Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N.B. For explanatory material on this section and on section D, Spinal and Radicular Pain Syndromes of
the Cervical and Thoracic Regions, see pp. 11-16 of the list of Topics and Codes
Definition
Lumbar spinal pain occurring in a patient with clinical and/or other features of an infection, in whom the
site of infection can be specified and which can reasonably be interpreted as the source of their pain.
Clinical Features
Lumbar spinal pain with or without referred pain, associated with pyrexia or other clinical features of
infection.
Diagnostic Features
A presumptive diagnosis can be made on the basis of an elevated white cell count or other serological
features of infection, together with imaging evidence of the presence of a site of infection in the lumbar
vertebral column or its adnexa. Absolute confirmation relies on histological and/or bacteriological
confirmation using material obtained by direct or needle biopsy.
Schedule of Sites of Infection
XXVI-2.1(S)(R)
Infection of a Vertebral Body (osteomyelitis)
Code 532.X2aS/C
632.X2aR
XXVI-2.2(S)(R)
Septic Arthritis of a Zygapophyseal Joint
Code 532.X2bS/C
632.X2bR
XXVI-2.3(S)(R)
Infection of a Paravertebral Muscle (e.g., psoas abscess)
Code 532.X2cS/C
632.X2cR
XXVI-2.4(S)(R)
Infection of an Intervertebral Disk (diskitis)
Code 532.X2dS/C
632.X2dR
XXVI-2.5(S)(R)
Infection of a Surgical Fusion-Site
Code 532.X2eS/C
632.X2eR
XXVI-2.6(S)(R)
Infection of a Retroperitoneal Organ or Space
Code 532.X2fS/C
632.X2fR
XXVI-2.7(S)(R)
Infection of the Epidural Space (epidural abscess)
Code 532.X2gS/C
632.X2gR
XXVI-2.8(S)(R)
Infection of the Meninges (meningitis)
Code 502.X2*S/C
602.X2cR
XXVI-2.9(S)(R)
Acute Herpes Zoster
Code 503.X2dS/C (low back)
Code 603.X2dR (leg)
XXVI-2. 10(S)(R)
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Code 503.X2bS/C (low back)
Code 603.X2bR (leg)
Lumbar spinal pain associated with a neoplasm that can reasonably be interpreted as the source of the
pain.
Clinical Features
Lumbar spinal pain with or without referred pain.
Diagnostic Features
A presumptive diagnosis may be made on the basis of imaging evidence of a neoplasm that directly or
indirectly affects one or other of the tissues innervated by lumbar spinal nerves. Absolute confirmation
relies on obtaining histological evidence by direct or needle biopsy.
Schedule of Neoplastic Diseases
XXVI-3. I (S)(R)
Primary Tumor of a Vertebral Body
Code 533.X4aS/C
633.X4aR
XXVI-3.2(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of Any Part of a Vertebra Other than Its Body
Code 533.X4bS/C
633.X4bR
XXVI-3.3(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of a Zygapophysial Joint
Code 533.X4cS/C
633.X4cR
XXVI-3.4(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of a Paravertebral Muscle
Code 533.X4dS/C
633.X4dR
XXVI-3.5(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of Epidural Fat (e.g., lipoma)
Code 533.X4eS/C
633.X4eR
XXVI-3.6(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of Epidural Vessels (e.g., angioma)
Code 533.X4fS/C
633.X4fR
XXVI-3.7(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of Meninges (e.g., meningioma)
Code 503.X4aS/C
603.X4aR
XXVI-3.8(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of a Spinal Nerve (e.g., neurofibroma, schwannoma, neuroblastoma)
Code 503.X4bS/C
603.X4bR
Code 503.X4cS/C
603.X4cR
XXVI-3.9(S)(R)
Primary Tumor of Spinal Cord (e.g., glioma)
Code 533.X4gS/C
633.X4gR
XXVI-3.10(S)(R)
Metastatic Tumor Affecting a Vertebra
Code 533.X4hS/C
633.X4hR
XXVI-3.11 (S)(R)
Metastatic Tumor Affecting the Vertebral Canal
Code 533.X4iS/C
633.X4iR
XXVI-3.12(S)(R)
Other Infiltrating Neoplastic Disease of a Vertebra (e.g., lymphoma)
Code 533.X4jS/C
633.X4jR
634.X3aR
XXVI-5.2(S)(R)
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Code 532.X8*S/C
632.X8*R
XXVI-5.3 (S)(R)
Osteoarthritis
Code 538.X6aS/C
638.X6aR
XXVI-5.4(S)(R)
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy Not Otherwise Classified
Code 532.X8bS/C
623.X8bR
Remarks
Osteoarthritis is included in this schedule with some hesitation because there is only a weak relation
between pain and this condition as diagnosed radiologically.
The alternative classification to lumbar spinal pain due to osteoarthrosis should be lumbar
zygapophysial joint pain if the criteria for this diagnosis are satisfied (see XXVI-13) or lumbar spinal
pain of unknown or uncertain origin (see XXVI-9).
Similarly, the condition of spondylosis is omitted from this schedule because there is no positive
correlation between the radiographic presence of this condition and the presence of spinal pain. There is
no evidence that this condition represents anything more than age-changes in the vertebral column.
References
Lawrence JS, Bremner JM, Bier F. Osteoarthrosis: prevalence in the population and relationship between symptoms and X-ray
changes. Ann Rheum Dis 1966;25:124.
Magora A, Schwartz TA. Relation between the low back pain syndrome and X-ray findings. Scand J Rehab Med 1976;8:11525.
Definition
Lumbar spinal or radicular pain stemming from a pseudarthrosis formed by a transitional vertebra.
Clinical Features
Lumbar, lumbosacral, or sacral spinal pain.
Diagnostic Criteria
The pseudarthrosis must be evident radiographically, and must be shown to be symptomatic by having the
pain relieved upon selective anesthetization of the pseudarthrosis, provided that the local anesthetic
injected does not spread to affect other structures that might constitute an alternative source of the
patients pain.
Pathology
Periostitis as a result of repeated contact between the two bones, progressing to sclerosis of the contact
sites of the two bones.
Remarks
The majority of pseudarthroses between transitional vertebrae are asymptomatic. Consequently, the
radiographic presence of a pseudarthrosis in a patient with spinal pain is insufficient grounds alone to
justify the diagnosis. The pseudarthrosis must be shown to be symptomatic.
Reference
Jonsson B, Stromqvist B, Egund N. Anomalous lumbosacral articulations and low-back pain: evaluation and treatment. Spine
1989;14:8314.
Code
523.XObS/C
623.XObR
XXVI-8.5
XXVI-8.6
Code 555.X5
Pancreatitis (See also XXI-19)
Code 553.XXf
Perforation of a Retroperitoneal Organ
Code 552.X3
Code 5XX.X8cS
As for lumbar spinal pain of unknown origin with the exception that the patients history now includes an
unsuccessful attempt at treating the pain in the same region by surgical means.
Pathology
Unknown.
Remarks
This diagnosis has been formulated as an entity distinct from lumbar spinal pain of unknown origin to
accommodate beliefs that the failed attempt at surgical therapy complicates the patients condition
pathologically, psychologically, or both.
Conjectures may be raised as to the possible origin of this form of pain, such as neuroma formation,
deafferentation, epidural scarring, etc., but until reliable diagnostic techniques are developed whereby
these or similar conditions can be confirmed objectively, any attempt at diagnosis can only be
presumptive.
The diagnosis does not apply if a patient presents with spinal pain that is not associated both
topographically and temporally with the spinal surgery. In that case, the spinal pain should be accorded a
separate diagnosis; the previous spinal pain treated surgically should be considered only as part of the
patients general medical history.
Code
533.XlgS/C
632.X1hR
endings in the outer anulus fibrosus, initiated by injury to the anulus, or as a result of excessive stresses
imposed on the anulus by injury, deformity, or other disease within the affected segment or adjacent
segments.
Remarks
Provocation diskography alone is insufficient to establish conclusively a diagnosis of discogenic pain
because of the propensity for false-positive responses either because of apprehension on the part of the
patient or because of the coexistence of a separate source of pain within the segment under investigation.
If analgesic diskography is not performed or is possibly false-negative, criterion (3) must be explicitly
satisfied. Otherwise, the diagnosis of discogenic pain cannot be sustained, whereupon an alternative
classification must be used.
Code
533.X1iS
533.X6aS
533.X7cS
Trauma
Degenerative
Dysfunctional
References
Bernard TN. Lumbar discography followed by computed tomography: refining the diagnosis of low-back pain. Spine
1990;15:690707.
Bogduk N. The lumbar disc and low back pain. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1991;2:791806.
Executive Committee of the North American Spine Society. Position statement on discography. Spine 1988;13:1343.
Simmons JW, Aprill CN, Dwyer A P, Brodsky AE. A reassessment of Holts data on the question of lumbar discography. Clin
Orthop 1988;237:1204.
Walsh TR, Weinstein JN, Spratt KF, Lehmann TR, Aprill C, Sayre H. Lumbar discography in normal subjects. J Bone Joint Surg
1990;72A:10818.
The causes of disk degradation are still speculative but possibly involve disinhibition of proteolytic
enzymes systems endogenous to the disk as a result of impaired nutrition to the disk or injuries to the
vertebral endplate.
Pain arises as a result of chemical or mechanical stimulation of the nerve endings located in the outer
third or outer half of the anulus fibrosus, and is aggravated by any movements that stress these portions of
the anulus.
Code
533.XItS
533.X6bS
533.X7*S
Trauma
Degenerative
Dysfunctional
References
Bernard TN. Lumbar discography followed by computed tomography: refining the diagnosis of low-back pain. Spine
1990;15:690707.
Bogduk N. The lumbar disc and low back pain. Neurosurg Clin North Am 1991;2:791806.
Crock HV. Internal disc disruption: a challenge to disc prolapse 50 years on. Spine 1986;11:6503.
Vanharanta H, Sachs BL, Spivey MA, Guyer RD, Hochschuler SH, Rashbaum RF, Johnson RG, Ohnmeiss D, Mooney V. The
relationship of pain provocation to lumbar disc deterioration as seen by CT/discography. Spine 1987;12:2958.
533.X1kS/C
533.X6oS/C
633.X1*R
633.X6aR
References
Bough B, Thakore J, Davies M, Dowling F. Degeneration of the lumbar facet joints: arthrography and pathology.
J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72B:2756.
Carette S, Marcoux S, Truchon R, Grondin C, Gagnon J, Allard Y, Latulippe M. A controlled trial of corticosteroid injections
into facet joints for chronic low back pain. New Engl J Med 1991;325:10027.
Carrera GF, Williams AL. Current concepts in evaluation of the lumbar facet joints. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1984;21:85104.
Eisenstein SM, Parry CR. The lumbar facet arthrosis syndrome, J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69B:37.
Fairbank JCT, Park WM, McCall IW, OBrien JP. Apophyseal injection of local anesthetic as a diagnostic aid in primary lowback pain syndromes. Spine 1981;6:598605.
Helbig T, Lee CK. The lumbar facet syndrome. Spine 1988;13:614.
Lewinnek GE, Warfield CA. Facet joint degeneration as a cause of low back pain. Clin Orthop 1986;213:21622.
Lippit AB. The facet joint and its role in spine pain: management with facet joint injections. Spine 1984;9:74650.
Marks R. Distribution of pain provoked from lumbar facet joints and related structures during diagnostic spinal infiltration. Pain
1989;39:3740.
Mooney V, Robertson J. The facet syndrome. Clin Orthop 1976;115:14956.
Moran R, OConnell D, Walsh MG. The diagnostic value of facet joint injections. Spine 1986;12:140710.
Twomey LT, Taylor JR, Taylor MM. Unsuspected damage to lumbar zygapophyseal (facet) joints after motor vehicle accidents.
Med J Aust 1989;151:2107.
Pathology
Rupture of muscle fibers, usually near their myotendinous junction, that elicits and inflammatory repair
response.
Remarks
This nosological entity has been included in recognition of its frequent use in clinical practice, and
because muscle sprain is readily diagnosed in injuries of the limbs. However, in the context of spinal
pain this entity is only presumptive, since no clinical test for spinal muscle sprain has been validated.
Code
533.X11S
References
Fairbank JCT, OBrien JP. Iliac crest syndrome: a treatable cause of low-back pain. Spine 1983;8:2204.
Garrett WE, Saffrean MR, Seaber AV, Glisson RR, Ribbeck BM. Biomechanical comparison of stimulated and non-stimulated
skeletal muscle pulled to failure. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:44854.
Garrett WE, Nikoloau PK, Ribbeck BM, Glisson RR, Seaber AV. The effect of muscle architecture on the biomechanical failure
properties of skeletal muscle under passive tension, Am J Sports Med 1988;16:712.
Ingpen ML, Burry HC. A lumbo-sacral strain syndrome. Ann Phys Med 1970;10:2704.
Nikolau PK, MacDonald BL, Glisson RR, Seaber AV, Garrett WE Jr. Biomechanical and histological evaluation of muscle after
controlled strain injury. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:914.
Lumbar spinal pain, with or without referred pain, associated with a trigger point in one or more muscles
of the lumbar vertebral column.
Diagnostic Criteria
The following criteria must all be satisfied.
1. A trigger point must be present in a muscle, consisting of a palpable, tender, firm, fusiform
nodule oriented in the direction of the affected muscles fibers.
2. The muscle must be specified.
3. Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the patients pain and/or referred pain.
4. Elimination of the trigger point relieves the patients pain. Elimination may be achieved by
stretching the affected muscle, dry needling the trigger point, or infiltrating it with local
anesthetic.
Pathology
Unknown. Trigger points are believed to represent areas of contracted muscle that have failed to relax as a
result of failure of calcium ions to sequestrate. Pain arises as a result of the accumulation of algogenic
metabolites.
Remarks
For the diagnosis to be accorded, the diagnostic criteria for a trigger point must be fulfilled. Simple
tenderness in a muscle without a palpable band does not satisfy the criteria, whereupon an alternative
diagnosis must be accorded, such as muscle sprain, if the criteria for that condition are fulfilled, or spinal
pain of unknown origin.
Schedule of Trigger Point Sites
XXVI-15.1(5)
Multifidus
Code 532.X1aS
XXVI-15.2(S)
Longissimus Thoracis
Code 532.X1bS
XXVI-15.3(S)
Iliocostalis Lumborum
Code 532.X1cS
XXVI-15.4(5)
Lumbar Trigger Point Not Otherwise Specified
Code 532.X1*S
References
Simons DG. Myofascial pain syndromes: Where are we? Where are we going? Arch Phys Med Rehab 1988;69:20712.
Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1983.
Diagnostic Features
Palpable spasm is usually found at some time, most often in the paravertebral muscles.
Pathology
Unknown. Presumably sustained muscle activity prevents adequate wash-out of algogenic chemicals
produced by the sustained metabolic activity of the muscle.
Remarks
While there are beliefs in a pain-muscle spasm-pain cycle, clinical tests or conventional
electromyography have not been shown to demonstrate reliably the presence of sustained muscle activity
in such situations. The strongest evidence for repeated involuntary muscle spasm stems from sleep-EMG
studies conducted on patients with low-back pain, but although it is associated with back pain a causal
relationship between this type of muscle activity and back pain has not been established.
Code
532.XItS
532.X2hS
532.X4aS
532.X6aS
532.X7dS
532.X8fS
Trauma
Infection
Neoplasm
Degenerative
Dysfunctional
Unknown
References
Fischer AA, Chang CH. Electromyographic evidence of paraspinal muscle spasm during sleep in patients with low back pain.
Clin J Pain 1985;1:14754.
Garrett W, Anderson G, Richardson W, et al. Muscle: future directions. In: Frymoyer JW, Gordon SL; American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U.S.); North American Spine
Society, editors. New Perspectives on Low Back Pain: workshop, Airlie, Virginia, May 1988. Park Ridge, IL: The Academy;
1989. p. 3739.
Garrett W, Bradley W, Byrd S, Edgerton VR, Gollnick P. Muscle: basic science perspectives. In: Frymoyer JW, Gordon SL;
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U.S.);
North American Spine Society, editors. New Perspectives on Low Back Pain: workshop, Airlie, Virginia, May 1988. Park Ridge,
IL: The Academy; 1989. p. 33572.
Roland MO. A critical review of the evidence for a painspasm-pain cycle in spinal disorders. Clin Biomech 1986;1:1029.
Pathology
Unknown. Presumably involves excessive strain imposed by activities of daily living on structures such
as the ligaments, joints, or intervertebral disk of the affected segment.
Remarks
This diagnosis is offered as a partial distinction from spinal pain of unknown origin in so far as the source
of the patients pain can at least be narrowed to a particular offending segment. Further investigation of a
patient accorded this diagnosis might result in the patients condition being ascribed a more definitive
diagnosis such as discogenic pain or zygapophysial joint pain, but the diagnosis of segmental dysfunction
could be applied if facilities for undertaking the appropriate investigations are not available, if the
physician or patient does not wish to pursue such investigations, or if the pain arises from multiple sites in
the same segment rendering investigation futile or meaningless.
For this diagnosis to be sustained it is critical that the clinical tests used be shown to be able to stress
selectively the segment in question and to have acceptable interobserver reliability. To date, no studies
have established validity for any techniques purported to demonstrate segmental dysfunction.
Code
533.X1hS
533.X7eS
Any clinical tests or local anesthetic infiltration of the ligament must be shown to be specific for that
ligament. Any conventional or otherwise established clinical tests must have been shown to have good
interobserver reliability.
Ligament sprain is an acceptable diagnosis in the context of injuries of the joints of the appendicular
skeleton because the affected ligament is usually accessible to palpation for tenderness and because the
ligament can be selectively stressed by passive movements of the related limb segments. However, this
facility does not pertain to the lumbar spine. Lumbar ligaments are either impalpable or difficult to stress
selectively. Hence the diagnosis is somewhat conjectural.
Code
533.XlmS
on structures such as the ligaments, joints, or anulus fibrosus of the affected segment.
Remarks
No studies have revealed exactly what the source of pain is in unstable lumbar motion segments nor what
the mechanism of pain production is. This diagnosis is, therefore, offered only as one of association
between lumbar spinal pain and demonstrable movement abnormalities. No studies have vindicated any
clinical test for instability. Consequently, the diagnosis can be sustained only if the radiographic criteria
are strictly satisfied. At the time of writing, although such criteria have been enunciated, reservations have
also been raised about the internal and external reliability of measurements made on radiographs of the
type used to demonstrate instability (Shaffer et al. 1990).
Code
533.X7jS
References
Kalebo P, Kadzialka R, Sward L. Compression-traction radiography of lumbar segmental instability. Spine 1990;15:3515.
Nachemson AL. Instability of the lumbar spine: pathology, treatment, and clinical evaluation. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1991;2:785
90.
Panjabi M, Abumi K, Duranceau J, Oxland T. Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces in a biomechanical model. Spine
1989;14:194200.
Pope MH, Panjabi M. Biomechanical definitions of spinal instability. Spine 1985;10:2556.
Posner I, White AA, Edwards WT, Hayes WC. A biomechanical analysis of the clinical stability of the lumbar and lumbosacral
spine. Spine 1982;7:37489.
Shaffer WO, Spratt KF, Weinstein J, Lehmann TR, Goel V. The consistency and accuracy of roentgenograms for measuring
sagittal translation in the lumbar vertebral motion segment: an experimental model. Spine 1990;15:74150.
Spondylolysis (XXVI-22)
Definition
Lumbar spinal pain arising from a painful pars interarticularis defect.
Clinical Features
Lumbar spinal pain, with or without referred pain, in association with a radiographically demonstrable
pars interarticularis defect that has been shown to be the source of the patients pain.
Diagnostic Criteria
The patients pain should be fully or substantially relieved upon anesthetization of the pars interarticularis
defect using a procedure that ensures that no other structure is anesthetized that might alternatively be the
source of the patients pain.
Remarks
This classification should not be used unless the diagnostic criterion is satisfied. The presence of a pars
interarticularis defect on radiographs or nuclear scans in a patient with lumbar spinal pain is not sufficient
evidence to justify this diagnosis, because pars interarticularis defects occur in about 7% of asymptomatic
individuals (Moreton 1966) and therefore may be only a coincidental finding in a patient with lumbar
spinal pain. For this classification to be used evidence must be brought to bear that the observed defect is
not asymptomatic.
Code
53X.X0*S
References
Moreton RD. Spondylolysis. JAMA 1966;195:6714.
Suh PB, Esses SI, Kostuik JP. Repair of pars interarticularis defect: the prognostic value of pars infiltration. Spine 1991;16:S445
8.
Code 532.X8aS
XXVII-5.3(S)(R)
Seronegative Spondylarthropathy Otherwise Not Classified
Code 523.X8aS/C
623.X8aR
XXVII-5.4(S)
Sacroiliitis (evident on bone-scan)
Code 532.X8gS
XXVII-5.5(S)
Osteitis Condensans Ilii
Code 532.X8uS
Reference
Bellamy N, Park W, Rooney PJ. What do we know about the sacroiliac joint? Sem Arthritis Rheum 1983;12:282313.
Etiology
Congenital factors, (e.g., lumbar spondylosis, lumbar spondylolisthesis; degenerative disease,
osteoarthritis).
Pathology
Encroachment upon and narrowing of the vertebral canal as a whole or of multiple lateral recesses thereof
by osteophytes of the zygapophysial joints or syndesmophytes of the intervertebral disks. Congenital
narrowing of the vertebral canal may predispose to this condition insofar as symptoms may arise in the
face of osteophytes and syndesmophytes that in other individuals would not cause significant
encroachment. The mechanism of the neurological features is unknown but may involve constriction of
the dural sac with obstruction of flow of the cerebrospinal fluid, or obstruction of venous blood flow in
the vertebral canal, or direct compression of spinal nerve roots.
Radicular pain may arise as a result of compression or other compromise of one or more nerve roots but
there is no evidence that the constrictive effects of spinal stenosis cause spinal pain and referred pain.
These latter forms of pain ostensibly arise from the disorders of one or more of the disks or zygapophysial
joints whose osteophytic overgrowth coincidentally causes the stenosis.
Spinal stenosis is characterized by an essentially global distribution of neurological symptoms in the
lower limbs, and in this respect should be distinguished from radicular pain due to foraminal stenosis, in
which the pathology is restricted to a single intervertebral foramen and as such does not encroach upon
the vertebral canal as a whole.
Treatment
Surgical decompression.
Differential Diagnosis
Peripheral vascular claudication, sciatic nerve compression, osteoarthritis of hip or knee, retroperitoneal
tumors, other tumor or abscess, prolapsed lumbar disk.
Code
533.X6*S/C
633.X6*R
Back
Legs
diagnosis. It does not encompass pain of psychological origin. It presupposes an organic basis for the pain
but one that cannot be or has not been established reliably by clinical examination or special
investigations, such as imaging techniques or diagnostic blocks.
This diagnosis may be used as a temporary diagnosis. Patients given this diagnosis could in due course be
accorded a more definitive diagnosis once appropriate diagnostic techniques are devised or applied. In
some instances, a more definitive diagnosis might be attainable using currently available techniques, but
for logistic or ethical reasons these may not have been applied.
Code
5XX.X8*S
Waisbrod H, Krainick JU, Gerbershagen HU. Sacroiliac joint arthrodesis for chronic low back pain, Arch Orthop Traum Surg
1987;106:23840.
Trauma
533.X6eS
Degenerative
Etiology
Unknown; may be immunological, with possible environmental factors, along with apparent genetic
susceptibility.
Essential Features
Chronic aching lumbar pain and stiffness with gelling and with characteristic X-ray changes as
described.
Differential Diagnosis
Psoriatic spondylitis; Reiters spondylitis; mechanical back pain; discogenic back pain.
Code
932.X3bS/C
932.X3bR
753.X4*R
853.X4*R
There may be tenderness in the region of the sciatic notch. There is usually limitation of both direct and
reverse straight leg raising. Focal weakness and sensory loss with depressed deep tendon reflexes may be
evident. The cardinal feature is progressive weakness in a pattern involving more than one nerve root.
There may be pedal edema due to lymphatic obstruction.
An intravenous pyelogram may show hydronephrosis. A CT scan through the abdomen and pelvis is the
definitive study. It may show a paralumbar or pelvic soft tissue mass and there may be bony erosion of
the pelvic side wall. Myelography may be positive if there is epidural extension of disease.
Usual Course
The course is inexorably progressive and leads to a wheelchair- or bedridden existence.
Summary of Essential Features and Diagnostic Criteria
Low back and hip pain radiating into the leg is followed in weeks to months by progressive numbness,
paresthesias, weakness, and leg edema. The physical findings indicate that more than one nerve root is
involved. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is the study of choice.
Differential Diagnosis
Myelography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis should rule out epidural and meningeal metastatic disease,
respectively. Other entities to consider are radiation fibrosis, lumbosacral neuritis, and disk disease.
Code
502.X4dS/C
502.X4dR
Usual Course
The pain and sensory loss may be unilateral initially with progression to bilateral sacral involvement and
sphincter disturbance.
Social and Physical Disability
The major disabilities are the results of intractable pain and loss of sphincter function. An in-dwelling
urinary catheter may be required.
Summary of Essential Features Differential Diagnosis
The essential features are dull aching sacral pain with The differential diagnosis includes post-traumatic
neuburning or throbbing perineal pain. There is usually sac-romas in patients with previous pelvic
surgery, pelvic ral sensory loss and sphincter incontinence. A CT scan abscess, radiation fibrosis, and
tension myalgias of the of the pelvis may show sacral erosion and a presacral pelvic floor. soft tissue
mass.
Differential Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis includes post-traumatic neuromas in patients with previous pelvic surgery,
pelvic abscess, radiation fibrosis, and tension myalgias of the pelvic floor.
Diagnostic Criteria
1. Dull aching sacral pain.
2. Burning or throbbing perineal pain.
3. Perineal sensory loss and sphincter dysfunction.
4. CT scan of pelvis may show sacral erosion and presacral soft tissue mass.
Code
Nerve infiltration
702.X4*S/C
702.X4*R
Musculoskeletal deposits
732.X4*S/C
732.X4*R
Tension
Delusional
Conversion
Depression