ICDS12

International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation

LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

Insert
Your
logo

12

Project nr 2008-1/049

7th Trans-national Workshop

DS

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

ROLE OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS IN

ASSESSING THE STATE-OF-HEALTH OF
CONCRETE INFRASTRUCTURE
C. Greena, S. Nanukuttana, M. Basheera and W.J. McCarterb
aQueens University Belfast; bHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh

IC

Investing in our common future

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Lisboa LNEC

30th

May 2012

Introduction

LNE
C

Current Practice:
> Half of Europes annual construction budget is currently spent on
refurbishment and remediation of existing structures.
> This figure is expected to increase as the structures built during
1960s and 1970s that are vital for the sustenance of the transport
infrastructure will require further repair works as age increases.
> The issue is more prevalent in coastal structures as a result of
combinations of aggressive actions, such as those caused by
chlorides, sulphates and cyclic freezing and thawing.

Investing in our common future

Insert
Your
logo

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Insert
Your
logo

12

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

Performance of concrete vs. Service Life

DS

State of health/Performance
defined in measurable terms

Intermittent Repair/Maintenance

Minimum acceptable level

Service Life

Duration of exposure (years)

IC

Investing in our common future

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Lisboa LNEC

30th

May 2012

LNE
C

Performance Indicators (PIs)

Investing in our common future

Insert
Your
logo

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Insert
Your
logo

12

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

Refine Performance Indicators

Easily Quantifiable PI

Asset manager without mix

Designer

Asset manager with mix design

SCM

SCM

w/b

w/b

Binder Content

Binder Content

-------

Aggregate

Aggregate

-------

-------------

Curing

------------Concrete Cover
-------------------

Curing

DS

Curing
Exposure

design

Exposure

Exposure

Surface Chlorides

Surface Chlorides

Rate of Diffusion

Rate of Diffusion

Concrete Cover

Concrete Cover

Corrosion

Corrosion

Chloride Concentration at depth, x

Chloride Concentration at depth, x

Resistivity

Resistivity

Non- easily quantifiable PI

Moisture Content

Chloride Binding
Hydration

Pore Size and Distribution

Threshold Chloride Concentration

Investing in our common future

IC

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Lisboa LNEC

30th

May 2012

Insert
Your
logo

Key Performance Indicators

LNE
C

The factors/variables which have a significant

influence on the chloride ingress into concrete.
The most significant and easily quantifiable PI are
referred to as the key performance indicators
(KPIs).
Resistivity

DCL

Medium Maintenance
free Service Life
Minimum SL of 50yrs:
repairs every 10 yrs after
20yrs service

Low
Values

Sea water
concentration

Concrete
Cover

Long Maintenance free

Service Life
Minimum SL of 75yrs:
repairs every 10 yrs after
35yrs service

w/b
High
Values

Short Maintenance free

Service Life
Minimum SL of 30yrs:
repairs every 5.5yrs after
10yrs service
Investing in our common future

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Test Programme

Insert
Your
logo

12

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

> 12 standard concrete mixes

> 6 case studies of structures exposed to chlorides
Binder
Binder

w/b

CEM CEM
I
I
CEM CEM
I
I
CEM CEM
I
I
CEM
I
CEM
I +35%
GGBS
CEMCEM
I +40%
GGBSGGBS
I +35%
CEM
I +30%
PFA GGBS
CEM
I +35%
CEM I +65% GGBS
CEM I +65% GGBS
CEM I +65% GGBS
CEM I +35% PFA
CEM I +35% PFA
CEM I +35% PFA

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.44
0.39

Binder Content
Binder Content
w/b
Exposure
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
460
0.35
425 XS1
460
0.45
360 XS2
460
0.65
300 XS3
460
0.35
425 XD3
450
0.45
360 XD3
530
0.65
300 XD3
0.35
425
0.45
360
0.65
300
0.35
425
0.45
360
0.65
300

Concrete
Concrete
Age
Age
20yr
28d
20yr
28d
20yr
28d
15yr
28d
15yr
28d
15yr
28d
28d
28d
28d
28d
28d
28d

DS

Mix
Mix
Dornoch
1 1
Dornoch
2 2
Dornoch
3 3
Kincardine
4 1
Kincardine
5 2
Kincardine
6 3
7
8
9
10
11
12

IC

Investing in our common future

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Lisboa LNEC

30th

May 2012

Insert
Your
logo

LNE
C

Evaluation of Performance: Concrete Mix Details

Evaluation of Performance: Site Tests

Investing in our common future

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

duratiNet

Insert
Your
logo

7th Trans-national Workshop

12

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

Evaluation of Performance: Exposure and

Time - Dornoch
Binder

w/b

CEM I
CEM I
CEM I

0.4
0.4
0.4

Binder Content
(kg/m3)
460
460
460

Exposure

Concrete Age

XS1
XS2
XS3

20yr
20yr
20yr

DS

Mix
Dornoch 1
Dornoch 2
Dornoch 3

IC

Investing in our common future

duratiNet

Insert
Your
logo

7th Trans-national Workshop

Lisboa LNEC

30th

May 2012

LNE
C

Evaluation of Performance: Exposure and

Time - Kincardine
Mix

Binder

w/b

Kincardine 1
Kincardine 2
Kincardine 3

CEM I
CEM I +40% GGBS
CEM I +30% PFA

0.4
0.44
0.39

Binder Content
(kg/m3)
460
450
530

Exposure

Concrete Age

XD3
XD3
XD3

15yr
15yr
15yr

Investing in our common future

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Insert
Your
logo

12

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

Service Life Tool

DS

Example of a maintenance free structure

IC

Investing in our common future

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Lisboa LNEC

30th

May 2012

Conclusion

LNE
C

> The purpose of these results is to formulate a service life prediction

strategy for use by the construction industry.
> This strategy would use measurable indicators which are influential to the
service life of concrete structures in chloride exposure environments (Key
Performance Indicators) to evaluate the remaining service life of the
structures.
> The number of indicators is determined by the user depending on the
information available. The accuracy of the result will be dependant on
which PIs are included in the model and the quantity of PIs.
> Further work should be carried out with service life models in order to
provide spread of values for the proposed KPIs. The models could also be
used to evaluate the weighting of each PI in the service life models, i.e.
which PIs have the greatest effect on the service life models; this will
determine which PIs can become the KPIs.
Investing in our common future

Insert
Your
logo

ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012

duratiNet

7th Trans-national Workshop

Insert
Your
logo

12

Lisboa LNEC 30th May 2012

DS

THANK YOU

LNE
C

IC

Investing in our common future