Numerical tool for durability assessment of concrete structures

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation

LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012
Numericaltoolfordurabilityassessmentofconcrete
Structuressubjectedtoaggressiveenvironment
JonathanMAINHU1
AlainSELLIER2
PatrickROUGEAU1
DS
FrdricDUPRAT2
ManuelaSALTA3
1 CERIB
Centre dtudes et de Recherches de lIndustrie du Bton, Epernon, FRANCE
2 LMDC
Laboratoire Matriaux et Durabilit des Constructions, Toulouse, FRANCE
LNEC Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa, PORTUGAL
IC
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Tableofcontent
LNE
C
Fundamentalroleofwaterinthestudyofconcrete
durability
Simulationofalltheparameters(water,hydrates
consumption,carbonation,chlorides,combinationof
carbonationchlorides)
Someresultsofthesimulation
Perspectives
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Fundamentalroleofwatertransport
inthestudyofdurabilitymechanism
Carbonation
DS
The saturation degree is a fundamental parameter when considering

the carbonation mechanism
The carbonation rate is optimum for intermediate Relative Humidity
(h)
Lowenoughtonotslow
Highenoughtoallowthe
downtheCO2diffusion
CO2 solubilisation
Athighh,CO2 diffusionis
104 timeslowerinliquid
phasethaningaseousphase
IC
Atlowh,freewater
quantityisnotenough
Limitingfactor:CO32
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Fundamentalroleofwatertransport
inthestudyofdurabilitymechanism
LNE
C
Chlorides
Transport mode of chlorides according to the saturation

degree of the material
Concrete saturated in liquid water
Diffusion (concentration gradient)
Tidingzone
Wetting/drying cycle
Capillary absorption
Convection
Capillaryabsorption
(pressuregradient)
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Experimentaltest
IC
DS
Originalnewexperimentaldurabilitytest
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
Simulation:simulatedspecimen
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Simulationofwaterandspeciestransportinporousmedia
Basichypothesis
Three phases : solid phase (cement paste matrix), liquid phase

(pore solution) and gaseous phase
Solid matrix is not deformable
DS
Liquid phase is not compressible
Gaseous phase comprising two ideal gas:

Dry air (partial pressure pa)
Vapour water (partial pressure pv)
Gravity is not taking into account
IC
Water transport are isotherm (20 C)
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
Governingequations
Mass balance equation of the three constituents: liquid, solid and gas
mi is the total mass of the constituent i

per unit of material volume
Wi is the mass flux of the constituent i
represents the rate of mass formation
per unit of volume
The div() operations represent the mass
exchanges with the environment
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Governingequations
Expression of the mass flux of each constituent
mi represents the total mass of the

constituent i per unit of material volume
DS
vi represents the velocity of the constituent i
Expression of the total mass of each constituent
represents the total connected porosity

Sr represents the liquid water saturation
i represents the density of the constituent i

Mj represents the molar mass
IC
j = v ou a
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
Dryingequation
Water in liquid and gaseous phases is taken into account
ml
mv
Darcys flux of
liquid water
Diffusive flux of
water vapour
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Dryingparameters
Resistance to the diffusion: the relative permeabilities to both liquid

and gaseous phases
DS
(1) et (2)
(1)
Van Genucheten MV, A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils , Soil Science of America
Journal, vol. 44, pp 892 898. 1980.
IC
(2) Mualem Y, A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media , Water Ressources Researchl, vol.
12,n 3, pp 513 522. 1976.
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
Dryingparameters
Resistance of the porous media to the gas diffusion
Diffusion
coefficient
constituents
of
the
gas
(1)
Diffusion coefficient out of the

porous media
Resistance of the porous media to the gas

diffusion
(1)
Millington et al
Tiery et al
De Vries et Kruger, On the value of diffusion coefficient of water vapour air , Phnomnes de transport avec
changement de phase dans les milieux poreux ou collodaux, ed. CNRS, pp 561 672. 1966..
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Dryingequation:application
mv
Darcysfluxof
theliquidwater
Diffusivefluxofthe
vapourwater
DS
ml
Mainvariable:relativehumidityh
Diffusiveflux
IC
Convectiveflux
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
Variationofwaterquantityinthecarbonationmechanisms
(dissolutionofhydrates)
CH 1
CSH 0
AFt 32
AFm 12
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Initialconditionsandboundariesconditions
DS
Hydric cycles (variation of relative humidity h)
IC
h = 50 %
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Boundariesconditions
LNE
C
14
Days
14
0,5
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Simulationofcarbondioxidetransport
Tiery et al
IC
Millington et al
DS
Transportofcarbondioxide
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Simulationofcarbondioxidetransport
LNE
C
Initialconditionsandboundariesconditions
CO2 pressure (4 053 Pa)
After one day of simulation
0 Pa
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
SimulationofCHconsumption
DS
CHconsumption(expressedasequivalentCa)
Hypothesis: reactions are delayed.

This hypothesis allow the numerical resolution.
The CH consumption depends on the CO2 pressure
IC
reaction does not occur anymore when all CH is consumed
DURABLE STRUCTURES
SimulationofAFtconsumption
LNE
C
AFtconsumption(expressedasequivalentCa)
Initialconditions
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
SimulationofCSHconsumption
DS
CSHconsumption(expressedasequivalentCa)
n = 0,8
IC
From Hyverts thesis work At t time, the rate of hydrate

consumption is not the same for all hydration products.
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Simulationofthecalciteformation( sinkofCO2 )
LNE
C
Formationofcalcite
Hypothesis (for all reactions): The rates of convection mechanisms

are lower than the rates of all the chemical reaction and all the
reaction occur without any movement.
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
SimulationoftheAFmconsumtion
AFmconsumption(expressedasequivalentCa)
IC
Initialconditions
Chemicalfixationofchlorides
DS
Carbonation
DURABLE STRUCTURES
SimulationoftheAFmconsumtion
LNE
C
SFeq
SFeq represents the total chlorides able to be chemically fixed (by
formation of Friedel salts) for infinite time and for the AFm still
available (that means not carbonated) 2
1 DEBYF., Approcheprobabilistedeladurabilitdesbtonsenenvironnementmarin.Thsededoctorat.SpcialitGnieCivil.
UniversitToulouseIII PaulSabatier.2008.
1
WANGX. Modlisationdutransportmultiespcesdanslesmatriauxcimentairessatursounonsatursetventuellement
carbonats.Thsededoctoratsoutenuele27Avril2012,UniversitdeParisEst,IFSTTAR.
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Simulationofchemicalfixationofchlorides SF
DS
FormationofFriedelsalts
IC
When SF = SFeq the chemical fixation of chlorides and the

formation of Friedel salts do not occur anymore.
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Simulationofphysicalfixationofchlorides YCSH
LNE
C
ChloridesfixationsonCSH
1&2
When YCSH = YCSHeq the

chloride fixation on CSH
does
not
take
place
anymore.
YCSHeq represents the
total chlorides able to be
fixed after infinite time
1 HIRAO etal Chloridebindingofcementestimatedbybindingisothermsofhydrates.JournalofAdvancedConcreteTechnology,

3:7784.2005.
1 DEBYF., Approcheprobabilistedeladurabilitdesbtonsenenvironnementmarin.Thsededoctorat.SpcialitGnieCivil.
UniversitToulouseIII PaulSabatier.2008.
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Simulationofchloridestransport
DS
Chloridestransport
Physical fixation of chlorides
IC
Chemical fixation of chlorides
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Simulationofchloridestransport
LNE
C
Influenceofthesaturationstateonthechloridesdiffusion
1
We consider that below 60 % of

saturation the liquid phase is not
continuous anymore and the
diffusion is impossible
By using this law on Francys data,

Nguyen2 demonstrated that = 6
1 FRANCYO.,FRANOISR. Modlisationdutransfertcouplionchlorehumiditdanslesmatriauxcimentaires.Revuefranaise
degniecivil,5,23,2001,p.377396.
2 NGUYENTQ, Modlisationphysicochimiquedelapntrationdesionschloruresdanslesmatriauxcimentaires.Thsede
doctorat,Spcialitstructuresetmatriaux,LCPC.2007.
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Simulationparameters
Alltheparametersinputinthemodel
Parameters
Values
0.154
293
l [kg/m3]
103
R[J/mol/K]
Mv [kg/mol]
pvsat [Pa]
f(h)
Kl [m]
l [Pa.s]
krl
Waterdensity
8.32
Constantofidealgas
18x103
Molecularmassofthe
watervapour
2325.5
Saturatedvapourpressure
Sorption/desorption
4x1020
Experimental
1.002x103
Dynamicviscosity
Ranaivomananas thesis
2.48x105
Diffusioncoefficientoutof
porousmedia
IC
D0[m/s]
Experimental
Environmentalconditions
ofthetest
DS
T[K]
Nature
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
Simulationresults(CPUtimeofsimulation:20minutes)
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Simulation
IC
DS
Results massgainofwaterinsamples
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Perspectives
LNE
C
Decalcification
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Perspectives
Simulationoftheoxygenconsumptionatthesteel/concreteinterface
concentration
in
the
DS
0,25 mol/m3 (hypothesis: the maximal

environment at the atmospheric pressure)
IC
0,25 mol/m3
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Perspectives
LNE
C
The oxidation rate of iron is very fast compared to the rate of oxygen
reduction. The corrosion rate is governed by the rate of reduction
mechanisms and the oxygen diffusion.
Drying mechanisms are taken into account.
The oxygen diffusion is much faster in the air than in water.
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
Perspectives
1&2
in mol.m2.s1
DS
The oxygen flux gives 4/3 of the iron flux according to the corrosion
equation.
The ratio M(Fe)/(Fe) represents the quantity of corrosion products which is

produced (for one mol of iron) to express the iron flux into corrosion rate
in m.s1
1 HUETB. Comportementdesarmaturesdansunbtoncarbonat influencedelachimiedelasolutioninterstitielleetdune

barriredetransport.Thsededoctorat,INSAdeLyon.2005.
1
IC
CHITTYW.J. Etudedanaloguesarchologiquespourlaprvisiondecorrosionplurisculairedesarmaturesdebtonarm:
caractrisation,mcanismesetmodlisation.Thsededoctorat,UniversitdeTechnologiedeCompigne.2006.
DURABLE STRUCTURES
Perspectives
LNE
C
1&2
H : fonction which takes into account the depassivation conditions of the
reinforcement
Carbonation
Decrease of pH
Destruction of the
passive layer
Chlorides
ICDS12
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
LNE
C
IC
DS
Thankyoufor
yourattention

Numerical tool for durability assessment of concrete structures

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ICDS12

International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Centre dtudes et de Recherches de lIndustrie du Bton, Epernon, FRANCE

Laboratoire Matriaux et Durabilit des Constructions, Toulouse, FRANCE

LNEC Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisboa, PORTUGAL

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

The saturation degree is a fundamental parameter when considering

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Transport mode of chlorides according to the saturation

Concrete saturated in liquid water

Diffusion (concentration gradient)

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Three phases : solid phase (cement paste matrix), liquid phase

Liquid phase is not compressible

Gaseous phase comprising two ideal gas:

Gravity is not taking into account

Water transport are isotherm (20 C)

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

mi is the total mass of the constituent i

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Expression of the mass flux of each constituent

mi represents the total mass of the

vi represents the velocity of the constituent i

Expression of the total mass of each constituent

represents the total connected porosity

i represents the density of the constituent i

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Water in liquid and gaseous phases is taken into account

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Resistance to the diffusion: the relative permeabilities to both liquid

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Resistance of the porous media to the gas diffusion

Diffusion coefficient out of the

Resistance of the porous media to the gas

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Hydric cycles (variation of relative humidity h)

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Hypothesis: reactions are delayed.

The CH consumption depends on the CO2 pressure

reaction does not occur anymore when all CH is consumed

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

From Hyverts thesis work At t time, the rate of hydrate

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

Hypothesis (for all reactions): The rates of convection mechanisms

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

When SF = SFeq the chemical fixation of chlorides and the

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012

When YCSH = YCSHeq the

1 HIRAO etal Chloridebindingofcementestimatedbybindingisothermsofhydrates.JournalofAdvancedConcreteTechnology,

LNEC Lisbon 31 May - 1June 2012