, we may apply LHopitals rule to conclude that
lim ln =

0+

ln sin
1
0+

lim ln sin = lim

0+

cos

lim sin
1
2

2
cos
= lim
0+ sin

2
lim cos
= lim
0+ sin
0+
2
1
= lim
0+ sin
2
= 0.
= lim
0+ cos
Finally, we use the continuity of the exponential function to obtain
=

0+

lim (sin ) = lim = lim ln = lim0+ ln = 0 = 1.

0+

0+

0+

(b) Approximate the function

= 3 near 0 = 8 by a suitable linear function of .

3
Hence determine the value of 792 .
Solution

With () = 3 and 0 = 8, the linear approximation formula yields

() ' (0 ) + 0 (0 )( 0 )
2

= 8 3 + 0 (8)( 8).

Since 0 (8) =

1
2
2 1
1
(8) 3 = = , our approximation formula now takes the form
3
3 2
3
2
1
4
1
3 ' 4 + ( 8) = + .
3
3
3

With = 79, we have

(8)(a)

2
1
4
3
792 = 79 3 ' 79 + ' 3967.
3
3

State the Mean Value Theorem.

Solution
If is a real valued function which is continuous on the closed interval [ ]
and is dierentiable in ( ), then there is a point between and such that
() () = 0 ()( ).

(b) Let be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [ ] such that () =
() = 0. Suppose further that 0 () and 00 () exist and 00 () 0 for each ( ).
Prove that () 0 for ( ).
Solution

By the mean value theorem, there is a point between and such that
0 () =

() ()
= 0.

Since 00 () 0 for , the function 0 () is strictly decreasing on the open interval

( ). Therefore, 0 () 0 () = 0 when and 0 () 0 () = 0 when
. We thus conclude that () is strictly increasing on the interval ( ) and
is strictly decreasing on the interval ( ). Hence () () = 0 for ( ) and
() () = 0 for ( ).
Since () is continuous on [ ] with () = () = 0, the above information implies
that () 0 for ( ). This completes the proof.